ObjectiveTo construct an animal model of respiratory syncytial virus（RSV）-infected pneumonia suitable for preclinical studies. MethodsThe virulence of RSV to the four cell lines was observed by cytopathic effect （CPE）， and 50% tissue culture infective dose（TCID₅₀） was calculated. Twenty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal group and a model group. Six BALB/c-hIGF1R mice served as the humanized IGF1R model group. Except for the normal group， the other groups received intranasal RSV infection on days 1 and 3 to establish a viral pneumonia model. The efficacy of establishing an RSV-induced pneumonia animal model based on humanized insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor （IGF1R） mice was evaluated by measuring organ indices， peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages， pulmonary pathology and imaging， and pulmonary viral load. Additionally， ten BALB/c mice served as normal group， and thirty-two BALB/c-hIGF1R mice were randomly assigned to humanized IGF1R model group， ribavirin group （82.5 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹）， and high and low dose groups of Lianhua Qingwen （3.3 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹ ， 1.65 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹）， with 8 mice per group. The viral load in lung tissue was measured after ribavirin and Lianhua Qingwen intervention， and the model was applied to the evaluation of anti-RSV drugs. ResultsIn the lungs of the humanized IGF1R model group， large solid and diffuse ground-glass shadows were seen， and the lung volume was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The lung index was significantly increased （P<0.01）， and both the spleen index and thymus index were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The percentages of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺T cells were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， and there was a large amount of inflammation and stasis in the perivascular area of the lung tissue， which was predominantly characterized by lymphocytes. The endothelium of blood vessels was partially detached， with a small number of eosinophils. After infecting BALB/c-hIGF1R mice with RSV， the expression of viral nucleic acids in the lung tissue of the mice was significantly increased， with significant differences compared with the normal group （P<0.01）. The expression of viral nucleic acids in the ribavirin group and the high and low dose groups of Lianhua Qingwen was significantly reduced， with significant differences compared with the normal group （P<0.01）. ConclusionHumanized IGF1R mice are more susceptible to respiratory SVC， and the animal model of RSV-infected pneumonia based on humanized IGF1R mice was successfully constructed， which is suitable for the evaluation of anti-RSV drugs.

