OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of aquaporin 7 ( AQP7) and aquaporin 9 ( AQP9) genes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among ethnic Han Chinese population. METHODS: A case-control study involving 1194 subjects with T2DM and 1274 non-diabetic mellitus (NDM) subjects were enrolled. Genotypes of three SNPs (rs3758269 of AQP7 gene, rs16939881 and rs57139208 of AQP9 gene) were determined by using a MassArray method. The association of the three SNPs with T2DM was assess, and the correlation of glucose and lipid metabolism parameters with various SNP genotypes in the NDM group was analyzed. RESULTS: The allelic and genotypic frequencies of the three SNPs did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05). Nor was there significant difference between the two groups with different genetic models (P>0.05). No significant association of genotypes of AQP7 gene rs3758269, AQP9 gene rs16939881 and rs57139208 with glucose and lipid metabolism parameters were observed in the NDM group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The rs3758269 in AQP7 gene and rs16939881 and rs57139208 in AQP9 gene are not associated with the genetic susceptibility of T2DM among ethnic Han Chinese population.
Aquaporins/genetics* ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics* ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Animals ; Aquaporins/metabolism* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glycoproteins/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Lung/metabolism* ; Protective Agents/pharmacology* ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/physiopathology* ; Sus scrofa ; Trypsin Inhibitors/pharmacology* ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVES: Aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins engaged in the modulation of water homeostasis, but the roles they play in chronic otitis media (COM) have not been well investigated. Accordingly, we undertook document relations between the mRNA expressions of AQPs and COM, and explored the relation between these expressions and otorrhea, which is one of the most common symptoms of COM. METHODS: Levels of the mRNAs of AQP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 were assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in inflammatory tissue samples from 81 patients with COM with or without otorrhea. Relationships between AQP mRNA levels and the presence or absence of otorrhea, the presence or absence of bacteria, hearing threshold levels, types of hearing loss, and clinical manifestations were also evaluated. RESULTS: AQP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 mRNAs were expressed in inflammatory tissues obtained from all 81 patients with COM with or without otorrhea. AQP 5 mRNA was most expressed in, followed in descending order by AQP 3, 1, 10, 6, 8, 2, and 4. There were no significant intergroup differences in terms of age, sex, duration of illness, levels of hearing loss in both ears, or incidences of conductive or sensorineural hearing loss. However, AQP 4 (P=0.035) and 6 (P=0.085) mRNA levels were significantly lower in the otorrhea group. In addition, bacteria culture positivity (P=0.014) and the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (P=0.020) were higher in the otorrhea group. CONCLUSION: AQP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 are involved in the development of COM. Specifically, it shows reductions in AQP 4 and 6 mRNA levels, as observed in the otorrhea group, have an effect on the clinical manifestations of COM.
Aquaporin 4 ; Aquaporins ; Bacteria ; Ear ; Ear, Middle ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Membrane Proteins ; Otitis Media ; Otitis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Water

No abstract available.
Aquaporins ; Otitis Media ; Otitis

The function of kidney is maintaining water balance of our body through regulation of urine concentration and dilution. The aquaporins are molecular basis of renal urine production and water transport, and their expression and membrane translocation are regulated delicately. Nuclear receptors are a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors consisting of 48 members in human. They widely participate in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological regulation including growth and development, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, immunology by regulating target gene transcription and expression. Increasing evidence demonstrates that these receptors are involved in the regulation of aquaporins expression and membrane translocation in kidney, thereby playing a major role in water homeostasis. Here we review the role of nuclear receptors in regulating renal water transport.
Aquaporins ; physiology ; Biological Transport ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Kidney ; physiology ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; physiology ; Water

OBJECTIVE: Aquaporin (AQP) is a recently discovered protein that regulates water homeostasis. The present study examines changes in AQP 1 and 4 in kaolin induced experimental hydrocephalic rats to elucidate the pathophysiology of water homeostasis in the disease. METHODS: Hydrocephalus was induced by percutaneous intracisternal injection of kaolin. The brain parenchyma and choroid plexus were obtained at 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after injection. Protein expressions of AQP 1 and 4 were measured by western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) stains. RESULTS: In the choroid plexus of the kaolin-induced hydrocephalus group, AQP 1 expression identified by western blot exhibited sharp decrease in the early stage (55% by the 3rd day and 22% by the 7th day), but indicated a 2.2-fold increase in the later stage (30th day) in comparison with control groups. In the parenchyma, a quantitative measurement of AQP 4 expression revealed variable results on the 3rd and 7th days, but indicated expression 2.1 times higher than the control in the later stage (30th day). In addition, the IHC and IF findings supported the patterns of expression of AQP 1 in the choroid plexus and AQP 4 in the parenchyma. CONCLUSION: Expression of AQP 1 decreased sharply in the choroid plexus of acute hydrocephalus rats and increased at later stages. Expression of AQP 4 in the brain parenchyma was variable in the early stage in the hydrocephalus group, but was higher than in the control in the later stage. These findings suggest a compensating role of AQPs in water physiology in hydrocephalus.
Animals ; Aquaporin 1* ; Aquaporins ; Blotting, Western ; Brain* ; Choroid Plexus* ; Choroid* ; Coloring Agents ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Homeostasis ; Hydrocephalus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kaolin ; Physiology ; Rats* ; Water

