OBJECTIVETo summarize the 23-year experience of laparoscopic biliary surgery in General Hospital of PLA and evaluate the application of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of biliary diseases.

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 11 419 consecutive patients with biliary diseases undergoing laparoscopic surgery from April, 1992 and December, 2014. The disease spectrum was compared between patients treated before December 31, 2003 and those treated after the time point.

RESULTSThe 11419 patients receiving laparoscopic surgery accounted for 56.3% of the total patients undergoing biliary surgeries during the 23 years, including 4701 male and 6718 female patients with a mean age of 50.9∓13.2 years (6-93 years). Most (80.83%) of the patients received laparoscopic surgery for gallbladder stones, and 12.53% patients had the operation for gallbladder polyps. The laparoscopic operation rate was 84.81% in patients with gallbladder stones and 34.91% in patients with extrahepatic bile duct stones, but remained low in patients with biliary carcinoma. In laparoscopic operations, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was the most frequent (96.18%) followed by operations for extrahepatic bile duct stones, in which primary suture accounted for 1.38%, traditional T tube drainage for 0.90% and laparoscopic transcystic duct exploration for 0.72%. For malignant tumors, laparoscopic technique was used mainly for the purpose of exploration (0.34%). The application of laparoscopic technique in biliary surgery tended to increase after the year 2004, especially for benign gallbladder diseases and extrahepatic bile duct stones (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONLaparoscopic technique in biliary surgery is gradually replacing the traditional open operation and becomes the gold standard for the treatment of benign biliary diseases.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bile Duct Neoplasms ; surgery ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; Child ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Drainage ; Female ; Gallbladder Diseases ; surgery ; Gallstones ; surgery ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; trends ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEThe aim of our study was to assess the complications of hepatic fibrosis associated with bile duct ligation and the potential curative role of sepia ink extract in hepatic damage induced by bile duct ligation.

METHODSRattus norvegicus rats were divided into 3 groups: Sham-operated group, model rats that underwent common bile duct ligation (BDL), and BDL rats treated orally with sepia ink extract (200 mg/kg body weight) for 7, 14, and 28 d after BDL.

RESULTSThere was a significant reduction in hepatic enzymes, ALP, GGT, bilirubin levels, and oxidative stress in the BDL group after treatment with sepia ink extract. Collagen deposition reduced after sepia ink extract treatment as compared to BDL groups, suggesting that the liver was repaired. Histopathological examination of liver treated with sepia ink extract showed moderate degeneration in the hepatic architecture and mild degeneration in hepatocytes as compared to BDL groups.

CONCLUSIONSepia ink extract provides a curative effect and an antioxidant capacity on BDL rats and could ameliorate the complications of liver cholestasis.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Bile Ducts ; surgery ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Cholestasis, Extrahepatic ; blood ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Collagen ; metabolism ; Ink ; Liver ; metabolism ; Liver Function Tests ; Male ; Oxidative Stress ; Rats ; Sepia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous placements of a biliary stent for obstructive jaundice secondary to metastatic gastric cancer after gastrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients (mean age, 62.4 years; range, 27-86 years) who underwent percutaneous placements of a biliary stent for obstructive jaundice secondary to metastatic gastric cancer after gastrectomy were included. The technical success rate, clinical success rate, complication rate, stent patency, patient survival and factors associated with stent patency were being evaluated. RESULTS: The median interval between the gastrectomy and stent placement was 23.1 months (range, 3.9-94.6 months). The 50 patients received a total of 65 stents without any major procedure-related complications. Technical success was achieved in all patients. The mean total serum bilirubin level, which had been 7.19 mg/dL +/- 6.8 before stent insertion, decreased to 4.58 mg/dL +/- 5.4 during the first week of follow-up (p < 0.001). Clinical success was achieved in 42 patients (84%). Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheters were removed from 45 patients (90%). Infectious complications were noted in two patients (4%), and stent malfunction occurred in seven patients (14%). The median stent patency was 233 +/- 99 days, and the median patient survival was 179 +/- 83 days. Total serum bilirubin level after stenting was an independent factor for stent patency (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transhepatic placement of a biliary stent for obstructive jaundice secondary to metastatic gastric cancer after gastrectomy is a technically feasible and clinically effective palliative procedure.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bile Duct Neoplasms/complications/secondary/*surgery ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/*surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Jaundice, Obstructive/diagnosis/etiology/*surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prosthesis Design ; Retrospective Studies ; *Stents ; Stomach Neoplasms/*complications/secondary/surgery ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo assess the clinical value of digitalized minimally invasive technique in the treatment of the hepatolithiasis.

