Objective: Cerebral ischemia is a medical condition that occurs due to poor supply of blood in the brain. Reperfusion being savage further exaggerates the tissue injury causing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/R). CI/R is marked by an impairment in release of neurotransmitter, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.The current study has utilized brivaracetam (BRV), a synaptic vesicle protein 2A modulator in experimental model of CI/R injury. Methods: CI/R injury was induced in Swiss Albino mice by occlusion of common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. Animals were assessed for learning and memory, motor coordination (Rota rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking test), cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Biochemical assessments were made for oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in brain supernatants. Results: CI/R animals showed impairment in learning, memory, and motor coordination, along with increase in cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, increase in brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity were recorded in CI/R animals. Administration of BRV (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg; p.o.) was observed to recuperate CI/R induced impairments in behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Conclusion It may be concluded that BRV mediates neuroprotection during CI/R via decreasing brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity.

Objective: Cerebral ischemia is a medical condition that occurs due to poor supply of blood in the brain. Reperfusion being savage further exaggerates the tissue injury causing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/R). CI/R is marked by an impairment in release of neurotransmitter, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.The current study has utilized brivaracetam (BRV), a synaptic vesicle protein 2A modulator in experimental model of CI/R injury. Methods: CI/R injury was induced in Swiss Albino mice by occlusion of common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. Animals were assessed for learning and memory, motor coordination (Rota rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking test), cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Biochemical assessments were made for oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in brain supernatants. Results: CI/R animals showed impairment in learning, memory, and motor coordination, along with increase in cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, increase in brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity were recorded in CI/R animals. Administration of BRV (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg; p.o.) was observed to recuperate CI/R induced impairments in behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Conclusion It may be concluded that BRV mediates neuroprotection during CI/R via decreasing brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity.

Objective: Cerebral ischemia is a medical condition that occurs due to poor supply of blood in the brain. Reperfusion being savage further exaggerates the tissue injury causing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/R). CI/R is marked by an impairment in release of neurotransmitter, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.The current study has utilized brivaracetam (BRV), a synaptic vesicle protein 2A modulator in experimental model of CI/R injury. Methods: CI/R injury was induced in Swiss Albino mice by occlusion of common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. Animals were assessed for learning and memory, motor coordination (Rota rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking test), cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Biochemical assessments were made for oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in brain supernatants. Results: CI/R animals showed impairment in learning, memory, and motor coordination, along with increase in cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, increase in brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity were recorded in CI/R animals. Administration of BRV (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg; p.o.) was observed to recuperate CI/R induced impairments in behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Conclusion It may be concluded that BRV mediates neuroprotection during CI/R via decreasing brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity.

Objective: Cerebral ischemia is a medical condition that occurs due to poor supply of blood in the brain. Reperfusion being savage further exaggerates the tissue injury causing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/R). CI/R is marked by an impairment in release of neurotransmitter, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.The current study has utilized brivaracetam (BRV), a synaptic vesicle protein 2A modulator in experimental model of CI/R injury. Methods: CI/R injury was induced in Swiss Albino mice by occlusion of common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. Animals were assessed for learning and memory, motor coordination (Rota rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking test), cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Biochemical assessments were made for oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in brain supernatants. Results: CI/R animals showed impairment in learning, memory, and motor coordination, along with increase in cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, increase in brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity were recorded in CI/R animals. Administration of BRV (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg; p.o.) was observed to recuperate CI/R induced impairments in behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Conclusion It may be concluded that BRV mediates neuroprotection during CI/R via decreasing brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity.

INTRODUCTION: Uncinectomy can be performed using various methods. The aim of the present study was to compare the results and complications of uncinectomy and middle meatus antrostomy using the standard and swing door techniques during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. METHODS: In a prospective controlled study, 60 patients (aged 18-50 years) suffering from chronic maxillary sinusitis underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery from January 2007 to December 2008 at a tertiary care centre. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of 30: Group A underwent uncinectomy using the standard technique, while Group B underwent uncinectomy using the swing door technique. RESULTS: Group B showed more improvement in symptoms, with a mean visual analogue scale score of 80.58 ± 14.34 compared to 78.50 ± 16.63 in Group A. Both groups had no major complications. At the end of Week 2, minor complications were observed in 8 (26.7%) of the patients from Group A and 2 (6.7%) from Group B. By the sixth week, the minor complication rate was 1 (3.3%) and 0 (0%) in Group A and Group B, respectively. When compared statistically during the second week using chi-square test, the difference in the minor complication rate was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05, χ CONCLUSION The swing door technique for uncinectomy produces good postoperative results, with fewer complications, as compared to the standard technique.

