Olfactory disorders one of the most frequent distinctive symptoms of COVID-19 infection. COVID-19-induced olfactory disorder can be classified as post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD). The effect of drugs on olfactory disorder following upper respiratory infection, including PIOD, has not been clearly established, which adds to the difficulty with treating the disorder. However, the effect of olfactory training on PIOD has been confirmed by numerous studies. As such, olfactory training is gaining attention, and has taken on greater importance, as the sole treatment for COVID-19–induced olfactory disorder in this pandemic age. This review describes the effect of olfactory training for COVID-19–induced olfactory disorder by analyzing the relevant literature.

Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type is known to originate from the gastric mucosa of the fundic gland region without intestinal metaplasia. It is difficult to detect during endoscopy and diagnose histopathologically. The development of immunohistochemistry has enabled the diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type by gastric phenotype. A 34-year-old man visited us for treatment of a 5 cm-sized low-grade dysplasia in the gastric fundus which was incidentally found during a health check-up endoscopy. Endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed successfully, and the final histopathology showed gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type. Herein, we report a rare case of gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type and its endoscopic and histopathologic findings.

Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type is known to originate from the gastric mucosa of the fundic gland region without intestinal metaplasia. It is difficult to detect during endoscopy and diagnose histopathologically. The development of immunohistochemistry has enabled the diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type by gastric phenotype. A 34-year-old man visited us for treatment of a 5 cm-sized low-grade dysplasia in the gastric fundus which was incidentally found during a health check-up endoscopy. Endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed successfully, and the final histopathology showed gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type. Herein, we report a rare case of gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type and its endoscopic and histopathologic findings.

Glomus tumor is a benign tumor derived from the vascular wall of the arteriovenous anastomosis complex. Glomus tumors in the gastrointestinal tract are rare, especially those in the duodenum. Most gastrointestinal glomus tumors are found incidentally on endoscopy during routine health checkup and sometimes because of bleeding. We experienced a case of duodenal glomus tumor diagnosed after surgical resection of an incidental subepithelial tumor in the duodenum. Herein, we report the characteristic endoscopic ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced CT, and histopathological findings of duodenal glomus tumor.

Purpose: In the recent antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, a large proportion of Korean patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were shown to have low CD4 cell counts at diagnosis and during ART initiation. We investigated the survival trends in patients living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Korea who started ART in the 2000s, and evaluated the risk factors for mortality to elucidate the association between survival and low CD4 cell counts at ART initiation. Materials and Methods: Patients with HIV infection who were aged >18 years and had started ART between 2001 and 2015 in the Korean HIV/AIDS cohort study were enrolled. We compared the clinical characteristics, mortality, and causes of death among the enrolled subjects based on the time of ART initiation. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios of mortality based on the time of ART initiation. Results: Among the 2474 patients enrolled, 105 (4.24%) died during the follow-up period of 9568 patient-years. Although CD4 cell counts at the time of ART initiation significantly increased from 161 [interquartile range (IQR), 73.5–303] in 2001–2003 to 273 (IQR, 108–399) in 2013–2015 (p<0.001), they remained low during the study period. The incidence of all-cause mortality was 10.97 per 1000 patient-years during the study period. There was no decreasing trend in mortality between 2001 and 2015. Age >40 years [adjusted hazard ratio, 3.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.35–5.84] and low CD4 counts (<100 cells/mm3: adjusted hazard ratio, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.44–6.23) were significant risk factors for mortality. Conclusion Despite excellent HIV care available in the recent ART era, the survival of patients with HIV/AIDS undergoing ART did not improve between 2001 and 2015 in Korea.