Ménière's disease is a poorly understood disorder of the inner ear characterized by intermittent episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, ear fullness and tinnitus. In this paper, we present a review of the histopathology, cytochemistry, gene, blood-labyrinthine barrier and imaging of Ménière's disease. Histopathology is significant for neuroepithelial damage with hair cell loss, basement membrane thickening, perivascular damage and microvascular damage. Cytochemical alterations are significant for altered AQP4 and AQP6 expression in the supporting cell, and altered cochlin and mitochondrial protein expression. Since the discovery of aquaporin water channels (AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, AQP7 and AQP9), it has become clear that these channels play a crucial role in inner ear fluid homeostasis. Several gene studies related to Ménière's disease have been published, but there is no clear evidence that Ménière's disease is associated with a special gene. Currently, imaging techniques to determine the extent and presence of endolymphatic hydrops are being studied, and further studies are needed to correlate the visualization of the endolymphatic hydrops with clinical symptoms.
Aquaporins ; Basement Membrane ; Ear ; Ear, Inner ; Endolymphatic Hydrops ; Hair ; Hearing Loss ; Histocytochemistry ; Homeostasis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Meniere Disease ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; Tinnitus ; Vertigo

BACKGROUND: Aquaporins are water channel proteins that play a major role in the movement of water in various human tissues. Recently, it has been found that aquaporins have influence in the carcinogenesis of human malignancies. We analyzed the prognostic impact of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Seventy-six cases of NSCLC were studied, including 44 cases of adenocarcinoma (ADC) and 32 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC). Tissue microarray was constructed and immunohistochemical staining for AQP5 was performed. RESULTS: AQP5 was positive in 59.2% of the total enrolled NSCLCs (63.7% in ADC and 53.1% in SQCC). The difference in expression of AQP5 according to the histologic grade of the tumor was significant (p<.047), but not in a serial order. When ADC and SQCC were separately evaluated, no significant difference was observed according to the histologic grade of the tumor (p=.076 in ADC and p=.631 in SQCC). No difference was observed between AQP5 expression and other demographic data and tumor characteristics. Disease-free survival (DFS) was higher in AQP5 negative cases than positive cases in ADC (p=.047), but no significance was found in SQCC (p=.068). We were unable to find a significance between AQP5 overexpression and overall survival in either ADC (p=.210) or SQCC (p=.533). CONCLUSIONS: AQP5 expression is associated with DFS in ADC of the lung and tumor grade of NSCLC. The present study suggests that AQP5 can be a prognostic factor of NSCLC.
Adenocarcinoma ; Aquaporin 5* ; Aquaporins ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Disease-Free Survival ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Water

Sjögren's syndrome is a kind of autoimmune disease, whose main clinical symptoms are dry mouth, dry eye and chronic parotid glandular inflammation. The conservative treatments include artificial tears or saliva,oral administration of corticosteroids,and immunosuppressantsl with limited effectiveness. Along with the development of molecular biology, vast attentions are being paid to researches on gene therapy for Sjögren's syndrome, hopefully to bring gospel to patients with Sjögren's syndrome. This article reviews the recent research progresses on transcatheter delivery of recombinant adenovirus vector with aquaporin gene in experimental treatment of Sjögren's syndrome.
Adenoviridae ; Aquaporins ; genetics ; Autoimmune Diseases ; therapy ; Catheters ; Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Sjogren's Syndrome ; therapy

To observe the effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the metabolism of intestinal fluid and cyclic AMP protein kinase A signaling pathway (cAMP-PKA) and water channel protein 3 (AQP3) in rats with constipation, and to explore the mechanism of VIP in the treatment of constipation.
 Methods: A total of 45 healthy adult rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a model +VIP group. After 4 weeks of VIP treatment, the first black stool time were examined with the ink gastric method; the water content in feces was calculated; the morphological changes in colonic tissues were observed by HE staining. The expression of VIP and AQP3 protein levels in colon tissues were detected by Western blot; and the cAMP, PKA, AQP3 mRNA expression levels were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). 
 Results: Compared with the control group, the first black stool time was prolonged, the water content of fecal decreased significantly (both P<0.01); part of the colon mucosa epithelial cells were destructed; the goblet cell volume decreased and quantity was reduced; the contents of AQP3 and VIP in colon tissues were significantly decreased, and the cAMP, PKA and AQP3 mRNA levels were decreased in the model group (all P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the first black stool time in the model +VIP group was shortened, the fecal water content increased significantly (both P<0.05); the mucosal epithelium integrity improved, the number of goblet cells increased; the content of AQP3 and VIP in colon tissues was increased, and the cAMP, PKA, and AQP3 mRNA levels were elevated (all P<0.05).
 Conclusion: Intravenous injection of VIP can regulate intestinal fluid metabolism and improve the symptoms of constipation in rats, which might be related to the regulation of VIP-cAMP-PKA-AQP3 signaling pathway.
Animals ; Aquaporin 3 ; physiology ; Aquaporins ; Blotting, Western ; Colon ; chemistry ; pathology ; Constipation ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Cyclic AMP ; physiology ; Defecation ; Epithelial Cells ; pathology ; Feces ; chemistry ; Goblet Cells ; pathology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; metabolism ; pathology ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ; administration & dosage ; physiology ; therapeutic use