This study steps through four key principles, four open problems and future perspectives of Chinese materia medica(CMM) ecological agriculture by presenting the historical development, existing theories and practice outcomes. Then, it focuses on refining the main principles of CMM ecological agriculture:(1)the principles of ecological niche associated with yield and comprehensive income;(2)principles of biological diversity associated with the integrated control of diseases, pests and weeds;(3)principles of adversity effects associated with the quality improvement of CMM;(4)principles of structural stability associated with the sustainable development of CMM ecological agriculture. On this basis, four burning issues of CMM ecological agriculture were obtained,(1)ecological planting mode and supporting technologies need to be perfect;(2)multi-integrated industrial coupling remains to strengthen;(3) quality assurance system of CMM ecological agriculture and high-quality and favorable price model remains to be formed;(4)awareness of the demonstration and extension of CMM ecological agriculture needs to be desired. Finally, suggestions for the sustainable development of CMM ecological agriculture are put forward:(1)strengthen the national planning and layout, develop CMM ecological agriculture accor-ding to local conditions;(2)pay equal attention to inheritance and innovation, and strengthen the theory and practical technology research of CMM ecological agriculture;(3)strengthen industrial coupling and realize the transformation of CMM ecological agriculture from a production-based to a multi-in-one compound model;(4)intensify standards and brands, building a quality assurance system for CMM ecological products;(5) publicize the demonstration and popularization of CMM ecological agriculture. In summary, the development of CMM ecological agriculture possessed a firmer theory and practice foundation, although there is still much room for improvement. A better field of Chinese medicine agricultural development with immense economic and social benefits will not a question of "if" but "when" by accurately grasp the way forward.
Agriculture ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Materia Medica ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Dendrobium huoshanense is a precious medicinal plant belonging to Dendrobium of Orchidaceae. It is a special medicinal material and extremely scarce in Huoshan county, Anhui province. At present, D. huoshanense has been greatly protected, which also makes it possible to industrialize relying on tissue culture and artificial cultivation technology. Three main planting methods were utilized for cultivating D. huoshanense including facility cultivation, under forest cultivation and simulative habitat cultivation. Firstly, the three cultivation modes and technical characteristics of D. huoshanense were compared and analyzed, and it was found that the ecological environment of D. huoshanense cultivated in the simulated environment was closer to that of wild D. huoshanense. Secondly, based on comparing the characters and quality of three cultivation modes, the results showed that the shape of D. huoshanense cultivated in simulated environment was more similar to that of "grasshopper thigh" recorded in Bencao Jing Jizhu, and its quality was better than that of facilities and under forest cultivation. The comprehensive benefit comparison of three modes showed that the simulated cultivation had high income, the lowest input-output ratio and significant economic benefit. The quality of cultivated D. huoshanense was further evaluated from four aspects of "excellent environment" "excellent shape" "high quality" "excellent effect", which summarized the comprehensive advantages of simulative habitat cultivation of D. huoshanense as follows: the original habitat and site environment of simulated wild D. huoshanense, the closer shape to the wild, the more content of main medicinal components, and higher economic benefit and better efficacy. The quality of D. huoshanense was improved by the use of simulative habitat cultivation, which has practical significance to guide its large-scale cultivation.
Dendrobium ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Plants, Medicinal

This paper analyzed life form, habitats and environmental stresses of medicinal plants and algal fungi collected in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015). ①It was found that only 0.94% of the medicinal plants mainly cultivated in field. The most common habitats of medicinal plants are divided into two types: those whose natural habitats are forest margins/undergrowth(about 42.53%) and those whose natural habitats are roadside, hillside, wasteland/sand(about 43.78%). The former mainly faces environmental stresses such as weak light, pests and diseases; the latter often faces the main environmental stresses of drought, strong light, ultraviolet radiation, high temperature, low temperature(day and night or annual temperature difference is large), nutrient deficiency, pests and so on. ②Based on analyzing the strategies of medicinal plants to adapt to environmental stresses, it is pointed out that the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites are the most important strategies of medicinal plants to protect against environmental stresses. In the process of long-term adaptation to specific stress, the accumulation of relevant genetic variation and epigenetic inheritance has become an important condition for the formation of quality of medicinal plants. ③It is proposed that "simulative habitat cultivation" has obvious advantages in balancing growth and secondary metabolism and guaranting the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Ecosystem ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plants, Medicinal ; Ultraviolet Rays

Objective To investigate minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced by Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) and ciprofloxacin in vitro.Methods Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitive to ciprofloxacin were collected and then induced ciprofloxacin with three concentrations of 0.5 × MIC,2 × MIC and 4 × MIC,and PQS with three concentrations of 10,40,80 μmol· L-1,respectively for five days.The agar dilution method was used to measure MICs of all strains before and after inductions to ciprofloxacin.The MICs to ciprofloxacin before and after inductions of the same induction scheme were analysed by repeated measures analysis of variance and Paired t-test was used to compare the MICs of two induced schemes.Results Twelve clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitive to ciprofloxacin were obtained,among them one was used as the quality control strain included.There had interaction between induction time and induction concentrations of PQS or ciprofloxacin (P ＜0.001 or P ＜0.05).MICs of strains to ciprofloxacin of two induced schemes had statistically significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Under different concentrations of PQS,the trend of MIC values of ciprofloxacin to Pseudomonas aeruginosa varied by induction time.Under different concentrations of ciprofloxacin,MIC values tended to increase with the prolongation of induction time.The effects of two induction schemes on MIC of ciprofloxacin were different.

Artemisia lactiflora is an important medicinal plant in China. The antitumor and antioxidant activities of the extracts of 54 endophytic fungi from the plant were screened via MTT assay and DPPH scavenging radical assay, respectively. The bioactive strains were identified based on similarity of 5.8S gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. The results showed that extracts from ten (18.5%) isolates exhibited antitumor activity, and which from two (3.7%) isolates exhibited antioxidant activity. The Alternaria sp. GYBH47 strain was simultaneously having antagonistic activity against HL-60 leukemia, MCF-7 breast and COLO205 colon cell lines, and Phomopsis sp. GYBH42 strain having cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. The results indicated that endophytic fungi from Artemisia lactiflora are potential resources to find valuable bioactive components.
Antineoplastic Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Artemisia ; microbiology ; Biphenyl Compounds ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Endophytes ; chemistry ; classification ; physiology ; Free Radical Scavengers ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Fungi ; classification ; physiology ; Humans ; Picrates ; metabolism

Objective To find out the arsenic pollution in Yangzonghai lake and its influence to the surrounding drinking water source and the local food and to provide a scientific basis for arsenic pollution control,drinking water and food safety. Methods Arsenic monitoring were carried out in 10 points of Yangzonghai lake,45 water sources within 5 km of Yangzonghai lake, and locally produced food. Results From September 2008 to December 2009, the water arsenic concentrations of Yangzonghai lake ranged 0.06 - 0.18 mg/L, the average arsenic concentrations were 0.12 mg/L and 0.10 mg/L for 2008 and 2009, respectively, the value of 2009 was higher, and the difference was statistically significant(t = 3.284, P ＜ 0.05). There were no significant difference in the average of arsenic concentration of Yangzonghai lake between the dry and rainy season in 2009(t = 0.905, P ＞0.05). The arsenic concentrations from the No. 3 spring water ranged from 0.12 - 30.36 mg/L. After a peak value early in October 2008, the No. 3 spring water showed a downward trend month by month. In 2008 the average arsenic concentration was 23.92 mg/L, 2009 was 2.41 mg/L, down 89.92% over the previous year, the difference was statistically significant(t = 9.582, P ＜ 0.05 ). In January and February 2009, the average arsenic concentration (11.96 mg/L) was significantly higher than those of March-December(0.50 mg/L, t = 57.759, P＜ 0.05). In Yangzong town, the arsenic concentration in the drinking water and river met the national drinking water health standards. Among 78 samples monitored of the locally produced food in Yangzong town, 77 passed, with a pass rate of 98.72%. Conclusions Arsenic contamination has been effectively controlled. The drinking water and local food production has not been contaminated by arsenic except aquatic products in Yangzonghai Lake. It is recommended to take effective measures to prevent water contamination.

