Tinnitus and anxiety disorder are common clinical symptoms. Comorbidity between tinnitus and anxiety state is increasing year by year. The relationship between tinnitus and anxiety state has always been a hot topic, and this paper reviews the literature on the relationship between chronic subjective tinnitus and anxiety state in recent years.
Humans ; Tinnitus/diagnosis* ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology* ; Comorbidity

INTRODUCTION: Family history of psychopathology is a risk factor for mood and anxiety disorders in children, but little is known about rates of parental psychopathology among treatment-seeking youth with affective disorders in the Asia Pacific region. This study examined patterns of emotional and behavioural problems in parents of clinically-referred youth in Singapore. We hypothesised that parents would have higher rates of affective disorders compared to the Singapore national prevalence rate of 12%. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 47 families were recruited from affective disorders and community-based psychiatry programmes run by a tertiary child psychiatry clinic. All children had a confirmed primary clinical diagnosis of depression or an anxiety disorder. Parents completed the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to assess for lifetime mood and anxiety disorders. They also completed the Adult Self Report (ASR) and Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL) to assess current internalising and externalising symptoms. RESULTS: Consistent with our hypothesis, 38.5% of mothers and 10.5% of fathers reported a lifetime mood and anxiety disorder. Nearly 1/3 of mothers had clinical/subclinical scores on current internalising and externalising problems. A similar pattern was found for internalising problems among fathers, with a slightly lower rate of clinical/subclinical externalising problems. CONCLUSION Our findings are consistent with previous overseas studies showing elevated rates of affective disorders among parents - particularly mothers - of children seeking outpatient psychiatric care. Routine screening in this population may help to close the current treatment gap for adults with mood and anxiety disorders.
Adult ; Anxiety Disorders ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Family Health ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mood Disorders ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting ; psychology ; Parents ; psychology ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychopathology ; Singapore ; epidemiology

PURPOSE: There is increasing prevalence of psychiatric disorders among inflammatory bowel Disease (IBD) population. Further, presence of psychiatric disorders has been shown as an independent predictor of quality of life among patients with IBD. We intended to explore the prevalence of various psychiatric disorders among pediatric and young adult population with IBD as a population-based analysis. METHODS: We did a retrospective case control analysis using a deidentified cloud-based database including health care data across 26 health care networks comprising of more than 360 hospitals across USA. Data collected across different hospitals were classified and stored according to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms. We preidentified 10 psychiatric disorders and the queried the database for the presence of at least one of the ten psychiatric disorders among IBD patients between 5 and 24 years of age and compared with controls. RESULTS: Total of 11,316,450 patients in the age group between 5 and 24 years and the number of patients with a diagnosis of IBD, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis were 58,020. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 21.6% among IBD mainly comprising of depression and anxiety disorder. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed, IBD is 5 times more likely associated with psychiatric disorders than controls, p<0.001). We showed a steady increasing trend in the incidence of psychiatric disorders among IBD patients (2% in 2006 to 15% in 2017). CONCLUSION: Largest population-based analysis demonstrated an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders among IBD patients. Our study emphasizes the need for psychological and mental health services to be incorporated as a part of the routine IBD clinic.
Adjustment Disorders ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Case-Control Studies ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; Crohn Disease ; Delivery of Health Care ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Logistic Models ; Mental Health Services ; Prevalence ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: Suicide is the leading cause of death in 10–39-year-olds in South Korea, and the second highest rate among the OECD countries. However, few studies have investigated the particularity of completed suicide in South Korea. METHODS: Study subjects consisted of 2,838 suicide cases and 56,758 age and sex matched living controls from a national representative sample of 1,025,340 South Koreans. They were obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) with follow-up up to 12 years. We obtained information on primary diagnosis of any ICD-10 disorder along with suicide cases during their lifetime. RESULTS: Among ICD-10 disorders, depression was the most common disorder (19.10%, n=542), found in victims of completed suicides except for common medical disorders such as hypertensive crisis, respiratory tract infection or arthropathies. After adjusting for sex, age, economic status, disability, and disorders, schizophrenia showed the strongest association with suicide (AOR: 28.56, 95% CI: 19.58–41.66) among all ICD-10 disorders, followed by psoriasis, multiple body injury, epilepsy, sleep disorder, depression, and bipolar disorder. For age groups, ≤19 years was associated with anxiety disorder (AOR=80.65, 95% CI: 13.33–487.93), 20–34 years with epilepsy (AOR=134.92, 95% CI: 33.69–540.37), both 35–49 years (AOR=108.57, 95% CI: 37.17–317.09) and 50–65 years (AOR=189.41 95% CI: 26.59–1349.31), with schizophrenia, and >65 years (AOR=44.7, 95% CI: 8.93–223.63) with psoriasis. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric and physical disorders carried greatly increased risks and numbers of suicides in South Korea. Schizophrenia was the strongest risk factor, especially 35–65 years, and depression was the most common in suicide victims among ICD-10 disorders in South Korea.
Anxiety Disorders ; Bipolar Disorder ; Case-Control Studies ; Cause of Death ; Cohort Studies ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Epilepsy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; International Classification of Diseases ; Korea ; National Health Programs ; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development ; Psoriasis ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Suicide

OBJECTIVE: A defense mechanism is an automatic psychological process necessary for successful adaptation. It reflects adaptive capacity. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the adaptation ability of individuals who face mandatory military service and the pattern of defense mechanisms. METHODS: The subjects were 69 men (21.4±2.2 years) who expressed psychological difficulties in three military service situations. Control group was 36 men (24.0±1.4 years) who had successfully completed military service. We examined psychiatric history, the pattern of defense mechanisms, and depression and anxiety levels. Defense mechanisms were compared between two groups. RESULTS: The maladjusted group used immature defenses more frequently than the control group did. There were no differences in the defense patterns according to diagnosis. The control group used more identification and rationalization, classified as immature defenses. The temporarily maladjusted group used more somatization, regression, and avoidance. CONCLUSION: Using mature defense mechanisms helped young adults to adapt to a particular situation. The maturity of the defense is more valuable than the psychiatric diagnosis. Some immature defenses are also helpful to adapt. We cautiously assume that some defenses can be protective or risk factors in adapting to stressful situations by young adults.
Anxiety ; Defense Mechanisms ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Mental Disorders ; Military Personnel ; Rationalization ; Risk Factors ; Social Adjustment ; Young Adult

Panic disorder (PD) being one of the most intensively investigated anxiety disorders is considered a heterogeneous psychiatric disease which has difficulties with early diagnosis. The disorder is recurrent and usually associated with low remission rates and high rates of relapse which may exacerbated social and quality of life, causes unnecessary cost and increased risk for complication and suicide. Current pharmacotherapy for PD are available but these drugs have slow therapeutic onset, several side effects and most patients do not fully respond to these standard pharmacological treatments. Ongoing investigations indicate the need for new and promising agents for the treatment of PD. This article will cover the importance of immediate and proper treatment, the gap in the current management of PD with special emphasis on pharmacotherapy, and evidence regarding the novel anti-panic drugs including the drugs in developments such as metabotropic glutamate (mGlu 2/3) agonist and levetiracetam. Preliminary results suggest the anti-panic properties and the efficacy of duloxetine, reboxetine, mirtazapine, nefazodone, risperidone and inositol as a monotherapy drug. Apart for their effectiveness, the aforementioned compounds were generally well tolerated compared to the standard available pharmacotherapy drugs, indicating their potential therapeutic usefulness for ambivalent and hypervigilance patient. Further strong clinical trials will provide an ample support to these novel compounds as an alternative monotherapy for PD treatment-resistant patient.
Antidepressive Agents ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Drug Therapy ; Duloxetine Hydrochloride ; Early Diagnosis ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Inositol ; Panic Disorder ; Panic ; Quality of Life ; Recurrence ; Risperidone ; Suicide

PURPOSE: To identify risk factors for interstitial cystitis (IC), a chronic bladder disorder that may have a significant detrimental impact on quality of life, in the general population and in individuals with depression. METHODS: This was a comparative study using a US claims database. Adults who had records of a visit to the health system in 2010 or later were included. The outcome was the development of IC within 2 years after the index date. The index date for the general population was the first outpatient visit, and for individuals with depression, it was the date of the diagnosis of depression. IC was defined using the concepts of ulcerative and IC. We included all medical conditions present any time prior to the index visit as potential risk factors. RESULTS: The incidence of IC was higher in individuals with depression than in the general population. Of the 3,973,000 subjects from the general population, 2,293 (0.06%) developed IC within 2 years. Of the 249,200 individuals with depression, 320 (0.13%) developed IC. The characteristics of the individuals who developed IC were similar in both populations. Those who developed IC were slightly older, more likely to be women, and had more chronic pain conditions, malaise, and inflammatory disorders than patients without IC. In the general population, subjects who developed IC were more likely to have mood disorders, anxiety, and hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of IC was higher in individuals with depression. Subjects who developed IC had more chronic pain conditions, depression, malaise, and inflammatory disorders.
Adult ; Anxiety ; Chronic Pain ; Cystitis, Interstitial ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; Incidence ; Inflammation ; Mood Disorders ; Outpatients ; Quality of Life ; Risk Factors ; Ulcer ; Urinary Bladder

