OBJECTIVE: Studies have indicated that periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection may contributed to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inflammation, oxidative stress and the mechanism on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice with P. gingivalis infection. METHODS: Eight-week-old male ApoE-/- mice (C57BL/6) were maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions and fed regular chow and sterile water after 1 weeks of housing. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: (a) ApoE-/- + PBS (n=8); (b) ApoE-/- + P.gingivalis strain FDC381 (n=8). Both of the groups received intravenous injections 3 times per week for 4 weeks since 8 weeks of age. The sham control group received injections with phosphate buffered saline only, while the P. gingivalis-challenged group with P.gingivalis strain FDC381at the same time. After 4 weeks, oxidative stress mediators and inflammation cytokines were analyzed by oil red O in heart, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot in aorta. RESULTS: In our study, we found accelerated development of atherosclerosis and plaque formation in aorta with oil red O staining, increased oxidative stress markers [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2 and NOX-4], as well as increased inflammation cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] in the serum and aorta of the P. gingivalis-infected ApoE-/- mice. Compared with the control group, there was a significant increase protein level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in aorta after P. gingivalis infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that chronic intravenous infection of P. gingivalis in ApoE-/- mice could accelerate the development of atherosclerosis by disturbing the lipid profile and inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The NF-κB signaling pathway might play a potential role in the P. gingivalis-accelerated atherogenesis.
Animals ; Apolipoproteins E ; Atherosclerosis ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Porphyromonas gingivalis

Chronic periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases in humans, the main recognized pathogenic bac-terium of which is the Porphyromonas gingivalis. Various types of viruses have been detected in periodontal disease in situ, and the joint action of viral and bacterial pathogens infection mechanism are complicated. Porphyromonas gingivalis has the characteristics resulting from the interaction with a variety of bacterium viruses, which may be the reason for chronic perio-dontitis being a protracted disease associated with a variety of systemic diseases. In this paper, we reviewed the relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis and viral diseases to provide a new idea for the treatment of patients with periodontal disease and viral infections.
Bacteroidaceae Infections ; Humans ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; Virus Diseases

BACKGROUND: Periodic monitoring of antimicrobial resistance trends of clinically important anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis group organisms is required. We determined the antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates of B. fragilis group organisms recovered from 2009 to 2012 in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea. METHODS: A total of 180 nonduplicate clinical isolates of B. fragilis group organisms were collected in a tertiary care hospital. The species were identified by conventional methods: the ATB 32A rapid identification system (bioMerieux, France) and the Vitek MS matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (bioMerieux). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the CLSI agar dilution method. RESULTS: Imipenem and meropenem resistance rates were 0-6% for B. fragilis group isolates. The rate of resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam was 2% for B. fragilis and 0% for other Bacteroides species, but 17% for B. thetaiotaomicron isolates. High resistance rates to piperacillin (72% and 69%), cefotetan (89% and 58%), and clindamycin (83% and 69%) were observed for B. thetaiotaomicron and other Bacteroides spp. The moxifloxacin resistance rate was 27% for other Bacteroides spp. The MIC50 and MIC90 of tigecycline were 2-4 microg/mL and 8-16 microg/mL, respectively. No isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol or metronidazole. CONCLUSIONS: Imipenem, meropenem, chloramphenicol, and metronidazole remain active against B. fragilis group isolates. Moxifloxacin and tigecycline resistance rates are 2-27% and 8-15% for B. fragilis group isolates, respectively.
Anti-Infective Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacteroides Infections/*microbiology/pathology ; Bacteroides fragilis/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Humans ; Imipenem/pharmacology ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Penicillanic Acid/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Piperacillin/pharmacology ; Republic of Korea ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Thienamycins/pharmacology