Objective To investigate the mechanical properties of Ni-Ti wires with direct electric resistance heat treatment(DERHT) method in three-point bending tests. Methods Two superelastic Ni-Ti wires(wire A: Smart SE, wire B: SENTALLOY SE, 0.406 mm ×0.559 mm) and 2 heat-actived Ni-Ti wires(wire C: Smart SM, wire D: L&H TITAN, 0.406 mm ×0.559 mm) were selected. They were heattreated using the DERHT method by a controlled electric current(6. 36 A) applied for different period of time[0(control), 1.0, 1.5, 2. 0, 2. 5 seconds). Then, a three-point bending test was performed under controlled temperature (37 ℃ ) to examine the relationships between the deflection and the load in the bending of wires. Results After DERHT treatment, the plateau in the force-deflection curve of superelastic Ni-Ti wires and heat-actived Ni-Ti wires were increased. When the wires were heated for 2. 0 seconds and deflected to 1.5 mm, the loading force of A, B, C and D Ni-Ti wires increased from (3.85 ± 0. 11 ),(3.62±0.07), (3.28±0.09), (2.91 ±0.23) Nto (4.33 ±0.07), (4.07 ±0.05), (4.52±0.08),(3.27 ± 0. 15 ) N respectively. Conclusions DERHT method is very convenient for clinical use. It is possible to change the arch form and superelastic force of NiTi wires. The longer the heating time is, the more the superelastic characteristics of the wires are altered.

Objective To investigate the relationship between condyle movement and temporomandibular disorders(TMD)in patients with Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion.Methods Twenty patients(from 11 to 12 years old)with Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion before treatment were collected.Computer aided diagnosis axiograph(CADIAX)and magnetic resonance images(MRI)were used to analyze the condyle movement between disc displacement and normal groups.Results The sensitive values were found in open/close process in patients with disc displacement:Y[Left:(0.32±0.10)mm,Right:(-0.91±0.49)mm],Z[Left:(4.20±0.70)mm,Right:(3.44±0.21)mm],sagittal condylar inclination(SCI)[Left:(32.48±7.70)°,Risht:(33.47±12.60)°]and horizontal condylar inclination (TCI)[Left:(-2.60±2.02)°,R:(-9.23±5.58)°],and those items showed significant difference between two groups.Conclusions The side shift of condyle movement in maximum open/close process might be the inducement of disc displacement.It was revealed that the changes in condyle movement could give useful information in early stage of functional treatment.

Objective To treat the patients with anterior spaces caused by periodontal diseases with aligners and evaluate the periodontal conditions before and after treatment.Methods Seven patients with anterior spaces ranged from 3.0 to 4.5 mm were randomly selected.All the patients were treated with aligner technique to close the spaces.Bleeding on probing(BOP)and probing depth(PD)were measured before treatment,1 month,3 months and 6 months after treatment.The CEJ-ABC distance was evaluated before treatment,1 month,and 6 months after treatment.Results No significant differences were found in periodontal evaluation and the CEJ-ABC distance between any two evaluated stages.Conclusions The aligners could be used in patients with anterior spaces caused by periodontal diseases.No periodontal tissue damages were found during the observation period.

Objective To observe the occlusal contacts in intercuspal position(ICP) in adolescent patients after orthodontic treatment.Methods Fourteen adolescent patients after orthodontic treatment were selected as experimental group and 17 healthy adolescents and young adults with normal occlusion were selected as control group.The occlusal contact in ICP in the two groups were recorded with T-Scan Ⅱ system and compared.Results When the total of force (TOF) were 1/10 TOFmax,1/4 TOFmax,1/2 TOFmax,3/4 TOFmax and TOFmax,the number of occlusal contacts in the anterior segment in the experimental group were 1.5(1.0),3.0(1.3),4.5(3.3),5.5(3.0),5.5(3.3),which were significantly larger than that in control group[0.0(0.3),0.0(0.6),0.3(0.5),0.3(1.0),0.0(1.8),P＜0.05].There were no significant difference in the area of occlusal contacts in the posterior segment between experimental group and control group(P＞0.05).The center of force(COF) in the experimental group located significantly more mesially than that in control group.The value of ICP contact time in experimental group was 0.192(0.141) s and no significant difference was found between experimental group and control group [0.163(0.200) s].Conclusions Although the patiants achieved normal occlusion after orthodontic treatment,their anterior teeth received more occlusal force than those in healthy adolescents and young adults with normal occlusion.