The aims of this study were to estimate daily intake of macrominerals from beverages, liquid teas, and liquid coffees and to evaluate their potential health risks for Korean children and adolescents (1-to 19 years old). Assessment of dietary intake was conducted using the actual level of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium in non-alcoholic beverages and (207 beverages, 19 liquid teas, and 24 liquid coffees) the food consumption amount drawn from "The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2009)". To estimate the dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario I) were compared with 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects among them (Scenario II). Calculation of the estimated daily intake of macrominerals was based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. The values of probabilistic macromineral intake, which is a Monte-Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables, were presented using the probabilistic model. The level of safety for macrominerals was evaluated by comparison with population nutrient intake goal (Goal, 2.0 g/day) for sodium, tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium (2,500 mg/day) and phosphorus (3,000-3,500 mg/day) set by the Korean Nutrition Society (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, KDRI). For total children and adolescents (Scenario I), mean daily intake of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation was, respectively, 7.93, 10.92, 6.73, 23.41, and 1.11, and 95th percentile daily intake of those was, respectively, 28.02, 44.86, 27.43, 98.14, and 3.87 mg/day. For consumers-only (Scenario II), mean daily intake of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation was, respectively, 19.10, 25.77, 15.83, 56.56, and 2.86 mg/day, and 95th percentile daily intake of those was, respectively, 62.67, 101.95, 62.09, 227.92, and 8.67 mg/day. For Scenarios I.II, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus did not have a mean an 95th percentile intake that met or exceeded the 5% of Goal and UL.
Adolescent ; Beverages ; Calcium ; Child ; Humans ; Korea ; Magnesium ; Models, Statistical ; Nutrition Surveys ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sodium ; Tea

Deterioration of long-term dentin adhesion durability is thought to occur by hydrolytic degradation within hydrophilic domains of the adhesive and hybrid layers. This study investigated the hypothesis that priming the collagen network with an organic solvent displace water without collapse and thereby obtain good bond strength with an adhesive made of hydrophobic monomers and organic solvents. Three experimental adhesives were prepared by dissolving two hydrophobic monomers, bisphenol-A-glycidylmethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), into acetone, ethanol or methanol. After an etching and rinsing procedure, the adhesives were applied onto either wet dentin surfaces (wet bonding) or dentin surfaces primed with the same solvent (solvent-primed bonding). Microtensile bond strength (MTBS) was measured at 48 hrs, 1 month and after 10,000 times of thermocycles. The bonded interfaces were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Regardless of bonding protocols, well-developed hybrid layers were observed at the bonded interface in most specimens. The highest mean MTBS was observed in the adhesive containing ethanol at 48 hrs. With solvent-primed bonding, increased MTBS tendencies were seen with thermocycling in the adhesives containing ethanol or methanol. However, in the case of wet bonding, no increase in MTBS was observed with aging.
Acetone ; Adhesives ; Aging ; Chimera ; Collagen ; Dentin ; Electrons ; Ethanol ; Methanol ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Polymethacrylic Acids ; Solvents ; Water

PURPOSE: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor disabilities and increasing dependence on others for daily life activities with consequent impact on patients' and caregivers' quality of life. The aim of this study was to elucidate the burden on primary caregivers of patients with PD, and identify related factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Seventy-six primary caregivers of PD patients in a neurology outpatient clinic, Seoul, Korea completed structured questionnaires, of which 68 were analyzed. The structured self-report questionnaire included (1) demographic information on the caregivers, (2) information regarding the disease characteristics of the patients, and (3) the subjective and objective caregiver burdens as assessed on Montgomery, Gonyea, & Hooyman's scale. RESULTS: The mean age of the caregivers was 54.56 years, and spouses represented the largest proportion(47.0%). Caregivers of PD patients experienced high levels of burden (mean scores on the subjective and objective burdens were 45.22 and 34.90, respectively), which were comparable to the caregiver burdens in stroke, and higher than the caregiver burdens in general chronic disease. Older caregivers and spousal caregivers experienced significantly higher burdens (p=.004 and p=.019, respectively). A greater motor disability and higher modified Hoehn and Yahr grade were related to higher caregiver burden (p=.001 and p=.018, respectively). CONCLUSION: Caring for PD patients is associated with a high level of caregiver burden. Therefore, healthcare professionals should identify the burden of caregivers who look after PD patients and develop comprehensive management strategies both for patients and their caregivers.
Adult ; Aged ; *Caregivers/psychology ; *Cost of Illness ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Parkinson Disease ; *Quality of Life

