ObjectiveTo observe the influence and therapeutic effect of quercetin on cuproptosis in rheumatoid arthritis rats and to explore its possible mechanism based on the solute carrier family 31 member 1 （SLC31A1）/ferredoxin 1 （FDX1） pathway. MethodsSixty male SD rats were divided into six groups： A control group， a model group， high- and low-dose quercetin groups （150 and 50 mg·kg^-1）， a cuproptosis inhibitor （tetrathiomolybdate， TTM） group （10 mg·kg^-1）， and a methotrexate group （2 mg·kg^-1）， 10 rats in each group. Except for the control group， the model of rheumatoid arthritis （CIA） rats was established by type Ⅱ collagen induction method. After successful modeling， each drug group was intervened according to the corresponding dose of drugs， and the control group and the model group were given the same amount of normal saline by gavage， once a day， which lasted for 4 weeks. The swelling degree of rats' feet was observed， and the clinical arthritis scores were determined. The levels of serum rheumatoid factor （RF）， matrix metalloproteinase-3 （MMP-3）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， interleukin-10 （IL-10）， and ceruloplasmin （Cp） were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The content of copper ion （Cu）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， and glutathione （GSH） in joint tissue was detected. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes of joint tissue. The levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and dihydrolipoic acid transacetylase （DLAT） were detected by immunofluorescence （IF）. The protein and mRNA expression of SLC31A1， FDX1， lipoic acid synthase （LIAS）， heat shock protein 70 （HSP70）， pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit β （PDHB）， and copper transporting P-type ATPase β （ATP7B） was detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC） and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultsCompared to the control group， the model group exhibited joint swelling and deformity， significantly increased clinical arthritis scores， obvious bone destruction， synovial hyperplasia， and inflammatory cell infiltration in joint tissue. In addition， the serum levels of RF， MMP-3， TNF-α， IL-1β， and Cp showed significant elevation， while the level of IL-10 was significantly reduced. The levels of Cu， MDA， ROS， and DLAT in joint tissue were markedly increased， whereas SOD and GSH content was significantly decreased. The protein and mRNA expression of SLC31A1 and HSP70 was significantly up-regulated， while the protein and mRNA expression of FDX1， LIAS， PDHB， and ATP7B was significantly down-regulated （P<0.01）. Compared to the model group， each treatment group exhibited varying degrees of improvement in joint swelling and deformation as well as clinical arthritis scores in rats. Additionally， there was a reduction in joint bone destruction， inflammatory cell infiltration， and synovial hyperplasia in rats. Furthermore， the serum levels of RF， MMP-3， TNF-α， IL-1β， and Cp significantly decreased， while the level of IL-10 increased significantly. In joint tissue， the levels of Cu， MDA， ROS， and DLAT showed significant decreases， while SOD and GSH content exhibited significant increases. The protein and mRNA expression of SLC31A1 and HSP70 was down-regulated， while the protein and mRNA expression of FDX1， LIAS， PDHB， and ATP7B was up-regulated （P<0.05）. ConclusionQuercetin effectively reduces synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration in rats with rheumatoid arthritis， thereby alleviating pathological damage to joint tissue. This effect may be attributed to the blockade of the SLC31A1/FDX1 signaling pathway activation and inhibition of excessive cuproptosis.

BACKGROUND:Carnosic acid,a bioactive compound found in rosemary,has been shown to reduce inflammation and reactive oxygen species(ROS).However,its mechanism of action in osteoclast differentiation remains unclear. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of carnosic acid on osteoclast activation,ROS production,and mitochondrial function. METHODS:Primary bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice were extracted and cultured in vitro.Different concentrations of carnosic acid(0,10,15,20,25 and 30 μmol/L)were tested for their effects on bone marrow-derived macrophage proliferation and toxicity using the cell counting kit-8 cell viability assay to determine a safe concentration.Bone marrow-derived macrophages were cultured in graded concentrations and induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand for osteoclast differentiation for 5-7 days.The effects of carnosic acid on osteoclast differentiation and function were then observed through tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining,F-actin staining,H2DCFDA probe and mitochondrial ROS,and Mito-Tracker fluorescence detection.Western blot and RT-PCR assays were subsequently conducted to examine the effects of carnosic acid on the upstream and downstream proteins of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced MAPK signaling pathway. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and F-actin staining showed that carnosic acid dose-dependently inhibited in vitro osteoclast differentiation and actin ring formation in the cell cytoskeleton,with the highest inhibitory effect observed in the high concentration group(30 μmol/L).Carnosic acid exhibited the most significant inhibitory effect during the early stages(days 1-3)of osteoclast differentiation compared to other intervention periods.Fluorescence imaging using the H2DCFDA probe,mitochondrial ROS,and Mito-Tracker demonstrated that carnosic acid inhibited cellular and mitochondrial ROS production while reducing mitochondrial membrane potential,thereby influencing mitochondrial function.The results of western blot and RT-PCR revealed that carnosic acid could suppress the expression of NFATc1,CTSK,MMP9,and C-fos proteins associated with osteoclast differentiation,and downregulate the expression of NFATc1,Atp6vod2,ACP5,CTSK,and C-fos genes related to osteoclast differentiation.Furthermore,carnosic acid enhanced the expression of antioxidant enzyme proteins and reduced the generation of ROS during the process of osteoclast differentiation.Overall,carnosic acid exerts its inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting the phosphorylation modification of the P38/ERK/JNK protein and activating the MAPK signaling pathway in bone marrow-derived macrophages.

By consulting relevant literature of ancient herbal books and processing specifications， this paper made a systematic research and analysis of Ostreae Concha， including the name， producing area， harvesting， quality， historical evolution of processing， relevant processing specifications， modern processing technology， and changes in chemical composition and pharmacological effects before and after processing， in order to provide documentary evidence for the research on processing technology and the establishment of quality standards. According to the textual research， it is known that Ostreae Concha has a long history of being used in medicine， and there have been many aliases and local names in each historical period. Shennong's Classic of the Materia Medica（Shennong Bencaojing） began to use Muli as the correct name， which has continued to use to today， and there were also aliases such as Muge， Zuogu Muli and Haoke. Ostreae Concha has a wide range of localities and irregular harvesting periods. The ancients believed that its left shell was of superior quality， but this has not been seen in modern. And there were many kinds of processing methods of Ostreae Concha， such as grinding， roasting， calcining， frying， simmering， quenching and so on， and the calcining was still in use. The different editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia from 1963 to 2020 contain only calcined Ostreae Concha， and the local processing specifications mainly include three kinds of processed products（calcined products， salt-soaked products and vinegar-soaked products）. Modern processing research mainly focuses on process optimization， changes in chemical composition and pharmacological effects， and the research methods are relatively single. Overall， there are currently issues such as inconsistent processing standards， unclear process parameters and imperfect quality standards， which are not conducive to the quality control and standardized clinical use of Ostreae Concha. Therefore， it is necessary to further investigate the pharmacological substance basis of Ostreae Concha and its processed products in order to elucidate the processing mechanism， standardize the processing technology and improve the quality standard.

BackgroundDepression has become a public health concern that affects the physical and mental health of college students. acute stress response is a risk factor of depression. Exploring the relationship and mechanism between acute stress response and depression is of great significance for preventing and intervening depression in college students. ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between acute stress response and depression among college students， and to analyze the mediating role of rumination and the moderated effect of perceived social support， so as to provide references for the prevention and intervention of depression in college student . MethodsFrom March to April 2020， a cluster sampling method was employed to select 1 355 college students from three universities in Hubei， Jiangxi and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Participants were assessed with Acute Stress Disorder Scale （ASDS）， Ruminative Responses Scale （RRS）， Brief form of Perceived Social Support Questionnaire （F-SozU） and Patients' Health Questionnaire Depression Scale-9 item （PHQ-9）. Pearson correlation analysis was adopted to examine the correlation between the scores of each scale. The mediating role of rumination between acute stress response and depression and the moderated role of perceived social support were examined respectively by using Model 4 and Model 14 in Macro Program Process 3.3. ResultsA total of 1 303 valid questionnaires were collected， yielding a valid response rate of 96.16%. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that ASDS score was positively correlated with RRS score and PHQ-9 score （r=0.649， 0.528， P<0.01） among college students. The mediation analysis results demonstrated that rumination played a partial mediating role between acute stress response and depression， with the mediating effect value of 0.273 （95% CI：0.222~0.328）， accounting for 68.59% of the total effect. Perceived social support played a moderated role in the latter path of the mediation model （rumination → depression） （β=-0.004， 95% CI： -0.017~-0.004， P<0.01）. ConclusionRumination played a partial mediating role between acute stress response and depression in college students， and perceptive social support played a moderated role between rumination and depression. ［Funded by Scientific Research Fund Project of Education Department of Yunnan Province （number， 2025J0437）］

