Based on the data of 56 kinds of diseases and drug use in 100 kinds of cultivated Chinese herbal medicines, this paper used frequency analysis method to count the types of diseases and their drug use characteristics, and systematically analyzed the status of drug registration and monitoring standards for disease prevention and control of Chinese herbal medicines. The results showed that 14 diseases such as root rot, powdery mildew, and drooping disease were common in the production of Chinese herbal medicines. Among the 99 pesticides reported, 67.68% were chemically synthesized, 23.23% were biological pesticides, and 9.09% were mineral pesticides. Among the reported pesticides, 92.93% of them were low toxic, with relative safety. However, 70% of the production drugs were not registered in Chinese herbal medicines, and the phenomenon of overdose was serious. The current pesticide residue monitoring standards does not match well with production drugs in China. Although the matching degree between Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticide in Food Safety National Standard(GB 2763-2021) and production drugs is more than 50%, there are few varieties of Chinese herbal medicines covered. The matching degree between Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), Green Industry Standard of Medicinal Plants and Preparations(WM/T2-2004), and production drugs is only 1.28%. It is suggested to speed up the research and registration of Chinese herbal medicine production and further improve the pesticide residue limit standard combined with the actual production, so as to promote the high-quality development of Chinese herbal medicine industry.
Humans ; Biological Control Agents ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Pesticide Residues ; Pesticides

Pseudostellaria heterophylla in large-scale cultivation needs to apply pesticides to control diseases, and non-standard use of pesticide may cause excessive pesticide residues in medicinal materials, increasing the risk of clinical medication. To accurately monitor the residual pesticides, this paper investigated the drug use during the process of P. heterophylla disease prevention in 25 P. he-terophylla planting enterprises or individual households in Guizhou province. It was found that there were 8 common diseases in P. he-terophylla planting, including leaf spot, downy mildew, virus disease, root rot, dropping disease, purple feather disease, white silk disease, and damping-off disease. Twenty-three kinds of pesticides were used in disease control, mainly chemical synthetic pesticides, accounting for 78.3%, followed by biological pesticides and mineral pesticides, accounting for 13.0% and 8.7%, respectively. The disease prevention and control drugs were all low-toxic pesticides, and there were no varieties banned in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition). However, the pesticides used have not been registered on P. heterophylla, and the excessive use of drugs was serious. The present monitoring of pesticide residues in P. heterophylla is mainly based on traditional pesticides such as organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate, which does not effectively cover the production of drugs and had certain safety risks. It is suggested to speed up the research and registration of drug use in the production of P. heterophylla, increase the use of biological pesticides, and further improve the monitoring indicators of pesticide residues in combination with the actual production of drugs, so as to promote the high-quality development of P. heterophylla industry.
Biological Control Agents ; Caryophyllaceae ; Pesticide Residues ; Pesticides ; Plants, Medicinal

Aims: The application of beneficial microbes is a suitable alternative to synthetic pesticides and fertilizers for agriculture. This study was aimed to evaluate the potential of a selected Trichoderma strain as a biocontrol agent against Rhizoctonia sp. and as a biofertilizer to improve paddy growth. Methodology and results: Four Bipolaris strains were identified via DNA barcoding as the cause of brown spot disease, whereas two Rhizoctonia strains were similarly identified as the cause of sheath blight disease in Brunei Darussalam. Eight Trichoderma strains were initially screened using confrontation assay and were found to substantially inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia sp. Hybrid rice named BDR5 was treated with Trichoderma sp. UBDFM01 and/or Rhizoctonia sp. It was found that the selected strain showed the potential as a biofertilizer by significantly increasing the vigour index I, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and dry shoot weight of the rice plants. The pathogen negatively affected the plants by significantly reducing the vigour index II, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b ratio, total chlorophyll, and total weight of grains. Trichoderma strain showed the potential as a biocontrol agent by significantly diminishing the negative effects of the pathogen on the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b ratio and total chlorophyll. Conclusion, significance and impact of study This study highlights the potential of Trichoderma sp. UBDFM01 as a biocontrol agent against Rhizoctonia sp. and also as a biofertilizer for rice plants. In addition, this study is the first to provide DNA-based evidence of Bipolaris sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. as the fungi that caused rice diseases in Brunei Darussalam.
Trichoderma ; Biological Control Agents ; Fertilizers--microbiology