METHODSThe 64-slice spiral CT data were acquired from 4 hepatolithiasis patients for three-dimensional reconstruction and simulation operation using abdominal medical image-3D visualization system (MI-3DVS). Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed for the liver, hepatic arteries, hepatic veins, portal veins, intrahepatic bile ducts and calculi. Based on the size and position of the calculi and the distribution of the dilated or stenotic biliary ducts, several simulation operations such as partial hepatectomy and hepaticojejunstomy were performed. With guidance by the findings in the simulation operation, the actual minimally invasive operation was performed.

RESULTSThe three-dimensional models of the liver, hepatic arteries, hepatic veins, portal veins, intrahepatic bile ducts and calculi were reconstructed successfully, which clearly visualized the site and the number of calculi and the condition of the involved intrahepatic bile ducts. Guided by the three-dimensional models and the simulation operations, partial hepatectomy and hepaticojejunstomy were performed and the calculi were removed completely in all the 4 cases with maximum preservation of the residual liver volume.

CONCLUSIONThree-dimensional reconstruction and simulation operation allows digital minimally invasive treatment of hepatolithiasis, which can be a new approach to hepatobiliary surgery.

Adult ; Aged ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Gallstones ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Hepatectomy ; methods ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Tomography, Spiral Computed

Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) is useful for the palliative decompression of biliary obstruction. However, the complications of ERBD include cholangitis, hemorrhage, acute pancreatitis, obstruction of the stent, and duodenal perforation. Pressure necrosis on the duodenal mucosa by the stent may contribute to perforation. Although duodenal perforation following ERBD is very rare compared to other complications, it can result in a fatal outcome. Recent reports describe nonsurgical treatment for small gastrointestinal perforation with localized peritonitis and suggest that endoclipping may be appropriate in the management of a well selected group of patients with iatrogenic perforation. We describe a case of duodenal perforation secondary to ERBD that was successfully treated with approximating using endoclip and detachable snare.
Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; Biliary Tract Diseases/complications/surgery ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Drainage ; Duodenal Diseases/*diagnosis/etiology/therapy ; Female ; Gallbladder Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Humans ; Intestinal Perforation/*diagnosis/etiology/therapy ; Middle Aged ; Plastics ; Stents/*adverse effects ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of targeted argon-helium cryoablation on portal region of the liver in dogs by observing the pathological changes in the first-order branches of the Glisson ductal system.

METHODSTwelve healthy dogs underwent percutaneous targeted argon-helium cryoablation of the liver and sacrificed at 3 and 28 days after the cryoablation to observe the pathological changes in target area for cryoablation and the first-order branches of the Glisson ductal system.

RESULTSNo obvious damage was not found in the vascular wall of the portal vein by gross or microscopic observation, but the liver tissue in the vicinity of the blood vessels showed total necrosis. In spite of the injuries of different degrees in the first-order bile duct system after argon-helium cryoablation, no severe damages such as perforation or full-thickness necrosis occurred in bile duct wall, and most of the injuries were temporary and reversible. The size of the ablated area on day 28 was significantly reduced as compared with that on day 3 following the cryoablation (P<0.05). In the acute stage after the cryoablation (1-3 days), ALT and AST levels increased significantly in (P<0.05) but recovered 1-4 weeks later (P>0.05). The cryoablated area was basically consistent with the pathological area that underwent necrosis (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONTargeted argon-helium cryoablation can cause total destruction of the liver tissue around the blood vessel without damaging the vascular walls of the portal vein. Argon-helium cryoablation induces relatively minor injuries to the bile duct of hepatic portal section and does not obviously damage the liver function, and the scope of tissue necrosis can be estimated according to the size of frozen area observed. Argon-helium cryoablation is a safe and minimally invasive operation with reliable therapeutic effect.

Animals ; Argon ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; pathology ; Cryosurgery ; adverse effects ; methods ; Dogs ; Female ; Helium ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental ; surgery ; Male ; Portal Vein ; pathology ; Random Allocation

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical value of 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the liver and its ductal structures using 64-slice spiral CT data in hepatobiliary surgery.

