Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate how fetal head and abdominal circumferences are related to the incidence of neonatal complications in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) compared to normal pregnancies. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of expectant mothers with GDM, PGDM, and normal pregnancies who delivered singleton full-term infants (≥37 weeks) at a tertiary center from January 2013 to December 2022. Ultrasonography-measured fetal weight, fetal head circumference, fetal abdominal circumference, difference between head and abdominal circumference, and head-to-abdominal circumference ratio were assessed. Neonatal outcomes were evaluated based on the rates of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, intubation, and hypoglycemia. Statistical analyses, including univariate and multivariate analyses, were performed using the SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Among the 473 participants, 175 (37.0%) were mothers with diabetes (DM). A head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a difference of ≥2.5 cm were significantly associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in all mothers with DM, with statistical significance noted only in the PGDM group. No significant association was observed in normal pregnancies. Conclusion Our findings indicate that a head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a ≥2.5 cm difference in circumferences are associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in mothers with DM.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate how fetal head and abdominal circumferences are related to the incidence of neonatal complications in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) compared to normal pregnancies. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of expectant mothers with GDM, PGDM, and normal pregnancies who delivered singleton full-term infants (≥37 weeks) at a tertiary center from January 2013 to December 2022. Ultrasonography-measured fetal weight, fetal head circumference, fetal abdominal circumference, difference between head and abdominal circumference, and head-to-abdominal circumference ratio were assessed. Neonatal outcomes were evaluated based on the rates of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, intubation, and hypoglycemia. Statistical analyses, including univariate and multivariate analyses, were performed using the SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Among the 473 participants, 175 (37.0%) were mothers with diabetes (DM). A head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a difference of ≥2.5 cm were significantly associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in all mothers with DM, with statistical significance noted only in the PGDM group. No significant association was observed in normal pregnancies. Conclusion Our findings indicate that a head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a ≥2.5 cm difference in circumferences are associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in mothers with DM.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate how fetal head and abdominal circumferences are related to the incidence of neonatal complications in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) compared to normal pregnancies. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of expectant mothers with GDM, PGDM, and normal pregnancies who delivered singleton full-term infants (≥37 weeks) at a tertiary center from January 2013 to December 2022. Ultrasonography-measured fetal weight, fetal head circumference, fetal abdominal circumference, difference between head and abdominal circumference, and head-to-abdominal circumference ratio were assessed. Neonatal outcomes were evaluated based on the rates of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, intubation, and hypoglycemia. Statistical analyses, including univariate and multivariate analyses, were performed using the SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Among the 473 participants, 175 (37.0%) were mothers with diabetes (DM). A head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a difference of ≥2.5 cm were significantly associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in all mothers with DM, with statistical significance noted only in the PGDM group. No significant association was observed in normal pregnancies. Conclusion Our findings indicate that a head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a ≥2.5 cm difference in circumferences are associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in mothers with DM.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate how fetal head and abdominal circumferences are related to the incidence of neonatal complications in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) compared to normal pregnancies. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of expectant mothers with GDM, PGDM, and normal pregnancies who delivered singleton full-term infants (≥37 weeks) at a tertiary center from January 2013 to December 2022. Ultrasonography-measured fetal weight, fetal head circumference, fetal abdominal circumference, difference between head and abdominal circumference, and head-to-abdominal circumference ratio were assessed. Neonatal outcomes were evaluated based on the rates of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, intubation, and hypoglycemia. Statistical analyses, including univariate and multivariate analyses, were performed using the SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Among the 473 participants, 175 (37.0%) were mothers with diabetes (DM). A head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a difference of ≥2.5 cm were significantly associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in all mothers with DM, with statistical significance noted only in the PGDM group. No significant association was observed in normal pregnancies. Conclusion Our findings indicate that a head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a ≥2.5 cm difference in circumferences are associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in mothers with DM.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate how fetal head and abdominal circumferences are related to the incidence of neonatal complications in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) compared to normal pregnancies. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of expectant mothers with GDM, PGDM, and normal pregnancies who delivered singleton full-term infants (≥37 weeks) at a tertiary center from January 2013 to December 2022. Ultrasonography-measured fetal weight, fetal head circumference, fetal abdominal circumference, difference between head and abdominal circumference, and head-to-abdominal circumference ratio were assessed. Neonatal outcomes were evaluated based on the rates of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, intubation, and hypoglycemia. Statistical analyses, including univariate and multivariate analyses, were performed using the SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Among the 473 participants, 175 (37.0%) were mothers with diabetes (DM). A head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a difference of ≥2.5 cm were significantly associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in all mothers with DM, with statistical significance noted only in the PGDM group. No significant association was observed in normal pregnancies. Conclusion Our findings indicate that a head-to-abdominal circumference ratio <0.95 and a ≥2.5 cm difference in circumferences are associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in mothers with DM.

Rare endocrine diseases are complex conditions that require lifelong specialized care due to their chronic nature and associated long-term complications. In Korea, a lack of nationwide data on clinical practice and outcomes has limited progress in patient care. Therefore, the Multicenter Networks for Ideal Outcomes of Pediatric Rare Endocrine and Metabolic Disease (OUTSPREAD) study was initiated. This study involves 30 centers across Korea. The study aims to improve the long-term prognosis of Korean patients with rare endocrine diseases by collecting comprehensive clinical data, biospecimens, and patient-reported outcomes to identify complications and unmet needs in patient care. Patients with childhood-onset pituitary, adrenal, or gonadal disorders, such as craniopharyngioma, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and Turner syndrome were prioritized. The planned enrollment is 1,300 patients during the first study phase (2022–2024). Clinical, biochemical, and imaging data from diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up during 1980–2023 were retrospectively reviewed. For patients who agreed to participate in the prospective cohort, clinical data and biospecimens will be prospectively collected to discover ideal biomarkers that predict the effectiveness of disease control measures and prognosis. Patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life and depression scales, will be evaluated to assess psychosocial outcomes. Additionally, a substudy on CAH patients will develop a steroid hormone profiling method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to improve diagnosis and monitoring of treatment outcomes. This study will address unmet clinical needs by discovering ideal biomarkers, introducing evidence-based treatment guidelines, and ultimately improving long-term outcomes in the areas of rare endocrine and metabolic diseases.

