This article reviews the historical development and up-to-date state of thermometric technologies for measuring human body temperature (BT) from two aspects: measurement methodology and signifi cance interpretation. Since the fi rst systematic and comprehensive study on BT and its relation to human diseases was conducted by Wunderlich in the late 19th century, BT has served as one of the most fundamental vital signs for clinical diagnosis and daily healthcare. The physiological implication of BT set point and thermoregulatory mechanisms are briefl y outlined. Infl uential determinants of BT measurement are investigated thoroughly. Three types of BT measurement, i.e., core body temperature, surface body temperature and basal body temperature, are categorized according to its measurement position and activity level. With the comparison of temperature measurement in industrial fi elds, specialties in technological and biological aspects in BT measurement are mentioned. Methodologies used in BT measurement are grouped into instrumental methods and mathematical methods. Instrumental methods utilize results of BT measurements directly from temperature-sensitive transducers and electronic instrumentations by the combination of actual and predictive measurement, invasive and noninvasive measurement. Mathematical methods use several numerical models, such as multiple regression model, autoregressive model, thermoregulatory mechanism-based model and the Kalman fi lter-based method to estimate BT indirectly from some relevant vital signs and environmental factors. Thermometry modalities are summarized on the dichotomies into invasive and noninvasive, contact and noncontact, direct and indirect, free and restrained, 1-D and n-D. Comprehensive interpretation of BT has an equal importance as the measurement of BT. Two modes to apply BT are classifi ed into real-time applications and long-term applications. With rapid advancement in IoT infrastructure, big data analytics and AI platforms, prospects for future development in thermometry and interpretation of BT are discussed.
Basal Bodies ; Body Temperature ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diagnosis ; Human Body ; Humans ; Methods ; Thermometers ; Thermometry ; Transducers ; Vital Signs

In recent years, several radiotracers that selectively bind to pathological tau proteins have been developed. Evidence is emerging that binding patterns of in vivo tau positron emission tomography (PET) studies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients closely resemble the distribution patterns of known neurofibrillary tangle pathology, with the extent of tracer binding reflecting the clinical and pathological progression of AD. In Lewy body diseases (LBD), tau PET imaging has clearly revealed cortical tau burden with a distribution pattern distinct from AD and increased cortical binding within the LBD spectrum. In progressive supranuclear palsy, the globus pallidus and midbrain have shown increased binding most prominently. Tau PET patterns in patients with corticobasal syndrome are characterized by asymmetrical uptake in the motor cortex and underlying white matter, as well as in the basal ganglia. Even in the patients with multiple system atrophy, which is basically a synucleinopathy, ¹⁸F-flortaucipir, a widely used tau PET tracer, also binds to the atrophic posterior putamen, possibly due to off-target binding. These distinct patterns of tau-selective radiotracer binding in the various degenerative parkinsonisms suggest its utility as a potential imaging biomarker for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonisms.
Alzheimer Disease ; Basal Ganglia ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Electrons ; Globus Pallidus ; Humans ; Lewy Bodies ; Mesencephalon ; Motor Cortex ; Multiple System Atrophy ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Pathology ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Putamen ; Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive ; tau Proteins ; White Matter

Obesity has become a common healthcare problem worldwide. Cilia are tiny hair-like organelles on the cell surface that are generated and anchored by the basal body. Non-motile primary cilia have been considered to be evolutionary rudiments until a few decades, but they are now considered as important signaling organelles because many receptors, channels, and signaling molecules are highly expressed in primary cilia. A potential role of primary cilia in metabolic regulation and body weight maintenance has been suspected based on rare genetic disorders termed as ciliopathy, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, which manifest as obesity. Recent studies have demonstrated involvement of cilia-related cellular signaling pathways in transducing metabolic information in hypothalamic neurons and in determining cellular fate during adipose tissue development. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about cilia and cilia-associated signaling pathways in the regulation of body metabolism.
Adipose Tissue ; Alstrom Syndrome ; Bardet-Biedl Syndrome ; Basal Bodies ; Body Weight Maintenance ; Cilia* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Energy Metabolism* ; Hedgehogs ; Metabolism ; Neurons ; Obesity ; Organelles ; Wnt Signaling Pathway