ression and quality of life of family caregivers of patients with Parkinson's disease(PD). METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in one neurology outpatient clinic in Seoul, Korea from March to June, 2006. Sixty eight family caregivers of PD patients were participated to the study, using CES-D and SF-36. RESULTS: Mean scores of depression were 16.18+/-8.39 (range: 0-48) and it was a little lower than caregiver's who took care of Dementia patients and were higher than primary caregivers of the patients with Stroke. Time for caregiving, perceived severity, duration of PD were significantly related with depression respectively. Higher ADL scores which mean greater motor disabilities were related to higher caregiver depression. Lower income and greater medical expenditure were closely related with the depression of family caregivers respectively. The mean scores of total QOL were 435.5+/-96.5 and the mean scores of PF, SF, RE and MH were lower than general population. Time for caregiving, depression, patients' ADL scores were significantly associated with QOL respectively. People who were older and had lower educational background showed lower QOL scores respectively. CONCLUSION: Healthcare professionals should pay more attention to emotional aspects of caregivers who take care of PD patients, and develop comprehensive management strategies both for patients and their caregivers.
Activities of Daily Living ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Caregivers* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Dementia ; Depression* ; Health Expenditures ; Humans ; Korea* ; Neurology ; Parkinson Disease* ; Quality of Life* ; Seoul ; Stroke

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) of some music college freshmen majoring in string instruments. METHODS: The study subjects were 199 freshmen majoring in strings at three colleges in Seoul and surrounds. The symptom prevalence and related factors of PRMDs were surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire. The Southampton Protocol was used to diagnose PRMDs. RESULTS: The freshmen had played for 9 years and 7 months on average. The symptom prevalence of PRMDs according to the modified-NIOSH surveillance criteria was 73.4%. The shoulder was the most prevalent symptom complaint site. The prevalence of PRMDs by the Southampton Protocol was 54.3% and myofascial pain syndrome was the most common. The instrument (violin or viola vs. cello or bass), regular breaks, self perceived evaluation of playing posture and regular computer use had a significant association with the symptom prevalence of PRMDs in univariate logistic regression analysis (p<0.05). The instrument, regular breaks and regular computer use were significant variables affecting the symptom prevalence of PRMDs in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that music college freshmen playing strings are a high risk group for musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, the prevention of PRMDs requires the establishment of an ergonomic playing-environment, and the education of comfortable posture and stretching program such as musical warming up and physical stretching. It is especially important to form an effective treatment and rehabilitation system based on earlier diagnosis for musicians who are suffering from the PRMDs.
Diagnosis ; Education ; Logistic Models ; Music* ; Myofascial Pain Syndromes ; Posture ; Prevalence* ; Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation ; Seoul ; Shoulder ; Viola

BACKGROUND: In lung cancer patients, the presence of metastatic neck nodes is a crucial indicator of inoperabilty. So thorough physical examination of neck is always mandatory, but sometimes those are hardly palpable even by the skillful hand. Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic method in detection of small impalpable lymph nodes and in guidance of fine needle aspiration biopsy. In this study we evaluated the clinical usefulness of ultrasonography(USG) and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology(US-FNA) in lung cancer patients without palpable neck nodes. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From Sep 2002 to Sep 2003, 36 non-small cell lung cancer patients (20 adenocarcinoma, 16 squamous cell cancer) and 10 small cell lung cancer patients without palpable neck nodes on physical examiation were enrolled. patients who had contralateral mediastinal nodal enlargement(>1cm) on chest CT were excluded. After the routine check of USG on the neck, US-FNA was done in cases with enlarged neck nodes (> or =5 mm in the short axis). The presence of enlarged lymph node on USG, and of malignant cells on cytology were evaluated by the histological type and the patients' clinical stage of lung cancer. RESULTS: Among 36 non-small lung cell cancer patients, 14 (38.8%) had enlarged neck nodes on USG, and 5 of 10 small cell lung carcinoma patients. The mean diameter of the neck nodes was 9.8 mm (range, 7-12 mm). US-FNA of 14 non-small cell lung cancer patients revealed tumor cells in eight patients (57.1%). In 5 small cell lung cancer pateints, tumor cells were found in all cases. By the result of US-FNA, the clinical stage of 8 out of 36 (22.2%) non-small cell lung cancer patients had changed, including two cases of shift from the operable IIIa to the inoperable IIIb. In small cell lung cancer patients their clinical stage was not changed after US-FNA, but their pathological diagnosis was easily done in two cases, in whom endobronchial lesions were not found on bronchoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: USG and US-FNA of neck node seem to be safe, sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic tools in the evaluation of lung cancer patients without palpable neck nodes.
Adenocarcinoma ; Biopsy ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Bronchoscopy ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Diagnosis ; Hand ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Lymph Nodes ; Neck* ; Physical Examination ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of foot breadth and ball girth according to the height of shoes heel in the people without foot problems. METHOD: 480 subjects were evaluated with clinical examination, foot length, foot breadth and ball girth of right foot with and without shoes heel. The examination without shoes heel was performed without weight bearing. The examination with shoes heel was performed with weight bearing. 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm shoes heel were used for men, respectively. 30 mm, 40 mm and 60 mm shoes heel were used for women, respectively. RESULTS: There was significant increment in foot breadth and ball girth in the case with weight bearing, and significant increment in foot breadth and ball girth in the case of using higher shoes heel. But in women, foot breadth and ball girth using 60 mm shoes was shorter than that using 40 mm shoes. CONCLUSION: The breadth and the ball girth of the shoes according to the height of shoes heel should be considered to make more practical shoes.
Female ; Foot* ; Heel* ; Humans ; Male ; Shoes* ; Weight-Bearing