Methods: A total of 51 patients with a mean age of 31.75±10.42 years who suffered traumatic SCI were included in this study. Complete neurological examinations (American Spinal Injury Association grading) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed at the time of admission and at 3–6 months after injury to study the neurological status and disc and trunk parameters. The type of management (operative or conservative) was decided on the basis of clinical, radiological, and MRI evaluations, and a robust rehabilitation program was initiated. Results: Disc parameters including disc angle, skin angle, cross-sectional area (CSA), and disc height and trunk parameters (mean trunk width, mean trunk depth, and CSA of the lumbar muscles) decreased significantly (p <0.001) during the first 3 months after SCI. However, improvements were observed in disc and muscle parameters at the 6-month follow-up, but these parameters did not return to normal levels. Neither initial neurological status (complete vs. incomplete) nor type of management (operative vs. conservative) had a significant effect on these parameters. Conclusions Spinal trauma leads to alterations in the morphology of the vertebral column, spinal cord, intervertebral discs, and paraspinal muscles in the initial phase of injury. The extent of these changes may determine the initial neurological deficit and subsequent recovery. Although this study did not identify any statistically significant effect of neurological status or management strategy on these parameters, rehabilitation was found to result in the improvement of these parameters in the later phase of recovery. Future studies are required to evaluate the exact causes of these alterations and the potential benefits of rehabilitation strategies and to minimize these changes.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study.PURPOSE: To compare clonidine and pregabalin with placebo for the attenuation of postoperative pain after thoracolumbar spinal surgery and instrumentationOVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Spine surgery is associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain that needs to be controlled to improve patient’s outcome. Alpha 2 agonists (e.g., clonidine) and gabapentenoids (e.g., pregabalin) are successfully used as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen.METHODS: Total 75 patients were enrolled and randomly allocated into three groups. Group P received pregabalin (150 mg), group C received clonidine (150 mcg), and group N received placebo 90 minutes preoperatively. A standard anesthesia protocol comprising fentanyl, thiopentone, vecuronium, nitrous oxide, and oxygen in isoflurane was used for all patients. Postoperative recovery profile, pain, time for first analgesic, 24-hour analgesic requirement, sedation, and hemodynamic parameters were noted.RESULTS: Recovery profile was similar in all three groups; however, the patients in group P and C were more sedated (p<0.05). Group N patients had a higher Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score (p<0.05) and the time for first analgesic was also lower (p=0.02). Postoperative (24-hour) analgesic requirement was maximum in group N, followed by that in group C and group P. The VAS score was highest in the control group; however, after 12 hours, it was similar in all groups.CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative pain and analgesic requirement is significantly attenuated by preoperative administration of a single dose of clonidine (150 mcg) or pregabalin (150 mg); pregabalin was more effective. Thus, their use offers a reasonable strategy for pain management in patients undergoing spine surgery.
Analgesics ; Anesthesia ; Clonidine ; Fentanyl ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Pain Management ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pregabalin ; Prospective Studies ; Spine ; Thiopental ; Vecuronium Bromide ; Visual Analog Scale

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. PURPOSE: To compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings with clinical profile and neurological status of the patient and to correlate the MRI findings with neurological recovery of the patients and predict the outcome. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Previous studies have reported poor neurological recovery in patients with cord hemorrhage, as compared to cord edema in spine injury patients. High canal compromise, cord compression along with higher extent of cord injury also carries poor prognostic value. METHODS: Neurological status of patients was assessed at the time of admission and discharge in as accordance with the American Spine Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale. Mean stay in hospital was 14.11+/-5.74 days. Neurological status at admission and neurological recovery at discharge was compared with various qualitative cord findings and quantitative parameters on MRI. In 27 patients, long-term follow-up was done at mean time of 285.9+/-43.94 days comparing same parameters. RESULTS: Cord edema and normal cord was associated with favorable neurological outcome. Cord contusion showed lesser neurological recovery, as compared to cord edema. Cord hemorrhage was associated with worst neurological status at admission and poor neurological recovery. Mean canal compromise (MCC), mean spinal cord compression (MSCC) and lesion length values were higher in patients presenting with ASIA A impairment scale injury and showed decreasing trends towards ASIA E impairment scale injury. Patients showing neurological recovery had lower mean MCC, MSCC, and lesion length, as compared to patients showing no neurological recovery (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cord hemorrhage, higher MCC, MSCC, and lesion length values have poor prognostic value in spine injury patients.
Asia ; Contusions ; Edema ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Prospective Studies ; Spinal Cord Compression ; Spine*

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective clinical study. PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of spinal deformities in tuberculosis (TB) of the spine during the initial 2 years and to suggest remedial measures. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Spinal TB is the most common cause of a kyphotic deformity in many parts of the world. Treatment of the established deformity is difficult, hazardous and has a high complication rate. METHODS: We followed 50 adult patients treated for spinal TB for a minimum of 2 years. Average values of vertebral body height loss (VBL), deformity angle, kyphosis angle, and lumbosacral joint angle at the final follow-up were compared with the values at initial presentation. The relationship between the amount of initial VBL and final kyphotic angle was analyzed. RESULTS: Average values of VBL, deformity angle, kyphosis angle, and lumbosacral joint angle at initial presentation were 0.26, 12.51degrees, 2.26degrees, and 12.3degrees, respectively; and the corresponding values at the final follow-up were 0.7, 17.8degrees, 5.64degrees, and 10.8degrees, respectively. The increase was extremely significant for the deformity angle (initial vs. 6th month, p=0.000; 6th month vs. 24th month, p=0.000) and kyphotic angle (initial vs. 6th month, p=0.003; 6th month vs. 24th month, p=0.000) in the thoracic and thoracolumbar regions during the first 2 years of the disease process. The increase in the deformity angle in the lumbar region was significant only in the initial 6 months (p=0.01). We could not find any correlation between the initial VBL and the final kyphotic angle (r=0.302, p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Different regions of the vertebral column respond differently to bony destruction caused by spinal TB. Deformity progression is more significant during the initial 6 months of the disease process, and this may be the best time to take remedial measures to prevent development/progression of the deformity. Kyphotic deformity keeps increasing even after 6 months of antituberculous treatment, and it does not correlate with the initial VBL in adults.
Adult* ; Body Height ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Joints ; Kyphosis ; Lumbosacral Region ; Prospective Studies ; Spine* ; Tuberculosis* ; Tuberculosis, Spinal