OBJECTIVE: To investigate a new noninvasive diagnostic model for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) based on features of tongue images. METHODS: Healthy controls and volunteers confirmed to have NAFLD by liver ultrasound were recruited from China-Japan Friendship Hospital between September 2018 and May 2019, then the anthropometric indexes and sampled tongue images were measured. The tongue images were labeled by features, based on a brief protocol, without knowing any other clinical data, after a series of corrections and data cleaning. The algorithm was trained on images using labels and several anthropometric indexes for inputs, utilizing machine learning technology. Finally, a logistic regression algorithm and a decision tree model were constructed as 2 diagnostic models for NAFLD. RESULTS: A total of 720 subjects were enrolled in this study, including 432 patients with NAFLD and 288 healthy volunteers. Of them, 482 were randomly allocated into the training set and 238 into the validation set. The diagnostic model based on logistic regression exhibited excellent performance: in validation set, it achieved an accuracy of 86.98%, sensitivity of 91.43%, and specificity of 80.61%; with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.98]. The decision tree model achieved an accuracy of 81.09%, sensitivity of 91.43%, and specificity of 66.33%; with an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI 0.66-0.92) in validation set. CONCLUSIONS The features of tongue images were associated with NAFLD. Both the 2 diagnostic models, which would be convenient, noninvasive, lightweight, rapid, and inexpensive technical references for early screening, can accurately distinguish NAFLD and are worth further study.
Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnostic imaging* ; Ultrasonography ; Anthropometry ; Algorithms ; China

Objective: To determine a normative value for the nasopharyngeal depth from the anterior nasal spine (ND-ANS) among normal adult Filipinos using Computed Tomography scans. Methods: Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Tertiary National University Hospital. Participants: Of 516 adult patients that underwent facial, neck and temporal bone CT scans in our hospital between January 1 to June 30, 2019, 100 cases were randomized to be included in the study and 91 CT scans were analyzed. Results: The mean nasopharyngeal depth from the anterior nasal spine among Filipino adults is 7.17 ± 0.42. There was a significant difference between sexes with a mean measurement of 7.23 cm ± 0.44 in males and 7.09 ± 0.37 cm in females. There was no statistically significant difference in mean nasopharyngeal depth across age groups. Conclusion A statistically significant difference was observed between sexes in our study sample. Our study provides initial normative values of nasopharyngeal depth among adult Filipinos, and additional studies may use this as a basis for further research.
Nasopharynx ; Adult ; Anthropometry

Virility and sexual pleasure have long been associated with penile size and this, in turn, has typically been linked to some anthropometric measurements, such as foot size or height, leading to various misconceptions from both men and women. Our intention is to estimate penile size parameters in Argentina and evaluate the correlation between penile size and certain anthropometric measurements. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter, and observational study. Male patients who underwent a urological procedure were included in four hospitals located in different regions of the country. Different anthropometric measurements were obtained: height, weight, penile circumference, flaccid and stretched length, and foot length. A total of 800 patients were evaluated. Mean left foot was 26.4 cm. Mean flaccid penile length was 11.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-14) cm, and mean penile circumference was 10.1 (95% CI: 8-12) cm. Finally, mean stretched penis was 15.2 (95% CI: 11-18.5) cm. We can confirm that estimates of the average penile measurements in Argentina are flaccid penis length of 11.4 cm, penile circumference of 10.1 cm, and stretching the penis to the maximum in flaccidity of 15.2 cm. Correlations between flaccid penis length, stretched out, penile circumference, height, weight, and length of the left foot were evaluated, finding low or no correlation between those mentioned, except for flaccid and stretched length.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Prospective Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Anthropometry ; Penis ; Body Height ; Reference Values

Background: Access to nutritious food among the nutritionally at risk preschool children remains a challenge even in urban households in the Philippines. Objectives: This study determined if the daily consumption of rice-soy meals for 120 days improved the anthropometric status of preschool children enrolled in selected child development centers in low-income barangay in Taguig City. Specifically, it determined if the proportion of underweight preschool children decreased at endline and if there was an increase in the weight of preschool children at endline. Methodology: The study used the before and after study design. The Dietary Supplementation Program was implemented by the LGU’s day care teachers. An NGO supplied the rice-soy meal packs. The children were fed with different variants of rice-soy meal pack containing 23 essential micronutrients. Anthropometric measurements were taken before and after 120 days. Data were subjected to Mc Nemar’s test to determine changes in the children’s nutritional status. Results: A total of 538 children were enrolled in the DSP. Results of Mc Nemar's test showed that there was a significant improvement in the nutritional status (weight-for-age) of underweight preschool children (p=0.0000001) while the paired t-test showed that the increase in the weight of preschool children after the 120 day-dietary supplementation program was extremely statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion The daily feeding improved the weight of the undernourished children but overweight children maintained their overweight status at endline. The DSP Guidelines should include feeding mechanism for overweight children. The DSP complementary components should also be assessed in improving household food security.
Anthropometry

BACKGROUND: There is no normative craniofacial anthropometric data for the Kenyan-African population. The purpose of this investigation was to determine normative anthropometric craniofacial measurements and proportional relationships for Kenyans of African descent and to compare the data with African Americans (AA), North American Whites (NAW), and neoclassical canons. METHODS: Twenty-five direct facial anthropometric measurements, and 4 angular measurements, were taken on 72 Kenyan-African participants (age range 18–30 years) recruited at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The data were compared with AA and NAW populations, and neoclassical canons. Descriptive statistics of the variables were computed for the study population. RESULTS: Significant differences between both Kenyan males and females were detected in forehead height (~ 5 mm greater for males, ~ 4.5 mm for females), nasal height (reduced by ~ 4 mm in males, ~ 3 mm in females), nasal width (8–9 mm greater), upper lip height (> 3 mm), and eye width (greater by ~ 3 mm) compared to NAW subjects. All vertical measurements obtained were significantly different compared with NAW. Differences were observed in comparison with AA subjects, but less marked. Mouth width was similar in all groups. Angular measurements were variable. Neoclassical canons did not apply to the Kenyan population. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric measurements of NAW showed clear differences when compared with the Kenyan population, and variations exist with comparative AA data. The anthropometric data in terms of linear measurements, angular measurements, and proportional values described may serve as a database for facial analysis in the Kenyan-African population.
African Americans ; Anthropometry ; Female ; Forehead ; Humans ; Kenya ; Lip ; Male ; Mouth

BACKGROUND: After closed reduction, patients are sometimes concerned that their external nasal shapes have changed. The aim of this study was to investigate and explain changes in nasal shape after surgery through objective photogrammetric anthropometry measurements taken through three-dimensional (3D) reformed computed tomography (CT) images. METHODS: Our study included 100 Korean patients who underwent closed reduction of isolated nasal bone fracture from January 2016 to June 2017. Using the ruler tool in Adobe Photoshop CS3, we measured preoperative and postoperative nasal base heights, long nostril axis lengths, both nasal alar angles, and amount of nasal deviation through the 3D reformation of soft tissue via CT scans. We then compared the dimension of nose. RESULTS: The amount of postoperative correction for nasal base height was 1.192 mm. The differences in nostril length between each side were found to be 0.333 mm preoperatively and 0.323 mm postoperatively. The differences in the nasal alar angle between each side was 1.382° preoperatively and 1.043° postoperatively. The amount of nasal deviation was found to be 5.248 mm preoperatively and 1.024 mm in postoperatively. CONCLUSION: After the reduction of nasal bone fractures, changes in nasal dimensions were noticeable in terms of nasal deviation but less significant in nasal tips, except for changes in nasal alar angles, which were notable.
Anthropometry ; Humans ; Nasal Bone ; Nose ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is one of important herbal foods in traditional medicine and many studies have conducted to show the effects of this plant on several diseases. The goal of this study was the evaluation of effects of bread with N. Sativa on clinical parameters such as blood glucose, blood pressure (BP) and anthropometry indices in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). A study as double-blind, cross-over, randomized clinical trial was performed in 51 MetS patients in Chalus, north region of Iran. After dividing of patients randomly in 2 groups, in phase 1, intervention group (A, n = 27) used daily a bread with N. sativa and control group (B, n = 24) used the same bread but without N. sativa for 2 months. After considering of 15 day wash out period, phase 2 was began with changing of position of 2 groups. Measuring of parameters including fasting blood glucose (FBG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) was done before and after of 2 phases. After evaluation of treatment, sequence and time effects of intervention on parameters, it is shown that consumption of this bread has not significant treatment effect (as main effect) on FBG, SBP, DBP, WC, weight, and BMI (p > 0.05). Sequence effect on FBG, weight, WC, and BMI was significant (p < 0.05), but was not on BP. Time effect was only significant for DBP. Consumption of bread with N. sativa in MetS patients has not significant effect on FBG, BP, weight, WC, and BMI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: IRCT2015041821815N1
Anthropometry ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Bread ; Fasting ; Humans ; Iran ; Medicine, Traditional ; Nigella sativa ; Nigella ; Plants ; Waist Circumference