OBJECTIVE: To confirm the effect of calcitonin injection relieving pain in ovariectomized rats. METHOD: Thirty five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (high dose calcitonin group (112 U/ Kg), low dose calcitonin group (56 U/Kg), free calcitonin group, ovariectomy group, control group). To assess the pain in ovariectomized rats, the tail of rats were dived in waters of 50+/-1degrees C. Then the tail withdrawal time was measured (tail withdrawal test). The tail withdrawal test was performed in once a week for eight weeks. RESULTS: 1. At seven and eight weeks after injection, the tail withdrawal time of high and low dose calcitonin group compared with that of ovariectomy group were significantly prolonged (p<0.05). 2. At eight weeks after injection, the tail withdrawal time of free calcitonin group compared with that of ovariectomy group was significantly prolonged (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The effect of calcitonin injection relieving pain in ovariectomized rats was found.
Animals ; Calcitonin* ; Control Groups ; Female ; Ovariectomy ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tail ; Water

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of Jebsen hand function test in rheumatoid arthritis patients. METHOD: The experimental subjects were divided into 3 groups (Group 1 : 17 persons; control, Group 2 : 21 persons; RA without hand deformity, Group 3 : 16 persons; RA with hand deformity). They were assessed by Jebsen hand function test. Further included assessments were grip and pinch strength, joint deformity counts, and visual analogue scales. RESULTS: Jebsen hand function test scores were significantly decreased in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with control. Jebsen hand function test scores were well correlated with visual analogue scales in group 2 and correlated with joint deformity counts in group 3. CONCLUSIONS: Jebsen hand function test would be useful tool for the evaluation of hand function in the rheumatoid arthritis patients with hand deformity.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Hand Deformities ; Hand Strength ; Hand* ; Humans ; Joints ; Pinch Strength ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: No-reflow is a specific type of vascular damage occuring when removal of coronary occlusion dose not lead to restoration of coronary flow. There are three major explanations for the no-reflow phenomenon such as endothelial cell edema, microvascular plugging by platelets or thrombi and coronary occlusion by ischemic contracture of the myocardium. But detailed mechanisms of no-reflow phenomenon are not known. The objects of this study are to elucidate the possibility whether elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration during ischemic cardioplegic period is mechanism of no-reflow phenomenon or not. METHODS: Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration were measured under varying experimental condition. Free [Ca2+] in the cytosole [Ca2+]i of single rabbit coronary artery cells was measured with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, Fura-2. RESULTS: Resting [Ca2+]i was 134.2+/-34 nM (n=43). When single cells were perfused with cardioplegic or ischemic cardioplegic solution, [Ca2+]i was significantly increased and degree of [Ca2+]i elevation was further augmented by ischemic cardioplegic solution. Pretreatment of sarcoplasmic reticulum emptying agent (20mM caffeine) had no effect on cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i change, but application of Ca2+ channel blocker (5x10-7M nifedipine) or an antagonist of Na+/Ca2+ exchange (5mM Ni2+ ) partially (nifedipine) or completely (nickel) inhibited the [Ca2+]i elevation. Pretreament of caffeine had no effect on ischemic cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i change, but application of nifedipine or nickel partially inhibited the [Ca2+]i elevation. Magnitude of ischemic cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was dependent on the Ca2+ concentration of perfusate from 0 to 2.5mM. When Ni2+ was added to reperfusion solution, recovery of ischemic cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was very rapid compared with control. CONCLUSIONS: From the above results, it may be speculated that ischemic cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i elevation may act as one of the mechanism of no-reflow phenomenon in rabbit coronary artery.
Caffeine ; Cardioplegic Solutions ; Coronary Occlusion ; Coronary Vessels* ; Cytosol* ; Edema ; Endothelial Cells ; Fura-2 ; Ischemic Contracture ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Myocardium ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle* ; Nickel ; Nifedipine ; No-Reflow Phenomenon ; Reperfusion ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum