Exposure of airborne particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 lm (PM2.5) is epidemiologically associated with lung dysfunction and respiratory symptoms, including pulmonary fibrosis. However, whether epigenetic mechanisms are involved in PM2.5-induced pulmonary fibrosis is currently poorly understood. Herein, using a PM2.5-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model, we found that PM2.5 exposure leads to aberrant mRNA 5-methylcytosine (m5C) gain and loss in fibrotic lung tissues. Moreover, we showed the m5C-mediated regulatory map of gene functions in pulmonary fibrosis after PM2.5 exposure. Several genes act as m5C gain-upregulated factors, probably critical for the development of PM2.5-induced fibrosis in mouse lungs. These genes, including Lcn2, Mmp9, Chi3l1, Adipoq, Atp5j2, Atp5l, Atpif1, Ndufb6, Fgr, Slc11a1, and Tyrobp, are highly related to oxidative stress response, inflammatory responses, and immune system processes. Our study illustrates the first epitranscrip-tomic RNA m5C profile in PM2.5-induced pulmonary fibrosis and will be valuable in identifying biomarkers for PM2.5 exposure-related lung pathogenesis with translational potential.

Objective: To study the lag effect of temperature and the source of heterogeneity on other infectious diarrhea (OID) in Zhejiang province, so as to identify related vulnerable populations at risk. Methods: Data on OID and meteorology in Zhejiang province from 2014 to 2016 were collected. A two-stage model was conducted, including: 1) using the distributed lag non-linear model to estimate the city-specific lag effect of temperature on OID, 2) applying the multivariate Meta- analysis to pool the estimated city-specific effect, 3) using the multivariate Meta-regression to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Results: There were 301 593 cases of OID in Zhejiang province during the study period. At the provincial level, temperature that corresponding to the lowest risk of OID was 16.7 ℃, and the temperature corresponding to the highest risk was 6.2℃ (RR=2.298, 95%CI: 1.527- 3.459). 16.7 ℃ was recognized as the reference temperature. P₅ and P₉₅ of the average daily temperature represented low and high temperature respectively. When the temperature was cold, the risk was delayed by 2 days, with the highest risk found on the 5^th day (RR=1.057, 95%CI: 1.030-1.084) before decreasing to the 23^rd day. When the temperature got hot, the risk of OID occurred on the first day (RR=1.081, 95%CI: 1.045-1.118) and gradually decreasing to the 8^th day. Differences on heterogeneous sources related to the risks of OID in different regions, presented on urban latitude and the rate of ageing in the population. Conclusions Both high or low temperature could increase the risk of OID, with a lag effect noticed. Prevention program on OID should be focusing on populations living in the high latitude and the elderly population at the low temperature areas.

In recent years, with the improvement of various surveillance network, surveillance system has become an important data source for ecological study. Different data types, including cross-sectional data, time series data and panel data, containing abundant information involving exposure, outcome and confoundings. Gradually, some new statistical methods have been developed or improved for the special structural characteristics of surveillance data. In this paper, we summarized the principles of these models, preconditions, as well as their advantages and limitations.

Objective To analyze the influencing factors on condom use among 35-yearsor-older female sex workers (OFSWs) in Qingdao by using the three-level logistic model.Methods From March to June 2014,OFSWs were recruited in Qingdao,using respondent-driven sampling.Related information on OFSWs and their recent five sexual partners (not including husband) were obtained by conducting a questionnaire survey on OFSWs.A Three-level logistic regression model was conducted to analyze the influencing factors of condom use between OFSWs and their sexual partners.Results A total of 420 OFSWs participated the survey as well as information on 2 100 sexual partners.Results from the empty model showed that the use of condoms among OFSWs having an aggregation that related to the levels of working sites and their own behaviors.Results from the three-levels of logistic model analysis showed that,OFSWs that having had junior middle school education (OR=1.450,95％CI:1.054-1.994)/high school education or above (OR=2.264,95％ CI:1.215-4.222),knowing the function of condom use (OR=2.004,95％ CI:1.273-3.154) would have higher rates of condom use.OFSWs with higher score of attitude on condom use (OR=0.796,95％CI:0.745-0.849),having had syphilis infections in the past (OR=0.657,95％ CI:0.478-0.902) would have lower rate of condom use.For the sexual partners,the rate of condom use among OFSWs' regular partners were higher than that of OFSWs' boyfriends (OR=15.291,95％CI:8.441-27.700;OR=29.032,95％ CI:15.413-54.682).Conclusion Condom use of OFSWs was affected by behaviors of both OFSWs themselves and their sexual partners.Prevention and control programs should focus on OFSWs and their sexual partners at the same time.The key intervention contents should include target populations as:OFSWs with low level of education,having had infections of syphilis,those who do not use condoms with their trusted partners.

