Objective To propose a method for classifying small bowel capsule endoscopy images by combining the Swin Transformer network with an improved Adapt-RandAugment data augmentation approach,aiming to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of small bowel lesion classification and recognition.Methods An Adapt-RandAugment data augmentation approach was formulated based on the RandAugment data enhancement sub-strategy and the principles of no feature loss and no distortion when enhancing small bowel capsule endoscopy images.In the publicly available Kvasir-Capsule dataset of small bowel capsule endoscopic images,the Adapt-RandAugment data augmentation approach was trained based on the Swin Transformer network,and the convolutional neural networks ResNet152 and DenseNet161 were used as the benchmarks to validate the combined Swin Transformer network and Adapt-RandAugment data augmentation approach for small bowel capsule endoscopy image classification.Results The proposed algorithm gained advantages over ResNet152 and DenseNet161 networks in the indicators,which had the macro average precision(MAC-PRE),macro average recall(MAC-REC),macro average F1 score(MAC-Fi-S)being 0.383 2,0.314 8 and 0.290 5 respectively,the micro average precision(MIC-PRE),micro average recall(MIC-REC)and micro average F1 score(MIC-Fi-S)all being 0.755 3,and the Matthews correlation coe-fficient(MCC)being 0.452 3.Conclusion The proposed small bowel capsule endoscopy image classification method based on Swin Transformer network and Adapt-RandAugment data augmentation approach behaves well in classified recognition efficiency and accuracy.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(6):9-16]

The working principle of TMC BC ROBO 6 intelligent blood collection system was described in brief.The causes of three faults during daily operation of the system were analyzed,and the countermeasures were put forward accordingly.References were provided for clinical engineers to treat similar faults.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(6):113-116]

Polysaccharides have significant immunomodulatory activity and have good development value in food and medicine fields. At present, there are many studies on the chemical structure and immune activity of polysaccharides, but the relationship between them of polysaccharides has not been fully explained, which limits the further development and utilization of polysaccharide resources. The immune activity of polysaccharides is closely related to their own structure. This paper systematically summarized the relationship between the relative molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond types, chemical modification, and advanced conformation of polysaccharides and the immune regulation, aiming to provide references for the profound study of polysaccharide structure-activity relationship and utilization of polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides/chemistry* ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Molecular Weight ; Antioxidants/pharmacology* ; Polysaccharides/chemistry*

Huoluo Xiaoling Dan is a classical prescription commonly used for blood circulation and pain relief in clinic with obvious effects. To make it directly treat lesion and improve the effect, this research optimized the preparation process of Huoluo Xiaoling gel paste and further evaluated its in vitro transdermal absorption performance, so as to provide a scientific basis for its development and utilization. Using primary viscosity, holding viscosity, and sensory score as evaluation indexes, the matrix amount of gel paste was determined by the single factor test and Box-Behnken response surface method. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) method was established to determine the content of eight active ingredients, including Danshensu, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid A, ligustilide, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, 11-keto-β-boswellic(KBA), and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid(AKBA). A mo-dified Franz diffusion cell method was used to evaluate and compare the absorption properties of the gel paste without volatile oil and with volatile oil microemulsion. The results showed that the optimal prescription for Huoluo Xiaoling gel paste matrix was NP700(1.35 g), glycerol(7.00 g), micropowder silica gel(1.25 g), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(0.20 g), tartaric acid(0.06 g), and glyceryl aluminum(0.04 g). The mass fractions of eight active ingredients in the paste were successively 0.48, 0.014, 0.95, 0.39, 0.57, 0.055, 0.35, and 0.97 mg·g~(-1). The results of the in vitro transdermal absorption test showed that the addition of the volatile oil or the volatile oil microemulsion promoted the transdermal absorption of the active ingredients, and the law of drug penetration conformed to the zero equation or the Higuchi equation. The gel paste prepared by the optimal prescription has good appearance and adhesion, with no residue, and has the characteristics of skeletal slow-release preparation, which is easy to reduce the number of administration, la-ying a foundation for the development of new external dosage forms of Huoluo Xiaoling Dan.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Skin Absorption ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Oils, Volatile ; Viscosity

Elaphurus davidianus( Milu),a rare animal unique to China,has been used as medicine for more than a thousand years,but the extinction of Milu in modern times resulted in the unavailability of related medical products. Today,the reintroduction of Milu population makes it possible to restore its medicinal usage. The resource reserves of Cervi Cornu,the natural shedding product from Milu,are increasing with the expansion of the population,allowing it to be fully utilized in the medical field. Mijiao Pills,first recorded in Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergency( Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang) by Sun Simiao in the Tang Dynasty,is the first Chinese medicinal prescription with Cervi Cornu as the sovereign medicinal,which is effective in tonifying. Its composition,preparation,efficacy and indications,and administration are described in detail in the Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergency,which however,have changed significantly over the thousands of years,seriously affecting the clinical application of this classical prescription and related product development. Therefore,the key information of this prescription should be systematically collated and summarized. According to the principles of textual research on key information in ancient classical prescriptions promulgated by relevant authorities,this paper reviewed ancient Chinese medical books of the past dynasties,modern literature,as well as the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China( 2020 Version) to figure out such key information as the source,historical evolution,original plants and animals and their processing,dosage,preparation,and usage of Mijiao Pills. This paper aimed to provide a basis for the clinical application of Mijiao Pills and subsequent product development,thus facilitating the development and utilization of this precious medicinal animal resource.
Books ; China ; Cornus ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Prescriptions

In order to reveal the regional characteristics of nucleosides and amino acids in Elaphuri Davidiani Cornu,39 samples of Elaphuri Davidiani Cornu collected from 4 different regions were analyzed by UPLC-QTRAP ~®/MS2 method followed by orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis( OPLS-DA) and cluster analysis( CA). The results showed all the samples contained abundant nucleosides and amino acids,with the total content of 45. 09 μg·g~(-1) and 634. 80 μg·g-1,respectively. The samples presented significant regional differences in the contents of individual components,and the main differential components included Ura,Hpro,Thr,Glu,G5 P,2'-dG,Adeno,Met,Ade,Gln,Orni,Phe,2'-dA,Hit,Lys,and Ile. Among them,Ura,Met,Glu,and Ile had the highest content in the samples from Dafeng in Jiangsu,Qinhu in Jiangsu,Beijing,and Shishou in Hubei,respectively. OPLS-DA and CA demonstrated that all the samples of Elaphuri Davidiani Cornu could be divided into three categories,reflecting the regional characteristics. The results indicated that the accumulation of nucleosides and amino acids in Elaphuri Davidiani Cornu was closely related to its habitat,providing a useful reference for the research on the quality formation,quality evaluation and control,as well as the comprehensive utilization of Elaphuri Davidiani Cornu. The findings suggested that the content factors of Ura,Met,Glu,and Ile could be included into the quality standard system of Elaphuri Davidiani Cornu as the characteristics of medicinal materials from different regions.
Amino Acids ; Beijing ; Cornus ; Nucleosides

The effects of Chloriti Lapis on metal elements in plasma and lung tissue of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease( AECOPD) rats were studied. The rat AECOPD model with phlegm heat syndrome was established by smoking combined with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. After the rats were treated by Chloriti Lapis,the contents of metal elements in plasma and lung tissue were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy( ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS). The changes in the contents of metal elements were analyzed by SPSS 18. 0. Further,the correlations of differential metal elements( including Cu/Zn ratio) with differential metabolites in plasma,lung tissue and urine of AECOPD rats treated with Chloriti Lapis were analyzed. The results showed that Chloriti Lapis significantly up-regulated the contents of Fe,Al,Mn,Cu,Zn,Sn( P<0. 05),V,Co( P< 0. 01) and Cu/Zn ratio( P< 0. 05),and significantly down-regulated the contents of Ti( P< 0. 05)and Pb( P<0. 05) in the model rat plasma. It significantly increased the content of Be( P<0. 05) and decreased the contents of Mg,Ti and Al( P<0. 01) in model rat lung tissue. The element profiles of normal group,model group and Chloriti Lapis group can be well separated. Chloriti Lapis group and other groups were clustered into two categories. The taurine in plasma and phytosphingosine in lung tissue had the strongest correlations with differential metal elements. The Fe,Al,Mg,Be,Ti,V,Mn,Cu,Zn,Sn,and Co in Chloriti Lapis may directly or indirectly participate in the intervention of AECOPD rats. This group of metal elements may be the material basis of Chloriti Lapis acting on AECOPD rats,and reduce the Cu/Zn value in vivo. It was further confirmed that Chloriti Lapis could interfere with the metabolic pathways of taurine and hypotaurine in plasma and urine as well as the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in lung tissue of AECOPD rats. In addition,this study confirmed that long-term smoking can cause high-concentration Cd accumulation in the lung and damage the lung tissue.
Animals ; Lung ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Minerals ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Rats ; Spectrum Analysis ; Trace Elements/analysis*