ObjectiveTo construct an animal model of respiratory syncytial virus（RSV）-infected pneumonia suitable for preclinical studies. MethodsThe virulence of RSV to the four cell lines was observed by cytopathic effect （CPE）， and 50% tissue culture infective dose（TCID₅₀） was calculated. Twenty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal group and a model group. Six BALB/c-hIGF1R mice served as the humanized IGF1R model group. Except for the normal group， the other groups received intranasal RSV infection on days 1 and 3 to establish a viral pneumonia model. The efficacy of establishing an RSV-induced pneumonia animal model based on humanized insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor （IGF1R） mice was evaluated by measuring organ indices， peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages， pulmonary pathology and imaging， and pulmonary viral load. Additionally， ten BALB/c mice served as normal group， and thirty-two BALB/c-hIGF1R mice were randomly assigned to humanized IGF1R model group， ribavirin group （82.5 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹）， and high and low dose groups of Lianhua Qingwen （3.3 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹ ， 1.65 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹）， with 8 mice per group. The viral load in lung tissue was measured after ribavirin and Lianhua Qingwen intervention， and the model was applied to the evaluation of anti-RSV drugs. ResultsIn the lungs of the humanized IGF1R model group， large solid and diffuse ground-glass shadows were seen， and the lung volume was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The lung index was significantly increased （P<0.01）， and both the spleen index and thymus index were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The percentages of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺T cells were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， and there was a large amount of inflammation and stasis in the perivascular area of the lung tissue， which was predominantly characterized by lymphocytes. The endothelium of blood vessels was partially detached， with a small number of eosinophils. After infecting BALB/c-hIGF1R mice with RSV， the expression of viral nucleic acids in the lung tissue of the mice was significantly increased， with significant differences compared with the normal group （P<0.01）. The expression of viral nucleic acids in the ribavirin group and the high and low dose groups of Lianhua Qingwen was significantly reduced， with significant differences compared with the normal group （P<0.01）. ConclusionHumanized IGF1R mice are more susceptible to respiratory SVC， and the animal model of RSV-infected pneumonia based on humanized IGF1R mice was successfully constructed， which is suitable for the evaluation of anti-RSV drugs.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Shufeng Jiedu capsule （SFJD）-containing serum on human lung epithelial cells infected by influenza A virus， and investigate the protective effect of the drug on the cells and the potential antiviral effect. MethodThe SFJD-containing serum was prepared and used to treat human lung epithelial cells （BEAS-2B） cultured in vitro. The viability of cells treated with different concentrations of SFJD-containing serum was measured by the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8）， and the optimal concentration of SFJD-containing serum was screened for subsequent experiments. BEAS-2B cells were classified into normal control， virus infection， and SFJD-containing serum groups， and the CCK-8 method was used to detect the survival rate of BEAS-2B cells after virus infection and drug administration. The expression of influenza virus nucleic acid in the cells of each group was determined， and the apoptosis of cells in different groups was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Real-time PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels of influenza virus nucleoprotein （NP）， Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）， and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 （MyD88） in each group of cells. The immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the fluorescence intensities of TLR4， MyD88， and phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB （p-NF-κB） in lung epithelial cells. ResultCompared with that in the control group （normal serum）， the cell survival rates in the blank serum and the SFJD-containing serum （5%， 10%， and 20%） groups were 100.00%±0.00%， 89.05%±4.80%， 87.13%±5.90%， 93.83%±6.03%， and 99.33%±3.39%， respectively （P<0.01）. The SFJD-containing serum of 20% was selected as the optimal treatment for subsequent experiments. Compared with the normal control group， the virus infection group showed reduced cell survival rate （P<0.01）， and the reduction was increased by the SFJD-containing serum （P<0.01）. Compared with the virus infection group， SFJD-containing serum reduced the virus load （P<0.01） to decrease apoptosis. Compared with the normal control group， the virus infection group showed up-regulated mRNA levels of NP， TLR4， and MyD88 （P<0.01）， and the up-regulation was down-regulated by the SFJD-containing serum （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The fluorescence intensities of TLR4， MyD88， and p-NF-κB proteins in the cells increased after virus infection compared with those in the normal control （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and they were decreased after administration with the SFJD-containing serum （P<0.05）. ConclusionThe SFJD-containing serum can inhibit influenza virus in vitro by increasing the survival rate， reducing the apoptosis， and down-regulating the protein levels of TLR4， MyD88， and p-NF-κB in BEAS-2B cells.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of Lutongning granules in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in animal models and study its mechanism of action， so as to provide laboratory data support for the clinical application of Lutongning granules and precise treatment. MethodMale SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， carbamazepine group （0.06 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， high-dose Lutongning group （2.70 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low-dose Lutongning group （1.35 g·kg^-1·d^-1） according to the stratified basic mechanical pain thresholds， with 10 rats in each group. A trigeminal neuralgia model of rats was prepared by injecting 30% talc suspension into the infraorbital foramen area of the rat. The drug groups were administered 10 mL·kg^-1 of drugs by gavage after 2 h of modeling. The normal group and the model group were administered distilled water by gavage under the same conditions once a day for 10 consecutive days. Von Frey brushes were used to determine the mechanical pain threshold of rats. A fully automated blood and body fluid analyzer was employed to detect the blood routine of rats. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was utilized to detect the pathological changes in the trigeminal ganglion and medulla oblongata tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was used to scan the ultrastructure of the medulla oblongata tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors interleukin （IL）-1， IL-6， IL-8， tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α， neuropeptide substance P， and β-endorphins （β-EP） in the serum of rats， and Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of IL-1β， purinergic receptor P2X7 （P2X7R）， and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p-p38 MAPK）. ResultCompared with that in the normal group， the pain threshold of rats in the model group was significantly lower （P<0.01）. The absolute value of neutrophils （NEUT#） and the percentage of neutrophils （NEUT） were significantly improved， and the percentage of lymphocytes （LYMPH） was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. The serum levels of IL-1， IL-6， IL-8， and TNF-α were significantly increased （P<0.01）. SP content in brain tissue was significantly increased， and β-EP content was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The relative protein expression of IL-1β， P2X7R， and p-p38 MAPK was significantly increased （P<0.05）. HE staining and transmission electron microscopy results of medulla oblongata tissue revealed neuronal degeneration， mild proliferation of microglial cells， reduction in the number of myelinated nerves， and obvious demyelination. The trigeminal nerve fibers of rats were disarranged， and some nerve fibers showed vacuolization. Axons were swollen， and Schwann cells proliferated. Demyelination was observed. Compared with the model group， each administration group significantly increased the pain threshold of rats （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced NEUT# and NEUT， and elevated LYMPH （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The administration group significantly decreased the levels of IL-1， IL-6， IL-8， and TNF-α in serum and SP in brain tissue （P<0.01） and increased the level of β-EP （P<0.01）. They significantly down-regulated the protein expression of IL-1β， P2X7R， and p-p38 MAPK（P<0.05， P<0.01） and significantly ameliorated the pathological changes in medulla oblongata tissue and trigeminal nerves of rats. ConclusionLutongning Granules had significant therapeutic effects on trigeminal neuralgia induced by injection of talc into the infraorbital foramen of model rats， and the mechanism may be related to amelioration of P2X7R-mediated neuroinflammation and inhibition of demyelination of myelinated nerves.

