Background: Organ transplantation has been rapidly advancing in Mongolia in recent years. The number of successful kidney, liver, and bone marrow transplants performed in national central hospitals has been increasing annually. While the number of successful kidney transplants is increasing, post-transplant immune monitoring remains insufficiently studied. Aim: To assess post-transplant immune status by analyzing inflammatory cytokine levels in kidney transplant recipients Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia. Serum samples from kidney transplant recipients were analyzed using flow cytometry to measure the levels of 13 inflammatory cytokines, including TGF-β1, PAI-1, sTREM-1, PTX3, sCD40L, sCD25 (IL-2Ra), CXCL12 (SDF-1), sST2, sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, sRAGE, CX3CL1 (Fractalkine), and sCD130 (gp130). Statistical analysis was performed to assess the results. Results: The mean creatinine level significantly decreased on post-transplant days 7 and 30 compared to pre-transplant levels (p<0.001, ANOVA). No statistically significant difference was found in the 13 cytokine levels between the high risk and low-risk groups based on creatinine levels on post-transplant day 30 (p>0.05). However, the levels of TGF-β1, CX3CL1, sTREM-1, and sTNF-RI showed statistically significant differences between post-transplant days 7 and 30 (p<0.05). No significant correlation was found between the measured cytokine levels and CRP (p > 0.05). On post-transplant day 7, sTREM-1 had a weak correlation with TGF-β1 (r=0.40, p=0.02) and sTNF-RI (r=0.36, p=0.05) but showed a strong correlation with CX3CL1 (r=0.65, p=0.0001). On post-transplant day 30, sTREM-1 remained strongly correlated with CX3CL1 (r=0.73, p=0.0001) and moderately correlated with sTNF-RI and TGF-β1 (r=0.45, p=0.01). Conclusions 1. The levels of TGF-β1, CX3CL1, sTREM-1, and sTNF-RI significantly varied between post-transplant days 7 and 30 (p< 0.05, T-test). 2. On post-transplant day 30, these cytokines were not correlated with CRP but were interrelated among themselves.

Background: Obesity, especially central obesity, is a risk factor for non-communicable chronic diseases such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Aim: Study the association between the subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and visceral fat area (VFA) with lipid metabolism parameters in adults with MetS. Materials and Methods: Data from 1511 participants who visited the ‘NURA Mongolia’ Ai Health screening center between September 2023 and February 2024, including general information, DEXA (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry), and biochemical analysis results, were used. Metabolic syndrome (MeS) was assessed based on the harmonizing criteria 2009 (≥3 criteria). VFA and SFA were categorized into four groups using quartiles (Q1-Q4). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v26, including T-tests, multiple logistic regression (OR, 95% CI), and ROC (AUC) analysis. Results: The average age of the participants was 30.5±3.9 years, with a BMI of 25.1 kg/m², and 49.5% were male. The group with MetS (n=531) had significantly higher levels of VFA and SFA compared to the group that rated their health as relatively healthy and had no clinical diagnosis (n=979) (control group) (p<0.0001), with males showing higher VFA and females showing higher SFA (p<0.0001). The Q4 group for VFA had a significant association with MetS in males (4.611, 95% CI=2.394–9.591) and females (2.253, 95% CI=1.097-3.912) (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that increased VFA was more strongly associated with MetS in males (β=0.325, p<0.0001) and females (β=0.338, p<0.003) than BMI. The AUC for predicting MetS was 0.790 (95% CI=0.750-0.831) for VFA and 0.401 (95% CI=0.351-0.451) for SFA, with all results being statistically significant (p<0.001). VFA had a higher predictive value compared to other markers. Conclusion In healthy men with metabolic syndrome, VFA is more prominently defined, while SFA is higher in healthy women. Since VFA is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome than SFA, it increases the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in men, whereas SFA in women serves as a protective factor.

Introduction Gastric ulcer is one of the most common disorders considering the gastrointestinal tract, it affects 5% of the population around the world, so its prevention and management are considered very important challenges. Researchers have revealed several causes of gastric ulcer; these include an imbalance between aggressive and intrinsic defensive factors. Gastric ulcer is a very common gastrointestinal disease that may lead to dangerous complications and even death. The aggressive factors include non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs(NSAID),alcohol, psychological stress and Helicobacter pylori infection, cytoprotective intrinsic factors include mucosal blood flow, bicarbonate, mucus, cell renewal, growth factors, NO and prostaglandins, NSAID-induced gastric damage is known to be the most common and dangerous side-effect of these drugs and accounts for 25% of gastric ulcer cases.
Indomethacin (INDO) is considered to be the most common NSAID known to induce experimental gastric ulcer and has been documented to have a higher potential to cause gastric injury than other commonly used NSAIDs.
Most of the drugs which are used for wound healing are imported in Mongolia. It is required to develop drug formulation and increase local productions used for the treatment of wound healing. For the purpose of solving the above problems, we aimed to prepare new drug formulation from Cacalia hastata L. for the treatment. of wound healing. Cacalia hastata L. is a medicinal plant, member of the family Asteraceae. Cacalia hastata L. is widely used for the Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wound healing, gastric ulcer, poisoning fever, liver fever, bile fever, oral cavity, and gynecological diseases

Background: Karma, a Sanskrit word that roughly translates to “action,” is a core concept in some Oriental religions, including Hinduism and Buddhism. Though its specifics are different depending on the religion, karma generally denotes the cycle of cause and effect - each action a person takes will affect him or her at some time in the future. This rule also applies to a person’s thoughts and speech, and the actions other people take under that individual’s instructions. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between body, speech, mind and karma. Research results: The Karma denotes our good and bad intentions. These intentions manifest themselves as good or bad actions with our body, our speech and our mind. In turn, our actions bring about effects called “Karma”, namely: the effect, the consequence, the fruit of the actions, the maturation of the actions. Usually, however, the word Karma is used by ordinary people for both the actions and the effects, which is not accurate. The law of karma is a special instance of the law of cause and effect, according to which all our actions of body, speech and mind are causes and all our experiences are their effects. The law of karma explains why each individual has a unique mental disposition, a unique physical appearance and unique experiences. These are the various effects of the countless actions that each individual has performed in the past. Each person has a different individual karma. Some people enjoy good health while others are constantly ill. Some people are seen as very beautiful while others are seen as very ugly. Some people have a happy disposition that is easily pleased while others have a sour disposition and are rarely delighted by anything. Some people easily understand the meaning of spiritual teachings while others find them difficult and obscure. Conclusion We made conclusion choosing information and sources related to body, speech and mind study as well as Karma in antient works, sorting it into time sequence and enriching it with information in other works. Essentially, Karma denotes our good and bad intentions. These intentions manifest themselves as good or bad actions with our body, our speech and our mind.

Purpose: Researchers suggest that the prevalence of infertility varies between developing and developed countries, with differences in infertility care, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and reproductive disorders such as pelvic inflammatory disease and sexually transmitted infections being the main risk factors. The research project aims is to define risk factors for female fertility in the Mongolian population. Methods: This study was conducted between 2016-2018 using a cross-sectional survey of analytical research. Participants were randomly selected from Ulaanbaatar and the Central, Western, Eastern, and Khangai provinces according to Mongolia’s regional geographic model. The contents of a questionnaire were comprised of 5 units with 95 questions including socio-economic, geographical, lifestyle, health education, reproductive health indicators, sexual behavior. General physical characteristics were measured according to the standard. Results: The prevalence of the female fertility rate in the Mongolian population is 7.4%. Female participants were classified into 2 groups, namely infertile and fertile, and we developed a case-control study. Among the socio-economic factors influencing infertility, primary education aOR: 1.6 (95% CI 0.98-2.66), monthly household income lower than the average aOR: 1.1 (95% CI 0.77- 1.66), living in rural areas OR: 2.3 ( 95% CI 1.46-3.68) were crucial risk factors. As for reproductive and general health indicators, STIs aOR: 1.8 (95% CI 0.98-3.50), especially gonorrhea OR: 2.8 (95% CI 1.14-6.91), and thyroid disorders OR: 1.7 (95% CI 1.03). -2.97), grade 3 obesity OR: 3.8 (95% CI 1.05-13.95) are estimated risk factors for infertility. Conclusions Of all potential socio-economic factors, residence status, education and financial situation are significant for female infertility meanwhile reproductive health indicators include sexually transmitted infections, thyroid disease, and obesity.

BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 10-15% of couples of reproductive age have infertility. According to researcher D. Sukhe (1999), hormonal infertility in the reproductive age of women was 33.6%, which was a large part of the cause of infertility. In recent years, the number of cases of endocrine disorders, including malignancy and sexually transmitted infections, has been increasing year by year. According to WHO reports, thyroid disorders have a prevalence of 49.3% for active reproductive age (30-50). According to the report of the Health Development Center in 2016, since the thyroid disorders are the second most common disease in endocrine gland disease, our study found that the infertility in reproductive age of women can be substantial due to the loss of thyroid gland. METHODS: The study was carried out by the couple of 20-45 year-olds and modeled as an analytical study model. The questionnaire was used for the couple’s interviews and some of the measurement of body and serum use of TOSOH Corporation AIA-360, Tokyo, Japan. On the serum, anti-TPO and аnti-TG carbohydrates are identified by the Cobas e-411 analyzer under the manufacturer’s accompanying protocol. RESULTS: 76.7% of women were diagnosed with infertility euthyroid, 0.7% hyperthyroidism, 22.6% hypothyroidism (3.8% with overt hypothyroidism and 18.8% subclinical hypothyroidism). Prevalence of TAI, in 6.7% isolated positive anti-Tg were found, and 14.3% had isolated positive TPO, In 3.7% of cases, both types of autoantibodies were present. We analysed binary logistic regression for anti-TPO and anti-TG autoantibody in the positive and negative group in past obstetrics history, evidence of positive of anti-TPO and anti-Tg was increased risk of miscarriage 2.2 times (OR = 2.2, p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Women with disorders in our study have high percentage of subclinical hypothyroidism and have higher rate of thyroid autobodies in serum which may be a problem for women with infertility and pregnancy complications due to the loss of thyroid gland. There is a need to develop a principle of recovery and treatment.

Introduction: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) revolutionizedthe treatment of urolithiasis and graduallybecame the favorite treatment option sothat today it is considered to be the first lineof treatment for patients with urolithiasis.The purpose of this study was assessment oftherapeutic efficacy, complications of ESWLin urolithiasis in Mongolia.Material and methods: A total of46 patients harboring renal and ureteralstones underwent ESWL between March2016 and September 2016 at First CentralHospital of Mongolia. Karl Storz ModulithSLK electromagnetic machines were usedto impart shock waves. All collected stonefragments sent for biochemical analysis.Results: A total of 46 patients 23 weremales (50%). Patients were mean age of34. The stone size distribution was 0.5cmto 3.1cm. The average treatment time wasranging from 75-110 minutes. The averagenumber of shock waves per treatmentwas 3172±378 (range 1500-4000). Theoverall success rate was 75.73%. All calculidisintegrated satisfactorily except for 3stones, which is located lower 1/3rd ofureter. Stone composition analysis proved tobe composed entirely or predominantly ofcalcium oxalate monohydrate. These patientsrequired to have ureterolithoextraction. Calculicomposition for remaining patients 12 werecalcium oxalate monohydrate, 17 calciumoxalate dehydrate, 6 uric acid and 1 struvite.Complications were mostly minor and rare.Most of the patients (90.7%) developedmacroscopic hematuria after treatment; fewpatients developed mild bruising at the entryand exit sites of the shockwaves on the bodywall. Severe complications such as renalhematoma and steinstrasse were diagnosedfor one patient each and their managementwas non-surgical.Conclusion: ESWL is therefore the firstline treatment for urolithiasis with stonesize smaller than 2cm. It has an efficiencyrate above 75, low procedure time, highsafety and good tolerability and minimalcomplication.

Today, there are 382 million people living with diabetes. A further 316 million with impaired glucose tolerance are at high risk from the disease – an alarming number that is set to reach 471 million by 2035. One of the most overlooked of all serious complications of diabetes is cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) which encompasses damage to the autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart and blood vessels, resulting in abnormalities in heart rate control and vascular dynamics. The present report discusses the clinical manifestations (eg, resting tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension exercise intolerance, intra operative cardiovascular liability, silent myocardial infarction (MI), and increased risk of mortality) in the presence of CAN. The reported prevalence of CAN varies greatly depending on the criteria used to identify CAN and the population studied. CAN prevalence ranges from as low as 2.5% of the primary prevention cohort in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) to as high as 90% of patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes who were potential candidates for a pancreas transplantation. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) among diabetic patients.This study included patients with T1 DM and 20 patients with T2 DM total (97 male, 86 female) diabetic patients. The CAN diagnosed by 6 clinical tests: Resting Heart Rate (RHR), Expiration : Inspiration (E:I) ratio, Heart rate response to standing (30:15 ratio), Orthostatic hypotension (OH) and Sustained Hand Grip (SHG) using Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy System Analyzer CAN-504. CAN was indicated at least two of five tests are abnormal.Diabetic patients’ mean age was 48.74±12.74, diabetes duration 7.55±5.72, systolic blood pressure 136.25±22.76mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 84.82±11.90 mmHg, cholesterol 5.04±1.04mmol/l, triglyceride 2.20±1.24mmol/l, LDL2.64±0.85mmol/l, HDL 1.12±0.41mmol/l, non-HDL 3.71±1.06, cholesterol/HDL ratio 4.70±1.29, HBA1c 10.08±2.39%. Result of RHR resting heart rate test was normal 92%, borderline 0.5% and abnormal 7.1%,Expiration:inspiration(E:I) ratio was normal 72.7%,borderline 13.7% and abnormal 14%, Heart rate response to standing (30:15ratio) was normal 47%,borderline 13.714% and abnormal 39.3%, Valsalva was normal 97.8%,borderline 2.2% and abnormal 0%, Orthostatic hypotension (OH) was normal 66%,borderline 29% abnormal 6% and Sustained hand grip(SHG) test was normal 4.9%,borderline 9%, and abnormal 87.8%.Number of abnormal cardiac autonomic neuropathy test results <2 (no cardiac autonomic neuropathy) was in 86(47%) and >2 (with cardiac autonomic neuropathy) was in 97(53%) among diabetic patients. Among diabetic patients cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) was 53%.

IntroductionAH is one of the widest spread diseases, as well as the leading cause of mortality in Mongolia. Even though the AH is well studied throughout the world, with no significant results in health complications caused by AH in different organs and systems, there is a necessity to study the use of other methods in hypertension treatment, such as Mongolian traditional medicine for an adequate management of hypertension, in order to extend the choices of treatments by combining harmless natural multicompound drugs prepared by ancient mongolo-tibetian prescriptions with Chinese acupuncture and other therapy methods such as massage, bloodletting, cupping etc.GoalThe authors have analyzed 260 patient records of hypertension that have been treated only with MTM treatment methods in MONGEM MTM hospital, in order to define: 1) the classification of arterial hypertension according to theory of disease in MTM ;2) the classification of arterial hypertension according to theory of cold and hot in MTM;3) The results of MTM treatments on hypertension.Methods and MaterialsWe have conducted this study by document review and case study by analyzing 260 patient records of “MONGEM” traditional medicine hospital and research center.ResultsAccording to our study almost 80% of arterial hypertension cases start as a hot disease and change into cold disease. Our research results have also shown that 90% of hypertension can be classified into congested, interdependent state of disease and that treatment by MTM methods of combined disease with consideration of changes in hot and cold states is efficient for relieving arterial hypertension.ConclusionOur study has concluded that carefully diagnosed hypertension using MTM disease and disorder classification, and treated with accordingly chosen methods of MTM treatment such as multi-compound drugs, mild and rough techniques, nutrition and behavioral lifestyle changes combined with Chinese acupuncture, gives satisfactory results in healing arterial hypertension, thus providing safe, efficient, affordable and accessible treatment choices for people.

Introduction. Garidi-5, a traditional medicine composed of 5 herbs including Terminalia chebula Retz., Aconitum Kusnezoffii Reichb., Acorus calamus L., Saussurea lappa L., and musk of Moschus moschiferus, has been used in traditional Mongolian medicine as an analgesic and antibacterial medicine. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the traditional drug Garidi-5 for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.Materials and Methods. The method of Winter et al. was used to study acute inflammation. Rats in groups of five each were treated with vehicle, Garidi-5 (20, 80 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and Indometacin (10 mg/kg) one hour prior to Carrageenan injection. 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan was injected into the subplantar tissue of left hind paw of each rat. Swelling of carrageenan injected foot was measured at 0, 0.5, 2, 4 h using Plethysmometer (UGO Basile, Italy)). The right hind paw was injected with 0.1 ml of vehicle.Results. The Garidi-5 (20, 80 and 200 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.01) inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema as compared to control group. Maximum inhibition of paw edema was observed with Garidi- 5 (80 and 200 mg/kg) at 4 h when compared to the control group (Tab.1). In assay data, the TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 secretion in serum were highly elevated by carrageenan induction but administration of Garidi-5 signifi cantly reduced serum secretion of inflammatory mediatorsas compared to vehicle group (Tab. 2).Conclusion. In conclusion, Traditional drug Garidi-5 have anti-in flammatory properties. The potential efficacy of Garidi-5 to treat inflammation is based in a part on the hy pothesis that it will suppress the proinflammatory cytok ines resulting in less oedema.