Pediatric malnutrition is an enormous health issue all around the world and its distribution is different in distinct areas of a country. This study has been designed to report the anthropometric status and some socio-economic factors among 2–5 years old children from Golestan province of Iran to show a better view of pediatric health status and better planning for future actions. This study was carried out by clustered-randomized sampling method on 1,382 of 2–5 years old children in urban and rural areas of Golestan province. Anthropometric measurements were performed and World Health Organization child growth standards were used for further analyses. The prevalence of stunting in boys and girls were 7.4% and 7.5% in urban and 4.1% and 5.4% in rural areas. The prevalence of underweight in boys and girls were 6.9% and 4.7% in urban and 5.7% and 4.4% in rural areas. The prevalence of subjects being at risk for overweight were 17.8% and 11.7% in boys and girls, respectively, in urban areas and were 11.1% and 9.2% in rural areas, respectively. There was a marginally significant difference between urban boys and girls in terms of weight status (p = 0.067). In this study remarkably high prevalence of malnutrition, especially a high dominance of overweight, was reported in Golestan province of Iran. Follow-up investigation to identify the cause of malnutrition and to establish public health policies are needed to revise these health issues in Golestan province of Iran.
Anthropometry ; Child Nutrition Disorders ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Growth Disorders ; Humans ; Iran ; Malnutrition ; Methods ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Thinness ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether low calf circumference (CC) could predict nutritional risk and the cutoff values of CC for predicting nutritional risk in hospitalized patients aged ⪖ 80 years. METHODS: A total of 1,234 consecutive patients aged ⪖ 80 years were enrolled in this study. On admission, demographic data, CC, and laboratory parameters were obtained. Patients with Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) total score ⪖ 3 were considered as having nutritional risk. RESULTS: CC values were significantly lower in patients with nutritional risk compared to those in patients without nutritional risk [27.00 (24.50-31.00) vs. 31.00 (29.00-33.50], P < 0.001]. CC was negatively correlated with age and nutritional risk scores. Logistic regression analysis of nutritional risk revealed that body mass index, albumin level, hemoglobin level, cerebral infarction, neoplasms, and CC (OR, 0.897; 95% confidence interval, 0.856-0.941; P < 0.001) were independent impact factors of nutritional risk. Nutritional risk scores increased with a decrease in CC. In men, the best CC cutoff value for predicting nutritional risk according to the NRS-2002 was 29.75 cm. In women, the cutoff value was 28.25 cm. CONCLUSION CC is a simple, noninvasive, and valid anthropometric measure to predict nutritional risk for hospitalized patients aged ⪖ 80 years.
Aged, 80 and over ; Anthropometry ; methods ; China ; Female ; Hospitalization ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Leg ; anatomy & histology ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Risk Assessment ; methods

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the combined effects of a high body shape index (ABSI) and a high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level on the incidence of ischemic stroke in a Mongolian population in China. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted among 2,589 participants from June 2002 to July 2012 in Inner Mongolia, China. The participants were categorized into 4 groups according to their level of ABSI and CRP. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ischemic stroke among all groups. RESULTS: The multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke for high ABSI and high CRP level were 1.46 (0.89-2.39) and 1.63 (0.95-2.79), respectively. Compared with the low ABSI/low CRP level group, the multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke in the low ABSI/high CRP, high ABSI/low CRP, and high ABSI/high CRP groups were 1.04 (0.46-2.35), 1.06 (0.58-1.95) and 2.52 (1.27-5.00), respectively. The HR of ischemic stroke for the high ABSI/high CRP level group was the highest and most statistically significant. CONCLUSION We found that participants with simultaneously high ABSI and high CRP levels had the highest risk of ischemic stroke in the Mongolian population. Our findings suggest that the combination of high ABSI and high CRP levels may increase the risk of ischemic stroke.
Adult ; Aged ; Anthropometry ; Brain Ischemia ; epidemiology ; etiology ; C-Reactive Protein ; metabolism ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mongolia ; ethnology ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; etiology