Here we present an autopsy case of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a 36-year-old man. He had a history of febrile seizures at the age of four and was severely demented at age 10 when he was admitted to a mental hospital. He had suffered repetitive self-harm, such as frequent banging of the head on the wall in his hospital record, but he had no clear history between the ages of four and ten. Autopsy revealed global cerebral atrophy, including the basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, mammilary bodies and lateral geniculate bodies. This case showed typical pathological features of CTE. Phosphorylated tau (p-tau)-positive neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuropil threads (NT) we are widely distributed in the brain, especially in the depth of the cerebral sulci. NFT and NT were also found in the basal ganglia, thalamus, amygdala and brainstem. Scanty β-amyloid deposits were found in the motor and sensory cortices, but α-synuclein was completely negative in the brain. This example showed that CTE can occur in young ages and that even children can experience CTE dementia.
Adult ; Amygdala ; Atrophy ; Autopsy* ; Basal Ganglia ; Brain ; Brain Injuries ; Brain Injury, Chronic* ; Brain Stem ; Child* ; Dementia ; Geniculate Bodies ; Head ; Hippocampus ; Hospital Records ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Neuropil Threads ; Pathology ; Seizures, Febrile ; Thalamus

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that causes diarrheal diseases in humans. Cytoskeletal structures of Giardia trophozoites must be finely reorganized during cell division. To identify Giardia proteins which interact with microtubules (MTs), Giardia lysates were incubated with in vitro-polymerized MTs and then precipitated by ultracentifugation. A hypothetical protein (GL50803_8405) was identified in the precipitated fraction with polymerized MTs and was named GlMBP1 (G. lamblia microtubule-binding protein 1). Interaction of GlMBP1 with MTs was confirmed by MT binding assays using recombinant GlMBP1 (rGlMBP1). In vivo expression of GlMBP1 was shown by a real-time PCR and western blot analysis using anti-rGlMBP1 antibodies. Transgenic G. lamblia trophozoites were constructed by integrating a chimeric gene encoding hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged GlMBP1 into a Giardia chromosome. Immunofluorescence assays of this transgenic G. lamblia, using anti-HA antibodies, revealed that GlMBP1 mainly localized at the basal bodies, axonemes, and median bodies of G. lamblia trophozoites. This result indicates that GlMBP1 is a component of the G. lamblia cytoskeleton.
Antibodies ; Axoneme ; Basal Bodies ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Division ; Cytoskeleton ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Giardia lamblia* ; Giardia* ; Hemagglutinins ; Humans ; Microtubules ; Polymers ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Trophozoites

Ciliary rootlet coiled coil protein (CROCC), the structural component that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of the ciliary rootlet, plays a crucial role in maintaining the cellular integrity of ciliated cells. In the current study, we cloned Xenopus CROCC and performed the expression analysis. The amino acid sequence of Xenopus laevis was related to those of Drosophila, cow, goat, horse, chicken, mouse and human. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that CROCC mRNA encoding a coiled coil protein was present maternally, as well as throughout early development. In situ hybridization indicated that CROCC mRNA occurred in the animal pole of embryo during gastrulation and subsequently in the presumptive neuroectoderm at the end of gastrulation. At tailbud stages, CROCC mRNA expression was localized in the anterior roof plate of the developing brain, pharyngeal epithelium connected to gills, esophagus, olfactory placode, intestine and nephrostomes of the pronephric kidney. Our study suggests that CROCC may be responsible for control of the development of various ciliated organs.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Basal Bodies ; Brain ; Chickens ; Clone Cells ; Drosophila ; Embryonic Structures ; Epithelium ; Esophagus ; Gastrulation ; Gills ; Goats ; Horses ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Intestines ; Kidney ; Mice ; Neural Plate ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger* ; Xenopus laevis ; Xenopus*

Multiple-system atrophy (MSA) is an adult-onset, sporadic, progressive neurodegenerative disease. Clinically, the cardinal features include autonomic failure, parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and pyramidal signs in any combination, of which autonomic failure is an integral component in the diagnosis. Pathologically, MSA is characterized by alpha-synuclein-positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions and neuronal loss, predominantly in the basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, and intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord. We report the first case of MSA confirmed by autopsy in Korea.
Atrophy ; Autopsy ; Basal Ganglia ; Brain Stem ; Cerebellar Ataxia ; Cerebellum ; Inclusion Bodies ; Korea ; Multiple System Atrophy ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Spinal Cord