Objectives: The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published “A Guideline for Unknown Disease Outbreaks (UDO).” The aim of this report was to introduce tabletop exercises (TTX) to prepare for UDO in the future. Methods: The UDO Laboratory Analyses Task Force in Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in April 2018, assigned unknown diseases into 5 syndromes, designed an algorithm for diagnosis, and made a panel list for diagnosis by exclusion. Using the guidelines and laboratory analyses for UDO, TTX were introduced. Results: Since September 9th , 2018, the UDO Laboratory Analyses Task Force has been preparing TTX based on a scenario of an outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus. In December 2019, through TTX, individual missions, epidemiological investigations, sample treatments, diagnosis by exclusions, and next generation sequencing analysis were discussed, and a novel coronavirus was identified as the causal pathogen. Conclusion Guideline and laboratory analyses for UDO successfully applied in TTX. Conclusions drawn from TTX could be applied effectively in the analyses for the initial response to COVID-19, an ongoing epidemic of 2019 - 2020. Therefore, TTX should continuously be conducted for the response and preparation against UDO.

Glomus tumor is a benign tumor derived from the vascular wall of the arteriovenous anastomosis complex. Glomus tumors in the gastrointestinal tract are rare, especially those in the duodenum. Most gastrointestinal glomus tumors are found incidentally on endoscopy during routine health checkup and sometimes because of bleeding. We experienced a case of duodenal glomus tumor diagnosed after surgical resection of an incidental subepithelial tumor in the duodenum. Herein, we report the characteristic endoscopic ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced CT, and histopathological findings of duodenal glomus tumor.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the incidence, characteristics, complications and socioeconomic impacts associated with falls in community-dwelling elderly. METHODS: From September 1, 2015 to October 12, 2015, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted involving a total of 2,012 elderly who lived in Guro-gu (Seoul), Yeongdeungpo-gu (Seoul), Yangpyeong-gu (Gyeonggi-do), Dalseong-gu (Daegu), and Jung-gu (Daegu). The subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain demographic characteristics and comprehensive falling histories. The socioeconomic cost related to falls was estimated using the statistical data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. RESULTS: Falls were recorded in 666 out of the 2,012 subjects (33.1%) during the past year. Frequent falls occurred during December, in the afternoons, when the floor was slippery. The most common injuries included the low back and the most common injury type was sprain. The total direct costs related to falls involving the 2,012 subjects were 303,061,019 KRW (Korean won). The average medical cost related to falls in the 2,012 subjects was 150,627 KRW and the average medical cost of 666 subjects who experienced falls was 455,047 KRW. Estimates of the total population over the age of 60 years showed that the annual direct costs associated with falls in Korea over the age of 60 years were about 1.378 trillion KRW. CONCLUSION: This study was conducted to explore the incidence, characteristics, complications, and socioeconomic impacts of falls in community-dwelling elderly. This study is expected to be used as a source of basic data for the establishment of medical policy for the elderly and the development of a fall prevention program for the elderly in Korea.
Accidental Falls ; Aged ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Sprains and Strains

Currently, metabolic complications are the most common problem among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, with a high incidence. However, there have been very few studies regarding metabolic abnormalities published in Asia, especially in Korea. This cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for metabolic abnormalities in 1,096 HIV-infected patients of the Korea HIV/AIDS cohort study enrolled from 19 hospitals between 2006 and 2013. Data at entry to cohort were analyzed. As a result, the median age of the 1,096 enrolled subjects was 46 years, and most patients were men (92.8%). The metabolic profiles of the patients were as follows: median weight was 63.8 kg, median body mass index (BMI) was 22.2 kg/m², and 16.4% of the patients had a BMI over 25 kg/m². A total of 5.5% of the patients had abdominal obesity (waist/hip ratio ≥ 1 in men, ≥ 0.85 in women). Increased levels of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides were present in 10.4%, 6.0%, 5.5%, and 32.1% of the patients. Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were observed in 44.2% of the patients. High systolic blood pressure was present in 14.3% of the patients. In multivariate analysis, high BMI and the use of protease inhibitors (PIs) were risk factors for dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients. In conclusion, proper diagnosis and management should be offered for the prevalent metabolic complications of Korean HIV-infected patients. Further studies on risk factors for metabolic complications are needed.
Asia ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; Cohort Studies* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diagnosis ; Dyslipidemias ; Fasting ; Glucose ; HIV Infections* ; HIV* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea* ; Lipoproteins ; Male ; Metabolome ; Multivariate Analysis ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Prevalence ; Protease Inhibitors ; Risk Factors ; Triglycerides