Rare endocrine diseases are complex conditions that require lifelong specialized care due to their chronic nature and associated long-term complications. In Korea, a lack of nationwide data on clinical practice and outcomes has limited progress in patient care. Therefore, the Multicenter Networks for Ideal Outcomes of Pediatric Rare Endocrine and Metabolic Disease (OUTSPREAD) study was initiated. This study involves 30 centers across Korea. The study aims to improve the long-term prognosis of Korean patients with rare endocrine diseases by collecting comprehensive clinical data, biospecimens, and patient-reported outcomes to identify complications and unmet needs in patient care. Patients with childhood-onset pituitary, adrenal, or gonadal disorders, such as craniopharyngioma, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and Turner syndrome were prioritized. The planned enrollment is 1,300 patients during the first study phase (2022–2024). Clinical, biochemical, and imaging data from diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up during 1980–2023 were retrospectively reviewed. For patients who agreed to participate in the prospective cohort, clinical data and biospecimens will be prospectively collected to discover ideal biomarkers that predict the effectiveness of disease control measures and prognosis. Patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life and depression scales, will be evaluated to assess psychosocial outcomes. Additionally, a substudy on CAH patients will develop a steroid hormone profiling method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to improve diagnosis and monitoring of treatment outcomes. This study will address unmet clinical needs by discovering ideal biomarkers, introducing evidence-based treatment guidelines, and ultimately improving long-term outcomes in the areas of rare endocrine and metabolic diseases.

Rare endocrine diseases are complex conditions that require lifelong specialized care due to their chronic nature and associated long-term complications. In Korea, a lack of nationwide data on clinical practice and outcomes has limited progress in patient care. Therefore, the Multicenter Networks for Ideal Outcomes of Pediatric Rare Endocrine and Metabolic Disease (OUTSPREAD) study was initiated. This study involves 30 centers across Korea. The study aims to improve the long-term prognosis of Korean patients with rare endocrine diseases by collecting comprehensive clinical data, biospecimens, and patient-reported outcomes to identify complications and unmet needs in patient care. Patients with childhood-onset pituitary, adrenal, or gonadal disorders, such as craniopharyngioma, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and Turner syndrome were prioritized. The planned enrollment is 1,300 patients during the first study phase (2022–2024). Clinical, biochemical, and imaging data from diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up during 1980–2023 were retrospectively reviewed. For patients who agreed to participate in the prospective cohort, clinical data and biospecimens will be prospectively collected to discover ideal biomarkers that predict the effectiveness of disease control measures and prognosis. Patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life and depression scales, will be evaluated to assess psychosocial outcomes. Additionally, a substudy on CAH patients will develop a steroid hormone profiling method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to improve diagnosis and monitoring of treatment outcomes. This study will address unmet clinical needs by discovering ideal biomarkers, introducing evidence-based treatment guidelines, and ultimately improving long-term outcomes in the areas of rare endocrine and metabolic diseases.

The Korea Nurses’ Health Study (KNHS) is an ongoing, large-scale, prospective cohort study of women nurses, focusing on the effects of occupational, environmental, and lifestyle factors on the health of women. The first KNHS survey was performed in 2013-2014 (n=20,613). As of December 2023, 11 follow-up surveys have been conducted. Participants who were pregnant were asked to participate in the early pregnancy survey (n=2,179) and postpartum survey after giving birth (n=2,790). The main variables included socio-demographic, work-related, lifestyle, physical, mental, and women’s health factors. Blood, urine, and toenail samples were collected from a participant subgroup of the first survey (n=1,983). The subgroups of the second survey completed a food frequency questionnaire in 2019 (n=300) and 2021 (n=871). In 2020, a subgroup of the first survey answered a coronavirus disease 2019-related survey (n=975). To examine various health-related factors in young adults, new participants were added to the KNHS cohort in the 11th (n=1,000) and 12th (n=1,002) surveys. The KNHS cohort will help identify health and illness determinants in Korean women. Data can be accessed at https://coda.nih.go.kr/frt/index.do.

Background and Objectives: MYC, also known as an oncogenic reprogramming factor, is a multifunctional transcription factor that maintains induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although MYC is frequently upregulated in various cancers and is correlated with a poor prognosis, MYC is downregulated and correlated with a good prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. MYC and two other MYC family genes, MYCN and MYCL, have similar structures and could contribute to tumorigenic conversion both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: and Results: We systematically investigated whether MYC family genes act as prognostic factors in various human cancers. We first evaluated alterations in the expression of MYC family genes in various cancers using the Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and their mutation and copy number alterations using the TCGA database with cBioPortal. Then, we investigated the association between the expression of MYC family genes and the prognosis of cancer patients using various prognosis databases. Multivariate analysis also confirmed that co-expression of MYC/MYCL/MYCN was significantly associated with the prognosis of lung, gastric, liver, and breast cancers. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate that the MYC family can function not only as an oncogene but also as a tumor suppressor gene in various cancers, which could be used to develop a novel approach to cancer treatment.