METHODSThe image data of 64-slice spiral CT scanning was obtained from patients with biliary calculi. Image segmentation was performed both using computer programs and manually, and 3D reconstruction of the liver was carried out using Mimics software. The reconstructed model of the liver and the ductal system was exported in STL format, and then into the FreeForm Modeling System for modification and smoothing, followed by image registration of the liver with the ductal system and the calculi.

RESULTSThe reconstructed liver model accurately represented the actual size of the liver and its anatomic landmarks, and by adjusting the transparency of the liver, the hepatic and intrahepatic arteries, veins, the portal vein, some abdominal vessels and the biliary system with the calculi were clearly visualized. The calculi in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts were distinct in terms of the location and number, and dilation and stenosis of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts were also clearly observed. The model presented with realistic profile of the liver that allowed vivid 3D observation. The model also allowed zooming and rotation for observation in full views.

CONCLUSIONSThe reconstructed model of the liver and its ductal system can be useful for preoperative planning and intraoperative complete removal of the calculi from the bile duct, and for the bile duct dilation and stenosis detected in the model, appropriate measures should be taken to reduce the residual calculi and prevent reoccurrence.

Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Female ; Gallstones ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Models, Anatomic ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; methods

No abstract available.
Bile Duct Neoplasms/*diagnosis/mortality/surgery ; *Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; Humans ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The definition of early extrahepatic bile duct cancer might be different from that of other gastrointestinal cancer because of the differences of histologic features including the lack of muscularis mucosa and submucosal layer in bile duct. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concept of early extrahepatic bile duct cancer in Korea. METHODS: We evaluated seventynine cases of extrahepatic bile duct cancer who had received curative resection in Severence Hospital, Yonsei University from March 1986 to October 2005. We retrosptectively reviewed the medical records and analyzed variable prognostic factors to define early extrahepatic bile duct cancer. RESULTS: Invasion limited to the mucosa was noted in 5 cases (6.3%), fibromuscular layer in 12 cases (15.2%), adventitia of fibromuscular layer and serosa in 26 cases (32.9%), and invasion of adjacent organs in 36 cases (45.6%). Disease free 5-year survival according to the depth of invasion were 80.7% in tumor confined within mucosa, 80.0% within fibromuscular layer, 57.2% within adventitia of fibromuscular layer and serosa, and 51.5% in tumor with invasion of adjacent organ. There was no significant difference in the survival rate between patients with tumor confined to mucosa and patients with tumor invasion limited to the fibromuscular layer. However, the survival rate of patients with tumor limited to the mucosa or fibromuscular layer was significantly higher than that of patients with tumor invaded beyond fibromusular layer. In early cancer, there were more papillary polypoid type in gross finding and papillary adenocarcinoma in pathologic finding when compared to advanced cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Early extrahepatic bile duct cancer can be defined as the tumor invasion limited to the mucosa and fibromuscular layer.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bile Duct Neoplasms/*diagnosis/mortality/surgery ; *Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Analysis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic stent insertion with self expandable metal stent (SEMS) is one of the standard palliative treatments for the patients with unresectable bile duct carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine whether detection of longitudinal spread of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma by intraductal US (IDUS) would be helpful in the selection of metal stent for the palliative drainage in bile duct carcinoma. METHODS: Seventeen patients with histologically proven unresectable extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with IDUS were included. Longitudinal cancer extension along the bile duct was determined and, then, compared with the cholangiographic image. The type and length of SEMS was selected based on IDUS findings. RESULTS: IDUS demonstrated more extensive tumor spread than ERC in 7 of 17 (41.2%) patients with the hepatic side of strictures and in 7 of 16 (43.8%) patients with the duodenal side of strictures. Five of 17 (29.4%) patients have changed the plan of endoscopic biliary drainage with SEMS after IDUS. There was no early dysfunction associated with endoscopic biliary drainage. CONCLUSIONS: IDUS prior to biliary drainage would be useful in demonstrating longitudinal extension of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. It has a potential role in helping stent selection and identifying factors which predict early stent dysfunction.
Bile Duct Neoplasms/*surgery/ultrasonography ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/*surgery/*ultrasonography ; Carcinoma/*surgery/ultrasonography ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Drainage/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Stents