BACKGROUND: For diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is one of the most widely used structured diagnostic interviews. METHODS: In this study, we aimed to develop and validate the Korean version of CAPS for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition ([DSM-5] K-CAPS-5). Seventy-one subjects with PTSD, 74 with mood disorder or anxiety disorder, and 99 as healthy controls were enrolled. The Korean version of the structured clinical interview for DSM-5-research version was used to assess the convergent validity of K-CAPS-5. BDI-II, BAI, IES-R, and STAI was used to evaluate the concurrent validity. RESULTS: All subjects completed various psychometric assessments including K-CAPS-5. K-CAPS-5 presented good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.92) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.91). K-CAPS-5 showed strong correlations with the structured clinical interview for DSM-5 PTSD (k = 0.893). Among the three subject groups listed above there were significant differences in the K-CAPS-5 total score. The data were best explained by a six-factor model. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated the good reliability and validity of K-CAPS-5 and its suitability for use as a simple but structured instrument for PTSD assessment.
Anxiety Disorders ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Mood Disorders ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

BACKGROUND: Two hundred and fifty 11th grade students and teachers from Danwon High School drowned, during a school trip, in the Sewol Ferry Disaster. The goal of this study was to investigate the experiences of the psychiatrists who volunteered and provided psychiatric services to the students at Danwon High School. METHODS: From the second day to the 138th day after the disaster, pro bono psychiatrists provided post-disaster interventions to the 10th and 12th-grade Danwon High School students who did not attend the trip. Officially, 167 psychiatrists conducted outreach in approximately 550 encounters. The study questionnaires were distributed retrospectively to psychiatric volunteers who conducted outreach at Danwon High School. We surveyed the pro bono psychiatrists about their experiences, including the students' chief complaints, psychiatric problems, clinical diagnoses, and psychiatrists' treatment recommendations. RESULTS: We reached 72 (43.1%) of the 167 volunteers, and they reported on 212 (38.6%) of the 550 encounters. The common chief complaints were mental health problems, companion problems, and family problems. The most frequent psychiatric symptoms were anxiety (76.89%), depressive mood (51.42%), and concentration difficulty (50.94%). The most frequent clinical diagnoses of the students were normal reaction (41.04%), acute stress disorder (24.53%), adjustment disorder (17.92%), anxiety disorders (9.43%), and posttraumatic stress disorder (6.60%). More than half of the students needed “additional counseling/therapy” (41.04%) or “referral to psychiatric treatment” (14.15%). CONCLUSION: During the acute aftermath of the Sewol Ferry Disaster, volunteer psychiatrists were able to provide services. These services included psychiatric assessments, crisis counseling, psychological first aid, and referrals for ongoing care. More than half of the students were perceived to have a psychiatric diagnosis, and a substantial proportion of students needed further treatment. Future research should focus on the short- and long-term effects of psychiatric interventions and the characterization of post-disaster mental health needs and service provision patterns.
Adjustment Disorders ; Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Counseling ; Diagnosis ; Disasters ; First Aid ; Friends ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Mental Health ; Psychiatry ; Referral and Consultation ; Retrospective Studies ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute ; Volunteers

According to the American College of Rheumatology classification, lupus erythematosus has five psychiatric manifestations, including cognitive dysfunction, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, psychosis, and acute confusional state, which are frequently accompanied by other symptoms. Cognitive dysfunction is the most common psychiatric manifestation in lupus patients with a prevalence rate ranging from 20% to 80%. The expression of psychiatric manifestations has been considered to be associated with disease activity, side effects of medications, and/or psychosocial stresses from the chronicity of lupus, but this has not been fully understood. Appropriate management of psychiatric symptoms is essential as it affects treatment adherence and quality of life. This review aimed to facilitate understanding of psychiatric manifestations of lupus through literature review on the prevalence, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatments of each psychiatric symptom.
Anxiety Disorders ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Mental Disorders ; Mood Disorders ; Prevalence ; Psychotic Disorders ; Quality of Life ; Rheumatology