To study the effect of mineral Chloriti Lapis on pulmonary metabolites and metabolic pathways in lung tissues of rats with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD). The AECOPD rat model of phlegm heat syndrome was replicated by the method of smoking combined with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Except for using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis, SPSS 18.0, SIMCA 13.0 and other software were also used for statistical analysis. Through literature search and online database comparison, the differential metabolites were identified, and the possible metabolic pathways were analyzed. After 15 days of administration, PLS-DA analysis was carried out on lung tissue samples of rats in each group. The results showed that the metabolic profiles of lung tissues of rats in each group could be well separated, which indicated that Chloriti Lapis and aminophylline had significant intervention effect on the lung metabolic profile of rats with AECOPD. Moreover, the metabolic profile of Chloriti Lapis group was closer to that of control group, and the intervention effect was better than that of aminophylline group. As a result, 15 potential differential metabolites were identified: phytosphingosine, sphinganine, tetradecanoylcarnitine, L-palmitoylcarnitine, elaidic carnitine, lysoPC[18∶2(9Z,12Z)], lysoPC(16∶0), lysoPC[18∶1(9Z)], lysoPC(18∶0), stearic acid, lysoPC(15∶0), arachidonic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid. Among them, Chloriti Lapis could significantly improve the levels of 10 differential metabolites of phytosphingosine, tetradecanoylcarnitine, L-palmitoylcarnitine, elaidic carnitine, lysoPC[18∶2(9Z,12Z)], lysoPC(16∶0), lysoPC[18∶1(9Z)], stearic acid, lysoPC(15∶0), and palmitic acid(P<0.05). The intervention effect of Chloriti Lapis group was better than that of aminophylline group. Analysis of metabolic pathways showed that there were 8 possible metabolic pathways that could be affected, and three of the most important metabolic pathways(pathway impact>0.1) were involved: linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. Chloriti Lapis had obvious intervention effects on lung tissue-related metabolites and metabolic pathways in rats with AECOPD, and the effect was better than that of aminophyllinne.
Animals ; Lung ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Metabolomics ; Minerals ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of Chloriti Lapis on metal elements in brain tissue and plasma of epileptic rats kindled by pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）， and to explore the possible material basis of Chloriti Lapis. Method:PTZ kindling method was used to establish epileptic rat model. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer （ICP-OES） were used to determine the contents of metal elements in brain tissue and plasma of the blank group， model group， carbamazepine group （0.1 g·kg^-1） and Chloriti Lapis group （2 g·kg^-1）. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 18.0 software. Result:Compared with the blank group， the contents of Sr， Sb and Ba in brain tissue of rats in the model group were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the contents of Zn， Fe， Cu， K， Li， Co， Sn and Pb were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the contents of Zn， Fe， K， Li， Co， As and Pb in brain tissue of rats in the Chloriti Lapis group were obviously increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the contents of Sr and Sb were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. These results showed that Chloriti Lapis had positive effect on the regulation of the content of metal elements in rat brain tissue to normal level， the intervention effect was clear， and the overall effect was better than that of carbamazepine group. The determination of 21 metal elements in plasma showed that compared with the blank group， the levels of K， Sr and Cd in the model group were significantly increased （P<0.05）， and the contents of Li， Al， Ti and Cr were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the contents of Ca， K， Li， Al and V in the Chloriti Lapis group were obviously increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the contents of Fe， Ti， Sr and Cd were significantly decreased （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The correlation analysis of metal elements among the groups showed that there were 17 pairs of elements had positively correlation in the brain tissue of rats， 2 pairs of elements had significant negative correlation. In the plasma of rats， 8 pairs of elements had significant positive correlation and 6 pairs of elements had significant negative correlation. Conclusion:The metal element groups represented by Zn， Fe， K， Li， Co， As， Pb， Sr， Sb， Ca， Al， V， Ti and Cd may be the effective material basis for Chloriti Lapis to interfere PTZ-kindled epileptic model rats， which may be related to the influence of these metal element groups on the release of neurotransmitters and the electrical balance of neurons， the regulation of abnormal synchronous discharge induced by Na⁺， K⁺， Ca²⁺ channel disorders and intervention of metabolism pathways in brain tissue related to epilepsy. It can make the excitatory and inhibitory activities restrain each other， and finally reach the normal physiological state of neurons and cells. The intervention effect of Chloriti Lapis group was better than that of carbamazepine group.

Objective:To explore the possible mechanism of Chloriti Lapis in the treatment of epilepsy by the metabonomics of brain tissue in pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）-kindled epileptic rats treated with Chloriti Lapis. Method:The epileptic animal model in rats was established by PTZ kindling， and the rats were divided into the control group， model group， carbamazepine group and Chloriti Lapis group. The brain tissue samples were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC/Q-TOF-MS）， and the experimental results were statistically analyzed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） and SPSS 18.0. Result:The metabolic fingerprints and metabolic profiles of the rat brain tissue were established， which showed that the metabolic profiles of each group had changed significantly and could be separated well among the groups. Moreover， the Chloriti Lapis group had a tendency to be closer to the control group than the carbamazepine group. Seven differential metabolites were screened， including phosphatidylserine （PS） （18∶0/18∶0）， L-glutamic acid， docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide， arachidonic acid， glucosylsphingosine， cholestane-3，7，12，24，25-pentol and lysophosphatidylcholine （LysoPC） （P-18∶0）. Except for docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide and LysoPC （P-18∶0）， Chloriti Lapis had significant intervening and regulating effects on the other five differential metabolites. There were 12 possible metabolic pathways that affected the metabolic disorder of PTZ-kindled rats， and 3 important metabolic pathways （pathway impact>0.1）， namely， D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism， alanine， aspartate and glutamate metabolism， and arachidonic acid metabolism， among which D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism was the most important metabolic pathways. Conclusion:From this point of view， Chloriti Lapis has a clear intervention effect on PTZ-kindled epileptic rats， which may be related to the intervention of the above differential metabolite contents and related metabolic pathways. It can reduce the toxic effect of excitatory neurotransmitters on neurons in brain tissue and inhibit the development of inflammation in brain tissue， so as to maintain the biological function of brain cells and slow down the occurrence of epilepsy.