Objective To investigate the application of management intervention in the drug-induced constipation nursing of patients with cancerous pain.MethodsFrom October 2014 to October 2015,300 patients with cancerous pain in our hospital under treatment of drug-induced constipation with opioid drugs were selected and divided into the control group and the observation group by random number table,with 150 cases in each group. Patients in the control group received routine nursing,while patients in the observation group were treated with psychology,diet,daily life,medication and other interventions.ResultsThere were significant differences between two groups in the feeling of abdominal distension,the sense of bearing down and the difficulty degree and frequency of defecation(P<0.05).ConclusionsThe application of management intervention in the drug-induced constipation nursing of patients with cancerous pain can greatly relieve the symptoms of constipation,improve patients'quality of life,and betterly cooperate with hospital's treatment. These measures show the value of nursing,and they are worthy of promotion.

Several new varients related to the case-control designs have been developed in the recent decades,and this article briefly summarized four new designs:two-stage design,case-specular study,exposure-crossover study and case-case-time-control study.This paper involved principles of study design,requisites for application,advantages and disadvantages on all the studies.

Objective To understand the influence of floods on bacillary dysentery in Liaoning province.Methods The monthly surveillance data of bacillary dysentery,floods,meteorological and demographic data in Liaoning from 2004 to 2010 were collected.Panel Poisson regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of floods on the incidence of bacillary dysentery in Liaoning.Results The mean monthly morbidity of bacillary dysentery was 2.17 per 100 000 during the study period,the bacillary dysentery cases mainly occurred in during July-September.Spearman correlation analysis showed that no lagged effect was detected in the influence of floods on the incidence of bacillary dysentery.After adjusting the influence of meteorological factors,panel data analysis showed that the influence of floods on the incidence of bacillary dysentery existed and the incidence rate ratio was 1.439 4 (95％CI:1.408 1-1.471 4).Conclusion Floods could significantly increase the risk of bacillary dysentery for population in Liaoning.

Objective To evaluate the risk factors of fluil-term infants with low birth weight.Methods All related Chinese and English literatures published from 1980 to February 25,2016 were collected from CBM,CNKI,Wang Fang Data,Medline and Embase databases,and screened with inclusion and exclusion criteria and Stata13.0 software was used in this Meta-analysis.Results Twenty three studies were included and there were 278 020 subjects.Female infants (pooled OR=1.60,95％CI:1.49-1.72),less antenatal care visits (pooled OR=1.81,95％CI:1.54-2.11),maternal passive smoking (pooled OR=1.49,95％CI:1.08-2.06),pregnancy-induced hypertension (pooled OR=2.96,95％CI:1.85-4.74) and hypamnion (pooled OR=2.71,95％CI:1.87-3.93) were the risk factors for fluil-term infants with low birth weight.Conclusion Departments of maternal and health care should encourage pregnant women to have antenatal care visits to find and treat their pregnancy complications,and avoid passive smoking actively through health education for the purpose to prompt the birth quality of infants.

Cyclonic Storms ; Disasters ; Health Status ; Humans

vides com-parable efficacy with medical castration in regard of decreasing PSA level and reducing prostate vol-ume. It is a safe and well tolerated treatment option as well.