Based on the heat-clearing and detoxifying effects of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma, the network pharmacology is mainly used to predict the potential targets of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma for anti-inflammatory activity and to perform the experimental verification. A method for detecting the biological potency of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma based on verifiable targets has been established to provide a reference for improving the quality evaluation and control standards of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma. High performance liquid chromatography can be used to construct chemical fingerprints of different batches of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma. Constructing a component-target-disease network of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma for its anti-inflammatory activity was applied to screen potential anti-inflammatory components and related targets of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma, and to verify the target of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma by using biological evaluation methods. Detecting the biological potency of different batches of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma extracts was used to inhibit COX-2 enzyme activity based the verifiable target cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2). The results showed that different batches of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma accorded with the pharmacopoeia testing regulations, and the chemical fingerprints have a high similarity(similarity>0.93), suggesting that there is no significant difference in the characteristics of the chemical components. Based on network pharmacology predictions, 18 candidate targets were found to have potential direct interactions with the ingredients in Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma. Among them, the most important target is COX-2. Based on the experimental verification of recombinant human COX-2 protease activity inhibition, Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma can inhibit the COX-2 enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner. It can function with a low concentration(0.75 mg·mL~(-1)), which preliminarily confirmed the accuracy of network pharmacology prediction. The biological potency detection method of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma based on COX-2 inhibitory activity was optimized and established. The qualitative response parallel line method was used to calculate the biological potency of anti-inflammatory activity, which ranged from 23.04 to 46.60 U·mg~(-1). For network pharmacology prediction, it can screen and clarify the possible targets of traditional Chinese medicine rapidly, which can guide the establishment of a biological evaluation method for the quality of medicinal materials with related activities. Compared with chemical fingerprints, the biological potency testing can better detect quality fluctuations of traditional Chinese medicine.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology* ; Biological Assay ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Quality Control ; Rhizome

Aims: The development of an effective biocontrol formulation for inhibition of Ganoderma boninense, a well-known destructive pathogen in oil palm plantation is important to prolong the palm’s lifespan and reduce the losses due to this disease. In this paper, we present some new bioformulations with combination of different types of biocontrol agents in managing basal stem rot (BSR) disease. Methodology: The effectiveness of the treatments designed as T1 (Trichoderma harzianum + Lecanicillium spp. + Streptomyces sundarbansensis + Pseudomonas aeruginosa), T2 (Penicillium simplicissimum + Lecanicillium sp. + S. sundarbansensis + P. aeruginosa), T3 (P. simplicissimum + P. aeruginosa) and T4 (LEStani®) was evaluated through treatment on the oil palm seedlings artificial infected by G. boninense and the results were expressed in disease severity index (DSI), bole severity index (BSI) and ergosterol content. Conclusion, significance and impact of study All tested treatments (T1-T4) managed to control the severity of the Ganoderma infection from continuously increasing when the treatments were applied either one month before or after artificial inoculation. The disease severity of infected seedlings without treatments had increased for almost 2-fold at the end of the trial. Moreover, T1 had the greatest inhibition of G. boninense with the lowest ergosterol content (a bioindicator of Ganoderma colonization) detected (676.67 g/mL), which is about 1.9-fold lower than control (1273.33 ug/mL) without treatments and a BSI score of 1. Based on the effectiveness among the four tested biocontrol formulations, T1 is the most promising formulation to be further evaluated in the field for control of BSR disease. However, more research is needed in the future to estimate the effective amount for application in open environment.
Palm Oil ; Biological Control Agents ; Ganoderma

Aims: Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) that exists naturally in the environment and potentially be used as a biological control agent against many insect pests. This study aims to evaluate the effect of nutrient additives on the yield and viability of M. anisopliae spore and to determine the optimum incubation period for maximum spore production. Methodology and results: In this study, M. anisopliae was cultivated by solid-state fermentation using rice as a growth medium. Three different nutrient additives were examined which aimed to maximize the production of M. anisopliae spores. Among the three nutrient additives evaluated, yeast (1.84 ± 0.04 g) supported better growth and spore production than molasses (0.58 ± 0.04 g) and palm oil (0.47 ± 0.09 g). The incubation period between 2-6 weeks produced higher spore yield (0.97 ± 0.02 g spores) at week 4 with a better spore viability (86.30 ± 0.45%) at week 2. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Hence, it is suggested that the optimum incubation period is between 2 and 6 weeks after inoculation, and M. anisopliae could be mass produced in large quantities on rice substrate with the addition of yeast as the nutrient additives.
Biological Control Agents ; Microbial Viability ; Metarhizium

Leaf blight is the main disease of Asarum. At present, chemical treatment is main measure for disease control, and there is no report on biological control. In order to achieve the biological control of Asarum leaf blight, the biocontrol strains with antagonistic effect on Asarum leaf blight were screened. The rhizosphere bacteria of healthy Asarum plants were isolated by soil dilution method, and the isolated strains were screened by the methods of antagonistic antifungal and fermentation liquid antifungal, then the strains were identified and the control effect in vivo was determined. Abiocontrol bacterial strains S2-31 which with high antagonism to leaf blight was obtained from more than 100 isolated strains. The inhibitory rates of antagonistic antifungal and fermentation liquid antifungal reached 92.47% and 60.56%, respectively. It was identified by morphology and 16 S rDNA sequence analysis, and the strain was identified as Brevibacillus laterosporus. The results of indoor potted experiment showed that the control effect was 79.87%, 71.44% and 66.82% on the 3 rd, 5 th and 7 th day after inoculation, respectively, which indicated that S2-31 could reduce the disease index and control the development of Asarum leaf blight.
Antibiosis ; Asarum/microbiology* ; Biological Control Agents ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Firmicutes ; Fungi/pathogenicity* ; Plant Diseases/prevention & control* ; Rhizosphere ; Soil Microbiology

This study was aimed to clarify the toxicity indoor and inhibition effect of biocontrol strain NJ13 and its mixture with chemical fungicides against Fusarium solani causing ginseng root rot. The method of mycelial growth rate and Sun Yunpei method were used to determine the indoor toxicity and co-toxicity coefficient of strain NJ13 and their mixture with chemical pesticides against F. solani. The dual culture assay method,mixed culture method and microscopic observation were used to determine the sporulation and germination of spores and mycelial growth and morphological change of hyphae of F. solani treated by strain NJ13. The results of toxicity indoor showed that strain NJ13 had the best inhibitory effect on pathogen,and its EC_(50) value was 0. 071 mg·L~(-1). It was all synergistic for antifungal effect that strain NJ13 was mixed with propiconazole and difenoconazole respectively with a range from 1 ∶4 to 4 ∶1( volume ratio). Both of optimal ratios were 1 ∶1,and the co-toxicity coefficients were 848. 70 and 859. 73,respectively. The strain NJ13 could inhibit the sporulation,germination and mycelial growth of F. solani. The biocontrol strain NJ13 had an inhibition effect on F. solani,and the optimal antifungal ratio of strain NJ13 mixed with propiconazole and difenoconazole was obtained.
Bacteria ; Biological Control Agents ; Fungicides, Industrial ; Fusarium ; pathogenicity ; Panax ; microbiology ; Plant Roots ; microbiology

The Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease,a soil-borne disease,has become increasingly severe in Shanxi province.This study was aimed at getting antagonistic Bacillus with excellent bio-control effects,and determining its effects on bacterial communities in root zone soil. With Fusarium solani and F. acuminatum as the target,antagonistic Bacillus was selected through such tests as living body dual culture,antifungal effect of bacteria-free filtrate,mycelia growth inhibition in vitro and control effect in detached roots,and identified with morphology,physio-biochemical characteristics and 16 S r DNA sequence analysis. The results showed that the Bacillus strain SXKF16-1 had obvious antifungal effect. The diameter of inhibition zone of its bacteria-free filtrate to F. solani and F. acuminatum was( 25. 90±1. 18) mm and( 25. 86±1. 85) mm respectively,and showed a lasting inhibition effect to mycelia growth. The disease index of the protective treatment and that of the cure treatment in detached roots test to F. solani and F. acuminatum were( 37. 50±8. 58),( 41. 67±4. 90) and( 25. 00±8. 33),( 38. 89±9. 62) respectively,both being significantly different( P<0. 05) from that of the control. The strain SXKF16-1 was identified as Bacillus atrophaeus. The B. atrophaeus SXKF16-1 showed significantly inhibition effect to pathogen causing root rot and could increase the bacterial diversity in root zone soil. It has potential to be developed as a special biocontrol agent.
Astragalus Plant/microbiology* ; Bacillus/physiology* ; Biological Control Agents ; Fusarium/pathogenicity* ; Plant Diseases/prevention & control* ; Plant Roots/microbiology* ; Soil Microbiology

In this study， an endophytic bacteria strain BZJN1 was isolated from Atractylodes macrocephala， and identified as Bacillus subtilis by physiological and biochemical tests and molecular identification. Strain BZJN1 could inhibit the growth of mycelia of Ceratobasidium sp. significantly， and the inhibition rate was more than 70%. The mycelium growth deformity with bulge as spherical and partially exhaustible in apex or central with microscopic observation. The inhibitory rates under 3% and 6% concentrations of the cell free fermentation were 22.7% and 38.7% expectively. The field test proved that the control efficacy of treatment of 1×10⁸ cfu·mL⁻¹ is 75.27% and 72.37% after 10 and 20 days. All the treatments of strain BZJN1 was able to promote the growth of A. macrocephala， the treatment of 1×10⁸ cfu·mL⁻¹ could able to increase the yield to 14.1%.
Atractylodes ; microbiology ; Bacillus subtilis ; physiology ; Basidiomycota ; pathogenicity ; Biological Control Agents ; Endophytes ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Plant Diseases ; microbiology ; prevention & control