Bacteremia induced by periodontal infection is an important factor for periodontitis to threaten general health. P. gingivalis DNA/virulence factors have been found in the brain tissues from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for keeping toxic substances from entering brain tissues. However, the effect of P. gingivalis bacteremia on BBB permeability and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, rats were injected by tail vein with P. gingivalis three times a week for eight weeks to induce bacteremia. An in vitro BBB model infected with P. gingivalis was also established. We found that the infiltration of Evans blue dye and Albumin protein deposition in the rat brain tissues were increased in the rat brain tissues with P. gingivalis bacteremia and P. gingivalis could pass through the in vitro BBB model. Caveolae were detected after P. gingivalis infection in BMECs both in vivo and in vitro. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression was enhanced after P. gingivalis infection. Downregulation of Cav-1 rescued P. gingivalis-enhanced BMECs permeability. We further found P. gingivalis-gingipain could be colocalized with Cav-1 and the strong hydrogen bonding between Cav-1 and arg-specific-gingipain (RgpA) were detected. Moreover, P. gingivalis significantly inhibited the major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2a (Mfsd2a) expression. Mfsd2a overexpression reversed P. gingivalis-increased BMECs permeability and Cav-1 expression. These results revealed that Mfsd2a/Cav-1 mediated transcytosis is a key pathway governing BBB BMECs permeability induced by P. gingivalis, which may contribute to P. gingivalis/virulence factors entrance and the subsequent neurological impairments.
Animals ; Rats ; Bacteremia/metabolism* ; Blood-Brain Barrier/microbiology* ; Caveolin 1/metabolism* ; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism* ; Permeability ; Porphyromonas gingivalis/pathogenicity* ; Transcytosis ; Virulence Factors/metabolism*

Blood stream infection (BSI),a blood-borne disease caused by microorganisms such as bacteria,fungi,and viruses,can lead to bacteremia,sepsis,and infectious shock,posing a serious threat to human life and health.Identifying the pathogen is central to the precise treatment of BSI.Traditional blood culture is the gold standard for pathogen identification,while it has limitations in clinical practice due to the long time consumption,production of false negative results,etc.Nanopore sequencing,as a new generation of sequencing technology,can rapidly detect pathogens,drug resistance genes,and virulence genes for the optimization of clinical treatment.This paper reviews the current status of nanopore sequencing technology in the diagnosis of BSI.
Humans ; Nanopore Sequencing ; Sepsis/diagnosis* ; Bacteremia/microbiology* ; Bacteria ; Blood Culture/methods*

Postinfectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in children, but PIGN associated with other pathogens has been described in the literature. A previously healthy 6-year-old boy was admitted with complaints of cough, fever, and right chest pain. The patient was diagnosed with pneumococcal bacteremia and influenza A virus infection and treated with antibiotics and antiviral agent. During hospitalization, generalized edema, hematuria, proteinuria, and increased blood pressure were observed; therefore, we started administering diuretics. The boy was discharged with gross hematuria, and even microscopic hematuria disappeared 14 weeks after discharge. We report a case of PIGN associated with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza A virus infection in children. A urine test and blood pressure measurement should be considered for the early detection of PIGN in children with pneumococcal or influenza A virus infection when they present with nephritic symptoms.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteremia ; Blood Pressure ; Chest Pain ; Child ; Cough ; Diuretics ; Edema ; Fever ; Glomerulonephritis ; Hematuria ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza, Human ; Male ; Pneumonia ; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal ; Proteinuria ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Streptococcus pyogenes

Objective: To explore the feasibility and effectiveness of "one-puncture one-needle" transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy in the prevention of postoperative infections. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data about "one-puncture one-needle" (the observation group) and "one-person one-needle" (the control group) TRUS-guided prostate biopsy performed in the Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province from January 2005 to December 2015, and compared the incidence rates of puncture-related infection between the two strategies. By "one-puncture one-needle", one needle was used for one biopsy puncture, while by "one-person one-needle", one needle was used for all biopsy punctures in one patient and the needle was sterilized with iodophor after each puncture. RESULTS: Totally, 120 patients received 6+1-core or 12+1-core "one-person one-needle" and 466 underwent 12+1-core "one-puncture one-needle" TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups of patients in age, the prostate volume, the serum PSA level, or the detection rate of prostate cancer (P >0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group showed remarkably lower incidence rates of puncture-related urinary tract infection (7.5% vs 0.9%, P <0.05), fever (5.0% vs 1.1%, P <0.05), bacteriuria (2.5% vs 0.2%, P <0.05), and total infections (16.7% vs 2.6%, P<0.05) postoperatively. Two cases of bacteremia or sepsis were found in each of the groups, with no significant difference between the two. CONCLUSIONS "One-puncture one-needle" TRUS-guided prostate biopsy can effectively prevent puncture-related infections.
Bacteremia ; etiology ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; adverse effects ; instrumentation ; methods ; Case-Control Studies ; Feasibility Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Prostate ; pathology ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; blood ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; blood ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Sterilization ; methods ; Ultrasonography, Interventional ; Urinary Tract Infections ; prevention & control

No abstract available.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Bacteremia/blood/*diagnosis/microbiology ; C-Reactive Protein/analysis ; Cholecystitis/blood/cerebrospinal fluid/microbiology ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Enterococcus faecium/drug effects/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Ochrobactrum/drug effects/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

BACKGROUNDBoth procalcitonin (PCT) and plasma endotoxin levels cannot be solely used for a definite diagnosis of bacteremia or sepsis, and there has been few study comparing the values of the two biomarkers for the diagnosis of bacteremia. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria causing bacteremia and evaluate the role of the two biomarkers in the diagnosis of bacteremia in Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

METHODSThe medical records of 420 patients in ICU were retrospectively reviewed. Patients (n = 241) who met the inclusion criteria were subjected to blood culture (BC) for the analysis of the endotoxin or PCT levels. The exclusion criteria included the presence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus and/or AIDS, neutropenia without sepsis, pregnancy, treatment with immunosuppressive therapies, or blood diseases such as hematological tumors. Patients' BC episodes were divided into BC negative, Gram-negative (GN) bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi groups. The PCT and plasma endotoxin levels were compared in the different groups.

RESULTSA total of 241 patients with 505 episodes of BC were analyzed. The GN bacteria group showed higher levels of PCT and endotoxin than the BC negative, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi groups. GN bacteremia was more prevalent than Gram-positive bacteremia. The GN bacteremia caused by non-Enterobacteriaceae infection presented higher endotoxin level than that by Enterobacteriaceae, but no significant difference in PCT levels was observed between the two groups. The plasma endotoxin significantly differed among different groups and was bacterial species dependent.

CONCLUSIONSPlasma endotoxin was more related to GN than to Gram-positive bacteremia, and that endotoxin level was species dependent, but PCT level remained relatively more stable within the GN bacteria caused bacteremia. Both GN and positive bacteria caused bacteremia in the ICU patients in different regions of China. And PCT is a more valuable biomarker than endotoxin in the diagnosis of bacteremia.

Adult ; Aged ; Bacteremia ; blood ; diagnosis ; Calcitonin ; blood ; Endotoxins ; blood ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo analyze risk factors, clinical features, outcomes and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli(E.coli) causing bloodstream infections in children.

METHODAll inpatients with E. coli positive blood culture in Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2012 to May 2014 were enrolled; 112 cases were included, 66 cases (58.9%) were male, and 46 cases(41.1%) were female. Age range was 2 days to 16 years. Among them, 43 cases (38.4%) were neonates, 19 cases (17.0%) aged from 1 month to 1 year, 14 cases (12.5%) were 1-3 years old, and 36 cases (32.1%) were over three years old. We analyzed the divisions to which the patients were admitted, source of infection, underlying diseases, clinical characteristics, antibiotic resistance, and treatment outcomes, etc.

RESULTForty-six cases (41.1%) were treated in division of hematology, 42 (37.5%) in neonatology, 9 (8.0%) in internal medicine, 8 (7.1%) in surgery, and 7 (6.3%) in pediatric intensive care unit. Sixty-five cases(58.0%) had underlying diseases. Fever was the most frequently presented symptom, as it was seen in 91 cases (81.3%); 52 cases(46.4%) had respiratory symptoms. Among these, 43 cases had pneumonia, 3 cases had respiratory failure, 3 cases were diagnosed as upper respiratory tract infection, 2 had pulmonary hemorrhage and 1 case had bronchitis. Twenty-six cases (23.2%)were diagnosed as severe sepsis and purulent meningitis separately, 14 cases(12.5%) had urinary tract infection. There were 73 (65.2%) strains inducing extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), of which 6 (8.2%) and 10 (13.7%) strains were resistant to amikacin and carbapenems respectively. Resistance rate against other antimicrobial agents varied from 64.6% to 100%.

OUTCOMES92 (82.1%) cases were cured or had improvement while 20 patients (17.9%) died or could not be cured at the end of treatment. Positive ESBLs (χ(2) = 6.609, P = 0.010), being complicated with severe sepsis (χ(2) = 40.253, P = 0.000) and requiring mechanical ventilation (χ(2) = 34.441, P = 0.000) indicate poor prognosis.

CONCLUSIONPatients with underlying diseases and newborns are susceptible to E. coli bloodstream infection. ESBLs infection, severe sepsis and mechanical ventilation indicate poor prognosis in E. coli blood stream infection. Clinicians may use carbapenems as empirical treatment for ESBLs infection. There may be carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae strains infection if patients receiving treatment with carbapenems have no response.

Adolescent ; Bacteremia ; Carbapenems ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; Escherichia coli Infections ; blood ; drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pneumonia ; Urinary Tract Infections ; beta-Lactamases

PURPOSE: Hospital-acquired Burkholderia cepacia (B. cepacia) infection are not commonly recorded in patients without underlying lung disease, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. However, in 2014, B. cepacia appeared more frequently in pediatric blood samples than in any other year. In order to access this situation, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of B. cepacia infections in pediatric patients at our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of blood isolates of B. cepacia taken at our hospital between January 2004 and December 2014. Patient clinical data were obtained by retrospective review of electronic medical records. We constructed a dendrogram for B. cepacia isolates from two children and five adult patients. RESULTS: A total of 14 pediatric patients and 69 adult patients were identified as having B. cepacia bacteremia. In 2014, higher rates of B. cepacia bacteremia were observed in children. Most of them required Intensive Care Unit (ICU) care (12/14). In eleven children, sputum cultures were examined, and five of these children had the same strain of B. cepacia that grew out from their blood samples. Antibiotics were administered based on antibiotic sensitivity results. Four children expired despite treatment. Compared to children, there were no demonstrative differences in adults, except for history of ICU care. CONCLUSION: Although there were not many pediatric cases at our hospital, awareness of colonization through hospital-acquired infection and effective therapy for infection of B. cepacia is needed, as it can cause mortality and morbidity.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacteremia/drug therapy/*epidemiology ; Burkholderia Infections/blood/drug therapy/*epidemiology ; Burkholderia cepacia/drug effects/*isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross Infection/blood/*diagnosis/drug therapy/mortality ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; *Intensive Care Units ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

A. xylosoxidans infection can result in potentially severe sequelae, especially in unhealthy populations. We present a rare case of infectious skin ulceration with scar contracture due to A. xylosoxidans in a healthy patient. A 53-year-old male patient without underlying disease and trauma history visited our department for an irritating skin ulcer with purulent discharge on the right lower leg. The chronic wound on the leg exists since he got contact burn 30 years ago. The wound did not respond to treatment, and the wound culture results indicated A. xylosoxidans. Given the incurable character of A. xylosoxidans, we performed a wide excision and split thickness skin graft with collagen-elastin matrix (Matriderm(R)). A. xylosoxidans is an opportunistic, aerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is oxidase positive. According to reports, A. xylosoxidans is not sensitive to many antibiotics and can cause bacteremia. It is suggested that the blood supply is compromised near a scar lesion despite the fact that blood flow is rather increased during the initial scar formation phase. Therefore, we presumed that the infection was most likely caused by low blood circulation due to scar contracture. Thus, when a scar contracture is present, A. xylosoxidans infection can manifest in a healthy patient.
Alcaligenes* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteremia ; Blood Circulation ; Burns ; Cicatrix ; Contracture ; Humans ; Leg ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Oxidoreductases ; Skin ; Skin Ulcer* ; Transplants ; Wounds and Injuries

Megalocytic interstitial nephritis is a rare form of kidney disease caused by chronic inflammation. We report a case of megalocytic interstitial nephritis occurring in a 45-yrold woman who presented with oliguric acute kidney injury and acute pyelonephritis accompanied by Escherichia coli bacteremia. Her renal function was not recovered despite adequate duration of susceptible antibiotic treatment, accompanied by negative conversion of bacteremia and bacteriuria. Kidney biopsy revealed an infiltration of numerous histiocytes without Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. The patient's renal function was markedly improved after short-term treatment with high-dose steroid.
Acute Disease ; Acute Kidney Injury/complications/*drug therapy/pathology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Azithromycin/therapeutic use ; Bacteremia/*drug therapy/microbiology/pathology ; Cefotaxime/therapeutic use ; Creatinine/blood ; Escherichia coli ; Escherichia coli Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney/pathology ; Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use ; Middle Aged ; Nephritis, Interstitial/*drug therapy/immunology/pathology ; Pyelonephritis/complications/*drug therapy/pathology ; Renal Dialysis ; Shock, Septic/drug therapy/microbiology