To determine the etiologies and risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage in young people.
 Methods: A total of 401 young patients with intracerebral hemorrhage were enrolled, and they were assigned into a 20-29 , a 30-39, and a 40-45 age group. The differences of various etiologies and risk factors among the three groups were analyzed.
 Results: There were 273 men and 128 women in the 401 young patients. The etiologies of 294 patients (73.32%) were identified while 107 patients (26.68%) were unknown. Among those with identified etiology, 226 patients (56.36%) suffered from hypertension, 41 patients (10.22%) congenital cerebrovascular malformation (including 25 patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation, 8 intracranial cavernous hemangioma, and 8 intracranial aneurysm), and 27 other etiologies (including 9 patients with moyamoya disease, 6 cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, 4 drug abuse, 3 hemorrhagic brain tumor, 2 intracranial infection, 1 systemic lupus erythematosus, 1 drug-induced, and 1 eclampsia). Risk factors included hypertension (237 cases, 59.10%), smoking (123 cases, 30.67%), alcohol consumption (74 cases, 18.45%), and others (19 cases, 4.74%; including 8 cases of pregnancy or in the puerperium, 8 family history of intracerebral hemorrhage, and 3 taking anti-platelet aggregation/anticoagulation agents). The rate of hypertension induced hemorrhage significantly increased with age (P<0.01); the rate of vascular malformations in 20-29 age group was obviously higher than other groups (P<0.01); the rate of unknown cause in the 40-45 age group was significantly lower than other groups (P<0.01) and the rate of other etiologies showed no significant difference in the 3 groups. The rate of hypertension was significantly elevated with the age (P<0.01), while smoking, alcohol consumption, and other risk factors showed no significant difference in the 3 groups.
 Conclusion: The rate of intracerebral hemorrhage in young people increases with the increasing of age and hemorrhage affects men more than women; hypertension may be the main cause and congenital cerebrovascular malformation is the second cause, which may be more common in younger patients. Hypertension, smoking, and alcohol consumption may be the major controllable risk factors in intracerebral hemorrhage in young people.
Adult ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; complications ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

Adult ; Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Hypohidrosis ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Rupture ; Thalamus ; diagnostic imaging ; Third Ventricle ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

Cowden syndrome is an uncommon, autosomal dominant disease which is characterized by multiple hamartomas of the skin, mucous membrane, brain, breast, thyroid, and gastrointestinal tract. The diagnosis of Cowden syndrome implicates an increased risk of developing breast cancer. We report a case of a 22-year-old woman with Cowden syndrome that presented as breast cancer with concomitant bilateral exuberant benign masses in both breasts.
Arteriovenous Malformations/radiography ; Breast Neoplasms/*complications/*diagnosis/ultrasonography ; DNA/analysis ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple/*complications/*diagnosis/genetics/ultrasonography ; Humans ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics ; Thyroid Neoplasms/radiography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an acute viral disease characterized by fever, hemorrhage, and renal failure. Among the various hemorrhagic complications of HFRS, the spontaneous rupture of an arteriovenous malformation of the testicular vessels with a retroperitoneal hematoma is a rare finding. Here, we report a case of HFRS complicated by a massive retroperitoneal hematoma that was treated with transcatheter arterial embolization.
Adult ; Arteriovenous Malformations/*complications ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Hematoma/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/*complications ; Humans ; Kidney Cortex/blood supply ; Male ; Retroperitoneal Space ; Rupture, Spontaneous ; Testis/blood supply

Arteriovenous Malformations ; diagnosis ; etiology ; genetics ; Child ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Job Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Lung ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Male ; Mutation ; Radiography ; STAT3 Transcription Factor ; genetics

Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Antigens, CD34 ; metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; metabolism ; Arteriovenous Malformations ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; metabolism ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Spinal Cord Diseases ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVEto explore the characteristic factors of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) which have statistically significant correlation with hemodynamic aneurysms.

METHODSfrom August 1999 to July 2009, the clinical and imaging indices of 363 consecutive patients with AVM were retrospectively reviewed and entirely statistically analyzed. There were 229 male patients and 137 female patients, the mean age at the time of presentation was 28 ± 13 years. By using SPSS 16.0 medical statistic software, the correlation were analyzed between hemodynamic aneurysms and 13 characteristic factors associated with AVM through the methods of unit-factor and multi-factor analysis. Finally, the risk of the correlative factors filtered were evaluated.

RESULTSthe crosstabs analysis of unit-factor strongly suggested that the following factors, including age, location (supertentorium, subtentorium), size, number of main feeding arteries, number of drainage veins, ectasis of drainage veins, contralateral supply, and supply by both anterior and posterior circulation, were correlated with hemodynamic aneurysms. And the results of regression analysis of multi-factors indicated the following factors, including age, number of main feeding arteries, and contralateral supply, were positively correlated with hemodynamic aneurysms and the number of drainage veins were negatively correlated with hemodynamic aneurysms.

CONCLUSIONthe factors including age, number of main feeding arteries, number of drainage veins and contralateral supply, are highly correlated with hemodynamic aneurysms.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; etiology ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations ; complications ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be classified as traumatic SAH or spontaneous SAH based on etiology. The traumatic SAH is the common manifestation of head injury and difficult to make a diagnosis in forensic investigation. Based on practical experiences of forensic investigation and relevant references, the main points (SAH identification, examination, death mechanism) were summarized in this article. For the understanding, we try to classify the traumatic SAH into three subtypes: brain injury associated SAH, traumatic rupture of basal cerebral vessels SAH and traumatic focal SAH.
Aneurysm, Ruptured/complications* ; Cause of Death ; Craniocerebral Trauma/complications* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Forensic Pathology ; Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/complications* ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm/complications* ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/complications* ; Rupture/complications* ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/pathology* ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Traumatic/pathology*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Dieulafoy lesions are an important cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of endoscopic treatment for these lesions and to identify the possible predictive factors for rebleeding associated with clinical and endoscopic characteristics. METHODS: Records from 44 patients admitted with Dieulafoy bleeding between January 2006 and December 2007 were reviewed. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and endoscopic findings and then correlated the rebleeding risk factors with Dieulafoy lesions. RESULTS: Primary hemostasis was achieved by endoscopic treatment in 39 patients (88.6%). There were no significant differences between the rebleeding and non-rebleeding groups with respect to age, gender, initial hemoglobin levels, presence of shock, concurrent disease, location of bleeding, or initial hemostatic treatment methods. However, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or anticoagulants (p=0.02) and active stages in the Forrest classification (p<0.01) were risk factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic therapy is effective and safe for treating Dieulafoy lesions, and it has both short- and long-term benefits. Early identification of risk factors such as the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or anticoagulants and the Forrest classification of bleeding predict the outcome of Dieulafoy lesions.
Adult ; Aged ; Arteriovenous Malformations/complications/*therapy ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology/*therapy ; Hemostasis, Endoscopic/*methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors

INTRODUCTIONWhile paediatric strokes are fairly uncommon, they are often associated with significant long-term disability. Diagnosis is often delayed because of the need to exclude conditions that mimic stroke. Understanding the outcomes related to stroke in children is important in the development of secondary prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of childhood stroke in a tertiary paediatric unit in Singapore and to assess factors influencing outcome in these children.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective case-note review of all childhood strokes presenting to the Children's Medical Institute (CMI) at the National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore between October 1999 and May 2006. Data collected include demographic factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, subsequent management and follow-up using specific outcome measures.

RESULTSTwenty-six children with a median age of 8.0 years at presentation were identified, comprising 15 ischaemic strokes (57.7%), 10 haemorrhagic strokes (38.5%) and 1 patient with both ischaemic and haemorrhagic lesions. The most common symptoms at presentation were seizures (15/26, 57.7%), lethargy (11/26, 42.3%), hemiparesis (10/26, 38.5%) and altered levels of consciousness (10/26, 38.5%). Vascular abnormalities accounted for 50% of strokes in our study population. The average length of follow-up was 33.2 months (range, 1 to 120) with only 11 children (11/26, 42.3%) achieving full recovery. Significant prognostic factors include altered consciousness and seizures at presentation, lesions in both cortical and subcortical locations, systemic disease aetiology, neurological deficits at discharge and seizures at the time of discharge.

CONCLUSIONLong-term neurological, neuropsychological and functional impairment are common in survivors of paediatric strokes. Certain clinical features and lesion characteristics are useful indicators of prognosis in these children.

Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Brain Ischemia ; epidemiology ; etiology ; rehabilitation ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; etiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Developmental Disabilities ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations ; complications ; Length of Stay ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Stroke Rehabilitation ; Treatment Outcome ; Vascular Diseases ; complications