ObjectiveTo establish the multi-technique characteristic profiles of Alumen by X-ray diffraction（XRD）， Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis（TG-DTA）， and to explore the spectral characteristics for rapid identification of Alumen and its potential adulterant， Ammonium alum. MethodsA total of 27 batches of Alumen samples from 8 production regions were collected for preliminary identification based on visual characteristics. The PDF standard cards of XRD were used to differentiate Alumen from A. alum， and the XRD characteristic profiles of Alumen were established， and then the common peaks were screened. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis（HCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）， the characteristic information that could be used for identification of Alumen was selected with variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1. FTIR characteristic profiles of Alumen were established， and key wavenumbers for identification were screened by HCA and OPLS-DA with VIP value>1. Meanwhile， the thermogravimetric differences between Alumen and A. alum were analyzed by TG-DTA， and the thermogravimetric traits that could be used for identification were screened. ResultsAlumen and A. alum could not be effectively distinguished by traits alone. However， by comparing the PDF standard cards of XRD， 15 batches of Alumen and 12 batches of A. alum could be distinguished. In the XRD profiles， 10 characteristic peaks were confirmed， corresponding to diffraction angles of 14.560°， 24.316°， 12.620°， 32.122°， 17.898°， 34.642°， 27.496°， 46.048°， 40.697° and 21.973°. In the FTIR profiles， 4 wavenumber ranges（399.193-403.050， 1 186.010-1 471.420， 1 801.190-2 620.790， 3 612.020-3 997.710 cm^-1） and 12 characteristic wavenumbers（1 428.994， 1 430.922， 1 432.851， 1 434.779， 1 436.708， 1 438.636， 1 440.565， 1 442.493， 1 444.422， 1 446.350， 1 448.279， 1 450.207 cm^-1） were identified. In the TG-DTA profiles， there were characteristic decomposition peaks of ammonium ion and mass reduction features near 555.34 ℃ for A. alum. These characteristics could serve as important criteria for distinguishing the authenticity of Alumen. ConclusionXRD， FTIR and TG-DTA can be used to rapidly detect Alumen and A. alum， and combined with the discriminant features selected through chemometrics， the rapid and accurate identification of Alumen and A. alum can be achieved. The research findings provide new approaches for the rapid identification of Alumen.

ObjectiveTo establish the multi-technique characteristic profiles of Alumen by X-ray diffraction（XRD）， Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis（TG-DTA）， and to explore the spectral characteristics for rapid identification of Alumen and its potential adulterant， Ammonium alum. MethodsA total of 27 batches of Alumen samples from 8 production regions were collected for preliminary identification based on visual characteristics. The PDF standard cards of XRD were used to differentiate Alumen from A. alum， and the XRD characteristic profiles of Alumen were established， and then the common peaks were screened. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis（HCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）， the characteristic information that could be used for identification of Alumen was selected with variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1. FTIR characteristic profiles of Alumen were established， and key wavenumbers for identification were screened by HCA and OPLS-DA with VIP value>1. Meanwhile， the thermogravimetric differences between Alumen and A. alum were analyzed by TG-DTA， and the thermogravimetric traits that could be used for identification were screened. ResultsAlumen and A. alum could not be effectively distinguished by traits alone. However， by comparing the PDF standard cards of XRD， 15 batches of Alumen and 12 batches of A. alum could be distinguished. In the XRD profiles， 10 characteristic peaks were confirmed， corresponding to diffraction angles of 14.560°， 24.316°， 12.620°， 32.122°， 17.898°， 34.642°， 27.496°， 46.048°， 40.697° and 21.973°. In the FTIR profiles， 4 wavenumber ranges（399.193-403.050， 1 186.010-1 471.420， 1 801.190-2 620.790， 3 612.020-3 997.710 cm^-1） and 12 characteristic wavenumbers（1 428.994， 1 430.922， 1 432.851， 1 434.779， 1 436.708， 1 438.636， 1 440.565， 1 442.493， 1 444.422， 1 446.350， 1 448.279， 1 450.207 cm^-1） were identified. In the TG-DTA profiles， there were characteristic decomposition peaks of ammonium ion and mass reduction features near 555.34 ℃ for A. alum. These characteristics could serve as important criteria for distinguishing the authenticity of Alumen. ConclusionXRD， FTIR and TG-DTA can be used to rapidly detect Alumen and A. alum， and combined with the discriminant features selected through chemometrics， the rapid and accurate identification of Alumen and A. alum can be achieved. The research findings provide new approaches for the rapid identification of Alumen.