The major causes of female infertility include ovulatory dysfunction, tubal and peritoneal pathology, uterine pathology, and unexplained factors. For the diagnosis of the underlying cause(s) of female infertility, menstrual history taking, basal body temperature recording, hysterosalphingography, endometrial biopsy, transvaginal ultrasonography, sonohysterography, hysteroscopy, and laparoscopy are clinically useful diagnostic procedures. At present, postcoital test is not a proven valid diagnostic tool in a clinical setting.
Basal Bodies ; Biopsy ; Diagnosis* ; Female ; Female* ; Humans ; Hysteroscopy ; Infertility, Female* ; Laparoscopy ; Pathology ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: In general, long-term weight loss maintenance is difficult. Thus we have attempted to examine the factors associated with weight loss maintenance after weight reduction to appropriate level in obese people. METHODS: The study subjects were 170 obese adults who visited the Yeung Nam University Medical Center Obesity Clinic from January 2002 to April 2004. Selected individuals for this study were those who have intentionally lost at least 5% of their body weight and have kept it off for at least 1 year and considered to be "weight loss maintainers" and the factors that are associated with weight loss maintenance were obsened and assessed by telephone survey. RESULTS: Among all study subjects, the successful weight loss maintainers were 61 (35.9%) subjects (males: 23, females: 38) and re-gainers were 109 (64.1%) subjects (males: 42, females: 67). The difference between maintainers and re-gainers according to sex, age and basal body weight was not statistically significant. The difference between maintainers and regainers were statistically significant in those with regular exercise more than 3 times per week (P=0.001), no alcohol intake (P=0.001), physical activity more than moderate level (P<0.001), TV viewing (internet using) times less than 2 hours (P<0.001), dietary control (P<0.001), and no overeating (P<0.001). According to multiple regression analysis, obesity treatment medication use during the weight loss maintenance period had the greatest influence (R2=0.336, P=0.000), and the following were TV (internet) viewing time, smoking, exercise, and physical activity in order. CONCLUSION: By using, medications, reducing TV viewing (internet using) times, smoking cessation, diet control exercise weight loss were maintained significantly.
Academic Medical Centers ; Adult ; Basal Bodies ; Body Weight ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Intention ; Motor Activity ; Obesity ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Telephone ; Weight Loss*

PURPOSE: We tried to find out an adequate sol-gel transition temperature of female urethra for the injection of thermosensitive polymer in incontinent patients. We measured the temperatures of three portions of female urethra and bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total of 53 female incontinent patients participated, excluding those with any kind of infection which could lead to an elevation of body temperature. The basal body temperatures were checked at the axilla, tympanic membrane and mouth. Temperatures of the proximal(U1), middle(U2), distal(U3) urethra and bladder(B) were measured by a digital thermometer under a lithotomy position. We divided our patients into 3 groups which were patients in follicular phase(F), luteal phase(L) and menopause(M). The temperature difference between the 4 portions of the urethra(D1; between U1 and U2, D2; between U2 and U3, D3: between U3 and B), was also analyzed. Statistics was done by the ANOVA of repeated measures, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 48.1+/-10.7 years. The mean temperature of B, U1, U2, and U3 groups were 37.1+/-0.25 degreesC, 37.0+/-0.25 degreesC, 36.9+/-0.24 degreesC, and 36.7+/-0.25 degreesC. The mean temperature difference of D1, D2, and D3 were 0.2471+/-0.089 degreesC, 0.079+/-0.066 degreesC and 0.066+/-0.058 degreesC. The Pearson correlation coefficient of D1, D2 and D3 were 0.938, 0.965 and 0.970. This showed there was a constant temperature increase from distal urethra to bladder step by step. The number of patients in F, L and M groups were 25(47.2%), 10(18.9%) and 18(33.9%). There was no significant urethral temperature difference at each point(U1, U2, U3 and B) among these three groups. CONCLUSION: There was a constant temperature increase from distal urethra to bladder step by step. This is a baseline study for female urethra for future clinical study. We suggest that our data can be used as deciding the sol-gel transition temperature for thermosensitive polymer injection into incontinent female urethra.
Axilla ; Basal Bodies ; Body Temperature ; Female ; Humans ; Mouth ; Polymers ; Thermometers ; Transition Temperature ; Tympanic Membrane ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder*