The prevalence of allergic asthma is still increasing, which affects the quality of life of patients, threatens their lives, and brings enormous social and economic burden. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment that can alter the progression of the "Atopic March". It has been widely used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, and its role and effect in the treatment of allergic asthma have been gradually recognized. A few studies have shown that AIT may have a preventive effect on the development and progression of allergic asthma. In this article, the definition of tertiary prevention of allergic asthma is described, and the respective role of AIT in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of allergic asthma is summarized and analyzed. The aim of this article is to provide evidence for the prevention and control of allergic asthma.
Humans ; Quality of Life ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; Asthma/prevention & control* ; Rhinitis, Allergic/prevention & control*

Bronchial asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease, which is involved in a variety of cells and cellular components. In 2019, the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma issued by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Committee put forward the concept of type 2 inflammatory asthma for the first time. The updated evolution of GINA guidelines has promoted the development of biological agents and disease treatment, providing effective prevention and treatment for patients with severe asthma and improving disease outcome. This paper expounds the disease mechanism and management suggestions of type 2 inflammatory asthma in GINA guidelines, and analyzes the relevant clinical studies on targeted treatment of type 2 inflammatory asthma in recent years, in order to provide reference for in-depth understanding of level 3 prevention and management of patients with type 2 inflammatory asthma.
Humans ; Asthma/prevention & control*

Bronchial asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease, which is involved in a variety of cells and cellular components. In 2019, the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma issued by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Committee put forward the concept of type 2 inflammatory asthma for the first time. The updated evolution of GINA guidelines has promoted the development of biological agents and disease treatment, providing effective prevention and treatment for patients with severe asthma and improving disease outcome. This paper expounds the disease mechanism and management suggestions of type 2 inflammatory asthma in GINA guidelines, and analyzes the relevant clinical studies on targeted treatment of type 2 inflammatory asthma in recent years, in order to provide reference for in-depth understanding of level 3 prevention and management of patients with type 2 inflammatory asthma.
Humans ; Asthma/prevention & control*

The prevalence of allergic asthma is still increasing, which affects the quality of life of patients, threatens their lives, and brings enormous social and economic burden. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment that can alter the progression of the "Atopic March". It has been widely used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, and its role and effect in the treatment of allergic asthma have been gradually recognized. A few studies have shown that AIT may have a preventive effect on the development and progression of allergic asthma. In this article, the definition of tertiary prevention of allergic asthma is described, and the respective role of AIT in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of allergic asthma is summarized and analyzed. The aim of this article is to provide evidence for the prevention and control of allergic asthma.
Humans ; Quality of Life ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; Asthma/prevention & control* ; Rhinitis, Allergic/prevention & control*

INTRODUCTION: This review aims to examine asthma management during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Relevant recommendations and articles were identified by respiratory professional societies and PubMed search using the terms "asthma" and "COVID-19", and examined for relevance and inclusion in this study. RESULTS: Recommendations for the management of asthma have remained similar but are now supported by new evidence between the years 2020 and 2022. Patients with well-controlled, mild-to-moderate asthma are unlikely to be at increased risk of acquiring COVID-19 or having worse outcomes from COVID-19. All asthma patients should receive COVID-19 vaccination. Spirometry can be performed with the usual strict infection control procedures unless there is a suspicion of COVID-19. Mask-wearing and other health measures remain important for asthma patients. CONCLUSION While previous recommendations were largely based on expert opinion, the tremendous amount of literature published since the pandemic first emerged 2 years ago has helped guide respiratory professional bodies to update their recommendations. This study provides a timely review of the various recommendations and can be used to guide healthcare professionals in managing asthma patients, as the world prepares for a future with COVID-19 becoming endemic. The long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection in asthma patients and the ripple effects of COVID-19 remain uncertain and deserve ongoing study.
Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics/prevention & control* ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Asthma/epidemiology* ; Infection Control

To systematically review the effects of probiotic supplementation on the prevention and treatment of asthma. A computerized literature search was conducted in CNKI,CBM,VIP,Wanfang,PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,and Web of Science from their inception to February,2019 to collect all relevant studies. Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Twelve studies were included in the systematic review of the value of probiotics in asthma prevention. The results showed that probiotic supplementation was not significantly associated with a lower risk of asthma (=0.95,95%=0.82-1.11) or wheeze (=0.99,95%=0.88-1.11). Subgroup analyses based on interventions did not show significant differences. Six studies were included in the systematic review of the role of probiotics in asthma treatment. The results showed that probiotic supplementation improved pulmonary function and asthma control in asthmatic patients. However,more studies are needed to validate this effect. Moreover,further studies are needed to clarify the effect of probiotics on the immune markers and the use of asthmatic drugs in asthmatic patients. Based on the currently available literature,probiotic supplementation can not prevent asthma or wheeze. However,it may improve pulmonary function and asthma control in asthmatic patients,although further studies are needed.
Asthma ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Humans ; Probiotics ; therapeutic use

The incidence and prevalence of asthma have increased remarkably in recent years. There are lots of factors contributing to the occurrence and development of asthma. With the improvement of sequencing technology, it has been found that the microbiome plays an important role in the formation of asthma in early life. The roles of the microbial environment and human microbiome in the occurrence and development of asthma have attracted more and more attention. The environmental microbiome influences the occurrence of asthma by shaping the human microbiome. The specific mechanism may be related to the immune regulation of Toll-like receptors and T cells (special Tregs). Intestinal microbiome is formed and changed by regulating diet and lifestyle in early life, which may affect the development and maturation of the pulmonary immune system through the intestinal-pulmonary axis. It is well-recognized that both environmental microbiomes and human microbiomes can influence the onset of asthma. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the research of microbiome, its relationship with asthma, and the possible mechanism of the microbiome in the occurrence and development of asthma. The research of the microbial environment and human microbiome may provide a new target for the prevention of asthma in children who have high-risk factors to allergy. However, further study of "when and how" to regulate microbiome is still needed.
Asthma/prevention & control* ; Child ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Intestines ; Microbiota

Work-related asthma is the most common occupational lung disease encountered in clinical practice. In adult asthmatics, work-relatedness can account for 15%–33% of cases, but delays in diagnosis remain common and lead to worse outcomes. Accurate diagnosis of asthma is the first step to managing occupational asthma, which can be sensitizer-induced or irritant-induced asthma. While latency has traditionally been recognized as a hallmark of sensitizer-induced asthma and rapid-onset a defining feature of irritant-induced asthma (as in Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome), there is epidemiological evidence for irritant-induced asthma with latency from chronic moderate exposure. Diagnostic testing while the patient is still in the workplace significantly improves sensitivity. While specific inhalational challenges remain the gold-standard for the diagnosis of occupational asthma, they are not available outside of specialized centers. Commonly available tests including bronchoprovocation challenges and peak flow monitoring are important tools for practicing clinicians. Management of sensitizer-induced occupational asthma is notable for the central importance of removal from the causative agent: ideally, removal of the culprit agent; but if not feasible, this may require changes in the work process or ultimately, removal of the worker from the workplace. While workers' compensation programs may reduce income loss, these are not universal and there can be significant socio-economic impact from work-related asthma. Primary prevention remains the preferred method of reducing the burden of occupational asthma, which may include modification to work processes, better worker education and substitution of sensitizing agents from the workplace with safer compounds.
Adult ; Asthma ; Asthma, Occupational ; Case Management ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Education ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; Methods ; Primary Prevention ; Workers' Compensation

PURPOSE: Several studies have reported an association between lead exposure and increased risk of allergic sensitization and asthma. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, An elevated blood lead level (BLL) is defined as a BLL of ≥5 µg/dL. However, no safe BLL has been identified, and it is controversial whether a BLL of <5 µg/dL affects the risk of asthma. METHODS: We examined asthma prevalences and BLLs using data from the 2010–2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which was a cross-sectional survey of 1,478 adolescence (aged 10–19 years) throughout the country. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for the prevalence of asthma in adolescence with elevated BLLs were calculated by complex samples multivariate logistic regression analysis. The presence of asthma was based on self-reported, physician-diagnosed asthma in the Health Interview Surveys. RESULTS: The mean of total BLLs was 1.33 µg/dL. Overall, 5.1% (n=71) of the subjects were physician diagnosed asthma. In the model controlling for population characteristics, the adjusted odds ratio for asthma per 1 µg/dL increase in blood lead was 1.94, 95% CI (1.06, 3.57), and stronger associations were observed among boys (adjusted OR, 2.31; 95% CI, [1.18, 4.51]). The group of BLL≥2 µg/dL was associated with an OR of 2.84 (95% CI, 1.06, 7.63) for asthma, after adjusting for potential confounding factors in boys. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest an association between total BLLs and asthma in Korean adolescent boys, although confirmation is warranted in further prospective studies.
Adolescent* ; Asthma* ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Population Characteristics ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies

The prevalence of asthma in children is increasing worldwide, yet risk factors for the development of asthma is unclear. Evidence to date indicates that environmental factors are the main reason of the recent increase in the prevalence of asthma. For example, exposure to air pollution and diet as well as microbial alterations are reported as environmental factors. In addition, we should focus on the critical period of the exposure, especially pregnancy period as an important period for human development. Therefore, environmental exposure during pregnancy to tobacco smoke or air pollutants, maternal stress, obesity, and vitamin D may contribute to the development of childhood asthma. Herein, modifiable prenatal exposure, its mechanisms associated with childhood asthma and multiple intervention controlling risk factors needed during pregnancy in order to achieve primary prevention of asthma has been described.
Air Pollutants ; Air Pollution ; Asthma ; Child ; Critical Period (Psychology) ; Diet ; Environmental Exposure ; Human Development ; Humans ; Obesity ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Primary Prevention ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Tobacco ; Vitamin D