Osteoclasts are bone-specific multinucleated cells generated by the differentiation of monocyte/macrophage lineage precursors. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation is considered an effective therapeutic approach to the treatment of bone-lytic diseases. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by extensive bone resorption. In this study, we investigated the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on osteoclastogenesis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important colonizer of the oral cavity that has been implicated in periodontitis. NaF strongly inhibited the P. gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss. That effect was accompanied by decreased levels of cathepsin K, interleukin (IL)-1β, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, which were up-regulated during P. gingivalis-induced osteoclastogenesis. Consistent with the in vivo anti-osteoclastogenic effect, NaF inhibited osteoclast formation caused by the differentiation factor RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The RANKL-stimulated induction of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1 was also abrogated by NaF. Taken together, our data demonstrate that NaF inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by reducing the induction of NFATc1, ultimately leading to the suppressed expression of cathepsin K and MMP9. The in vivo effect of NaF on the inhibition of P. gingivalis-induced osteoclastogenesis strengthens the potential usefulness of NaF for treating periodontal diseases.
Acid Phosphatase ; drug effects ; Alveolar Bone Loss ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; therapeutic use ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Bone Density Conservation Agents ; therapeutic use ; Cathepsin K ; drug effects ; Interleukin-1beta ; drug effects ; Interleukin-6 ; analysis ; Interleukin-8 ; drug effects ; Isoenzymes ; drug effects ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; drug effects ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; drug effects ; Osteoclasts ; drug effects ; Periodontitis ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; drug effects ; RANK Ligand ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sodium Fluoride ; therapeutic use ; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase ; Transcription Factors ; drug effects ; X-Ray Microtomography ; methods

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is frequently detected in oral tissues. The aim of our study was to identify the prevalence of the detection of periodontopathogenic microorganisms (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola in OLP patients and to compare with this prevalence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in healthy non-OLP patients. Our study included 27 (18 chronic periodontitis (OLPP) and 9 gingivitis (OLPG)) patients diagnosed with OLP along with 26 (13 chronic periodontitis (HP) and 13 gingivitis (HG)) healthy non-OLP patients. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with subsequent reverse hybridization method (micro-IDent) was used for identifying periodontopathogenic microorganisms present in subgingival plaque samples. The percentages of detection for A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola in subgingival plaque samples taken from OLP patients (OLPG and OLPP) were 18.5%, 85.1%, 81.4%, 88.8% and 74%, respectively. Meanwhile, in the non-OLP patients (HG and HP), these values were 7.6%, 50%, 46.1%, 73% and 57.7%, respectively. Thus, comparing the non-OLP groups with the OLP groups, the periodontopathogens' percentages of detection in the OLP groups were higher than those in the non-OLP groups. According to our study results, OLP patients have higher levels of infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola than non-OLP patients. We argue that the high percentages in patients with OLP may help identify the importance of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in the progress of periodontal diseases of OLP.
Actinobacillus Infections ; diagnosis ; Adult ; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ; isolation & purification ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; diagnosis ; Bacteroides ; isolation & purification ; Bacteroides Infections ; diagnosis ; Chronic Periodontitis ; microbiology ; Dental Plaque ; microbiology ; Dental Plaque Index ; Female ; Gingivitis ; microbiology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Lichen Planus, Oral ; microbiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Periodontal Attachment Loss ; microbiology ; Periodontal Index ; Periodontal Pocket ; microbiology ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; isolation & purification ; Prevotella intermedia ; isolation & purification ; Treponema denticola ; isolation & purification ; Treponemal Infections ; diagnosis