Objective To evaluate the quality of prediction model on healthcare-associated infections in China,so as to standardize research process and reporting methods.Methods It performed a literature search for healthcare-associated infections prediction model studies published using the following databases by the end of 2022.After independently screening the literature and cross-checking the extracted data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,the research team applied the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool(PROBAST)to evaluate the methodological quality,and the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis(TRIPOD)statement to evaluate the quality of study reporting.Results A total of 81 healthcare-associated infections prediction studies were identified.Their median PROBAST overall adherence were 58.11%±13.88%,median TRIPOD adherence were 56.11%±16.35%.The main methodological flaws involved participants defined,ignored complexities in data,and omitted missing data.The reporting flaws lay in the items of risk groups,sample size,and supplementary information.Conclusion There are methodological deficiencies and incomplete reporting of domestic hospital infection prediction modelling studies,which limit the reliability and applicability of the results and leave much room for improvement.

Objective To evaluate the quality of prediction model on healthcare-associated infections in China,so as to standardize research process and reporting methods.Methods It performed a literature search for healthcare-associated infections prediction model studies published using the following databases by the end of 2022.After independently screening the literature and cross-checking the extracted data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,the research team applied the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool(PROBAST)to evaluate the methodological quality,and the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis(TRIPOD)statement to evaluate the quality of study reporting.Results A total of 81 healthcare-associated infections prediction studies were identified.Their median PROBAST overall adherence were 58.11%±13.88%,median TRIPOD adherence were 56.11%±16.35%.The main methodological flaws involved participants defined,ignored complexities in data,and omitted missing data.The reporting flaws lay in the items of risk groups,sample size,and supplementary information.Conclusion There are methodological deficiencies and incomplete reporting of domestic hospital infection prediction modelling studies,which limit the reliability and applicability of the results and leave much room for improvement.

Objective To evaluate the quality of prediction model on healthcare-associated infections in China,so as to standardize research process and reporting methods.Methods It performed a literature search for healthcare-associated infections prediction model studies published using the following databases by the end of 2022.After independently screening the literature and cross-checking the extracted data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,the research team applied the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool(PROBAST)to evaluate the methodological quality,and the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis(TRIPOD)statement to evaluate the quality of study reporting.Results A total of 81 healthcare-associated infections prediction studies were identified.Their median PROBAST overall adherence were 58.11%±13.88%,median TRIPOD adherence were 56.11%±16.35%.The main methodological flaws involved participants defined,ignored complexities in data,and omitted missing data.The reporting flaws lay in the items of risk groups,sample size,and supplementary information.Conclusion There are methodological deficiencies and incomplete reporting of domestic hospital infection prediction modelling studies,which limit the reliability and applicability of the results and leave much room for improvement.

Objective To evaluate the quality of prediction model on healthcare-associated infections in China,so as to standardize research process and reporting methods.Methods It performed a literature search for healthcare-associated infections prediction model studies published using the following databases by the end of 2022.After independently screening the literature and cross-checking the extracted data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,the research team applied the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool(PROBAST)to evaluate the methodological quality,and the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis(TRIPOD)statement to evaluate the quality of study reporting.Results A total of 81 healthcare-associated infections prediction studies were identified.Their median PROBAST overall adherence were 58.11%±13.88%,median TRIPOD adherence were 56.11%±16.35%.The main methodological flaws involved participants defined,ignored complexities in data,and omitted missing data.The reporting flaws lay in the items of risk groups,sample size,and supplementary information.Conclusion There are methodological deficiencies and incomplete reporting of domestic hospital infection prediction modelling studies,which limit the reliability and applicability of the results and leave much room for improvement.

Objective To evaluate the quality of prediction model on healthcare-associated infections in China,so as to standardize research process and reporting methods.Methods It performed a literature search for healthcare-associated infections prediction model studies published using the following databases by the end of 2022.After independently screening the literature and cross-checking the extracted data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,the research team applied the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool(PROBAST)to evaluate the methodological quality,and the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis(TRIPOD)statement to evaluate the quality of study reporting.Results A total of 81 healthcare-associated infections prediction studies were identified.Their median PROBAST overall adherence were 58.11%±13.88%,median TRIPOD adherence were 56.11%±16.35%.The main methodological flaws involved participants defined,ignored complexities in data,and omitted missing data.The reporting flaws lay in the items of risk groups,sample size,and supplementary information.Conclusion There are methodological deficiencies and incomplete reporting of domestic hospital infection prediction modelling studies,which limit the reliability and applicability of the results and leave much room for improvement.

Objective To evaluate the quality of prediction model on healthcare-associated infections in China,so as to standardize research process and reporting methods.Methods It performed a literature search for healthcare-associated infections prediction model studies published using the following databases by the end of 2022.After independently screening the literature and cross-checking the extracted data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,the research team applied the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool(PROBAST)to evaluate the methodological quality,and the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis(TRIPOD)statement to evaluate the quality of study reporting.Results A total of 81 healthcare-associated infections prediction studies were identified.Their median PROBAST overall adherence were 58.11%±13.88%,median TRIPOD adherence were 56.11%±16.35%.The main methodological flaws involved participants defined,ignored complexities in data,and omitted missing data.The reporting flaws lay in the items of risk groups,sample size,and supplementary information.Conclusion There are methodological deficiencies and incomplete reporting of domestic hospital infection prediction modelling studies,which limit the reliability and applicability of the results and leave much room for improvement.