BACKGROUND: beta-lactam antibiotics are one of the most common antimicrobial agents. However, the increasing of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria makes these agents less useful. Therefore, agents stable for beta-lactamase have been developed. This study was conducted to determine the activities of the combination agent ceftriaxone-sulbactam and to compare its activities with other agents. METHODS: A total of 437 clinical isolates of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were collected in Severance Hospital from 2007 to 2011. Using 23 antimicrobial agents, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) agar dilution method. RESULTS: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftriaxone and ceftriaxone-sulbactam were similar to or lower than those of other beta-lactam antibiotics for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and viridans group streptococci. For Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, and H. parainfluenzae, ceftriaxone and the ceftriaxone-sulbactam combination also show low MIC50 and MIC90. For extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, the MICs of ceftriaxone-sulbactam were lower than those of other cephalosporins. Among the anaerobes, ceftriaxone-sulbactam showed good activity compared to ceftriaxone alone for the Bacteroides fragilis group, B. thetaiotaomicron, other Bacteroides sp., Prevotella sp., and Porphyromonas sp. CONCLUSIONS: Ceftriaxone-sulbactam showed good antimicrobial activity and thus is useful for the treatment of infections by MSSA, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, viridans group streptococci, M. catarrhalis, N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, B. fragilis group, B. thetaiotaomicron, other Bacteroides sp., Prevotella sp., and Porphyromonas sp.
Agar ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Bacteria ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Bacteroides ; Bacteroides fragilis ; beta-Lactamases ; Ceftriaxone ; Cephalosporins ; Haemophilus influenzae ; Influenza, Human ; Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pneumonia ; Porphyromonas ; Prevotella ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Sulbactam

Pylephlebitis is defined as septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein or one of its tributaries. Pylephlebitis is an uncommon and often fatal complication of intra-abdominal infections, such as diverticulitis and appendicitis. The most common bacteria isolated from patients with pylephlebitis are Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. The overall mortality rate is 32%. We describe a case of septic thrombophlebitis of the main portal vein and inferior mesenteric vein successfully treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and anticoagulants. The early diagnosis and treatment with the timely administration of antibiotics is most important for pylephlebitis.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anticoagulants ; Appendicitis ; Bacteria ; Bacteroides fragilis ; Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis ; Diverticulitis ; Early Diagnosis ; Escherichia coli ; Humans ; Intraabdominal Infections ; Mesenteric Veins ; Portal Vein ; Thrombophlebitis

Pylephlebitis is defined as septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein or one of its tributaries. Pylephlebitis is an uncommon and often fatal complication of intra-abdominal infections, such as diverticulitis and appendicitis. The most common bacteria isolated from patients with pylephlebitis are Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. The overall mortality rate is 32%. We describe a case of septic thrombophlebitis of the main portal vein and inferior mesenteric vein successfully treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and anticoagulants. The early diagnosis and treatment with the timely administration of antibiotics is most important for pylephlebitis.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anticoagulants ; Appendicitis ; Bacteria ; Bacteroides fragilis ; Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis ; Diverticulitis ; Early Diagnosis ; Escherichia coli ; Humans ; Intraabdominal Infections ; Mesenteric Veins ; Portal Vein ; Thrombophlebitis

Pylephlebitis, a septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein or one of its tributaries, is a life-threatening complication of intra-abdominal infection. The causes of pylephlebitis include acute diverticulitis, appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, necrotizing pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and bowel perforation. Although pylephlebitis is an unusual complication of diverticulitis, its morbidity and mortality remain high. Therefore, early diagnosis and initiation of adequate antibiotic therapy is important for improving the long-term prognosis of patients suffering from this rare disease. We report a case of pylephlebitis with Streptococcus viridans and Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia secondary to diverticulitis with a review of the literature.
Appendicitis ; Bacteremia ; Bacteroides ; Bacteroides fragilis ; Cholecystitis, Acute ; Diverticulitis ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Intraabdominal Infections ; Pancreatitis ; Portal Vein ; Prognosis ; Rare Diseases ; Streptococcus ; Stress, Psychological ; Thrombophlebitis ; Viridans Streptococci

Prevotella bivia is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. A 77-year-old man developed a rapidly growing chest wall abscess due to P. bivia within days. He underwent surgical resection of the infected area; his postoperative course was uneventful. This is the first case of chest wall abscess due to P. bivia infection. Its correct diagnosis cannot be underestimated because fulminant infections can occur in aged or immunocompromised patients if treated incorrectly. Prompt, appropriate surgical management, and antibiotic therapy affect treatment outcome.
Abscess ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Aged ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Prevotella ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Thoracic Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Thoracic Wall ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed