OBJECTIVE: To clarify the intervention guidance of return to sports WeChat applet and evaluate the rehabilitation effectiveness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS: Between September 2020 and September 2022, 80 patients who met the selection criteria and underwent ACL anatomical single bundle reconstruction were selected as the research objects. According to the double-blind random method, they were divided into the applet group and the regular group, with 40 cases in each group. Patients in the applet group were rehabilitated under the guidance of the return to sports WeChat applet, and the patients were asked to perform the test once a month after operation, including patients' subjective scores [Tegner score, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, American Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score], psychological assessment [ACL recovery sports injury scale (ACL-RSI) score], jumping test, balance test, bending angle test. Patients in the regular group were followed up by doctors and nurses regularly by telephone every month. All the patients were reexamined at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after operation, and the range of motion of the knee joint with 6 degrees of freedom (flexion and extension angle, varus and valgus angle, internal and external rotation angle, anteroposterior displacement, superior and inferior displacement, and internal and external displacement) recorded by Opti_Knee three-dimensional knee joint motion measurement gait analysis system was observed. The anterior tibial translation difference (ATTD) was measured by Ligs knee measuring instrument when a forward thrust of 120 N was applied to the posterior part of the proximal tibia. Tegner score, IKDC score, KOOS score (including KOOS-Pain score, KOOS-Symptoms score, KOOS-Activities of daily living score, KOOS-Sport score, and KOOS-Quality of life score), HSS score, ACL-RSI score, jumping ability, balance ability, patients' satisfaction with the rehabilitation process, and ACL healing grading according to ACL continuity and signal intensity shown by MRI. RESULTS: There were significant differences in various indicators between different time points after operation in the two groups ( P<0.05). At 3 months after operation, except that the ACL-RSI score of the applet group was significantly higher than that of the regular group ( P<0.05), there was no significant difference in the other indicators between the two groups ( P>0.05). At 6 months after operation, the ACL-RSI score, IKDC score, Tegner score, KOOS scores of different items, HSS score, balance and jumping ability of the applet group were significantly higher than those of the regular group ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the other indicators between the two groups ( P>0.05). At 9 months after operation, there was no significant difference in all indicators between the two groups ( P>0.05). At 12 months after operation, 27 cases (67.5%) in the applet group and 21 cases (52.5%) in the regular group returned to sport, with a significant difference of the return to sports incidence between the two groups [ RR(95% CI)=1.50 (1.00, 2.25), P=0.049]. In the applet group, 27 cases were very satisfied with the rehabilitation process, 10 cases were satisfied, 2 cases were basically satisfied, and 1 case was not satisfied, while 19, 13, 5, and 3 cases in the regular group, respectively. The satisfaction degree of the applet group was significantly better than that of the regular group ( P=0.049). MRI examination of the two groups showed that the ACL was continuous without secondary rupture or necrosis. The ACL healing grade of the applet group was 31 cases of grade 1 and 9 cases of grade 2, and that of the regular group was 28 cases of grade 1 and 12 cases of grade 2, there was no significant difference in ACL healing grade between the two groups ( P=0.449). CONCLUSION The application of return to sports WeChat applet in the rehabilitation of patients after ACL reconstruction can significantly reduce the fear of return to sports and improve the rate of return to sports. The return to sports WeChat applet is convenient to operate, with high utilization rate and high patient compliance, which significantly improves the satisfaction.
Humans ; Activities of Daily Living ; Quality of Life ; Return to Sport ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: To review the studies about the tibial-graft fixation methods on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, in order to provide clinical reference. METHODS: The literature about the tibial-graft fixation methods on ACL reconstruction at home and abroad was extensively reviewed, and the factors that affect the selection of fixation methods were summarized. RESULTS: The knee flexion angle, graft tension, and graft fixation device are mainly considered when the tibial-graft was fixed on ACL reconstruction. At present, the graft is mainly fixed at 0°/30° of knee flexion. The study shows that the knee joint is more stable after fixed at 30°, while the incidence of knee extension limitation decrease after fixed at 0°. In terms of graft tension, a good effectiveness can be obtained when the tension level is close to 90 N or the knee flexion is 30° to recover the affected knee over-restrained 2 mm relative to the healthy knee. In terms of the graft device, the interference screw is still the most commonly used method of tibial-graft fixation, with the development of all-inside ACL reconstruction in recent years, the cortical button fixation may become the mainstream. CONCLUSION Arthroscopic reconstruction is the main treatment of ACL rupture at present. However, there is no optimal fixation method for the tibial-graft, the advantages and disadvantages of each fixation methods need to be further studied.
Humans ; Tibia/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Bone Screws

OBJECTIVE: To review the bioactive strategies that enhance tendon graft healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and to provide insights for improving the therapeutic outcomes of ACLR. METHODS: The domestic and foreign literature related to the bioactive strategies for promoting the healing of tendon grafts after ACLR was extensively reviewed and summarized. RESULTS: At present, there are several kinds of bioactive materials related to tendon graft healing after ACLR: growth factors, cells, biodegradable implants/tissue derivatives. By constructing a complex interface simulating the matrix, environment, and regulatory factors required for the growth of native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the growth of transplanted tendons is regulated at different levels, thus promoting the healing of tendon grafts. Although the effectiveness of ACLR has been significantly improved in most studies, most of them are still limited to the early stage of animal experiments, and there is still a long way to go from the real clinical promotion. In addition, limited by the current preparation technology, the bionics of the interface still stays at the micron and millimeter level, and tends to be morphological bionics, and the research on the signal mechanism pathway is still insufficient. CONCLUSION With the further study of ACL anatomy, development, and the improvement of preparation technology, the research of bioactive strategies to promote the healing of tendon grafts after ACLR is expected to be further promoted.
Animals ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction ; Tendons/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical features, surgical methods, and prognosis of bucket-handle meniscal tears (BHMTs), and provide guidance for clinical treatment. METHODS: The clinical data of 91 BHMTs patients (91 knees), who met the selection criteria and were admitted between January 2015 and January 2021, was retrospectively analyzed. There were 68 males and 23 females. Age ranged from 16 to 58 years with an average of 34.4 years. The injury was caused by sports in 68 cases, traffic accident in 15 cases, and falls or sprains in 8 cases. There were 49 cases of left knee injury and 42 cases of right knee injury. The time from the onset of symptoms to the admission ranged from 1 day to 13 months (median, 18 days), including >1 month in 35 cases and ≤1 month in 56 cases. Medial BHMTs occurred in 52 cases and lateral BHMTs in 39 cases. There were 36 cases with ACL rupture and 12 cases with discoid meniscus. The knee extension was limited more than 10° in 55 cases. According to the condition of meniscus injury, the meniscus suture with Inside-out combined with All-inside techniques (54 cases) or meniscoplasty (37 cases) under arthroscopy were selected. ACL reconstruction was performed in all patients with ACL rupture with autogenous hamstring tendon. Postoperative complications were observed. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lysholm score, and Tegner score were used to evaluate knee function, and clinical failure was recorded. RESULTS: Two patients developed intermuscular venous thrombosis, which improved after oral anticoagulant therapy. No vascular injury, postoperative infection, joint stiffness, or other complications occurred in all patients. All patients were followed up 24-95 months, with a median of 64 months. A total of 12 cases (13.19%) failed the operation and were re-operated or given oral anti-inflammatory analgesics and rehabilitation therapy. At last follow-up, IKDC score and Lysholm score of 91 patients significantly increased when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05), while Tegner score significantly decreased ( P<0.05). The above indexes of patients treated with meniscus suture and meniscoplasty were also significantly different from those before operation ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION BHMTs occurs mostly in young men and is one of the important reasons for the limitation of knee extension after trauma. Arthroscopic meniscus suture and meniscoplasty can obtain good effectiveness according to individual conditions of patients. But the latter can better preserve the shape and function of meniscus, and theoretically can obtain better long-term outcomes, which needs to be confirmed by further research with larger sample size.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Retrospective Studies ; Meniscus ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Menisci, Tibial/surgery* ; Knee Injuries/diagnosis* ; Rupture ; Tibial Meniscus Injuries/surgery* ; Arthroscopy/methods* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of arthroscopic multi-point fixation with anchor and suture in the treatment of tibial insertion avulsion fracture of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) involving the anterior root of lateral meniscus (LM). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 28 patients with tibial insertion avulsion fracture of ACL involving the anterior root of LM who were treated with arthroscopic multi-point fixation with anchor and suture between October 2017 and January 2023. There were 12 males and 16 females with the mean age of 26 years (range, 13-57 years). There were 20 cases of sports injury and 8 cases of traffic accident injury. In 2 cases of old fracture, the time from injury to operation was 45 days and 90 days, respectively; in 26 cases of fresh fracture, the time from injury to operation was 3-20 days (mean, 6.7 days). According to the Meyers-McKeever classification, there were 4 cases of type Ⅱ, 11 cases of type Ⅲ, and 13 cases of type Ⅳ. The preoperative Lysholm knee function score was 42.1±9.0, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score was 40.0±7.3, and the Tegner score was 0.7±0.7. RESULTS: All operations were successfully completed, and the incisions healed by first intention. All the 28 patients were followed up 5-60 months (mean, 20.4 months). During the follow-up, there was nocomplication such as infection, vascular or nerve injury, loosening or breakage of internal fixator, or stiffness of knee joint. Postoperative X-ray films showed satisfactory fracture reduction and firm fixation. All fractures healed clinically, and the healing time was 8-16 weeks (mean, 10.3 weeks). At last follow-up, Lachman test and anterior drawer test were negative. At last follow-up, Lysholm knee function score was 92.4±5.5, IKDC score was 91.6±4.4, and Tegner score was 5.2±1.1, which significantly improved when compared with preoperative scores ( t=-22.899, P<0.001; t=-29.870, P<0.001; t=-19.979, P<0.001). CONCLUSION Multi-point fixation with anchor and suture in the treatment of tibial insertion avulsion fracture of ACL involving the anterior root of LM can not only fix the LM, but also effectively reduce and fix the avulsion fracture, which can obtain good effectiveness.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery* ; Menisci, Tibial/surgery* ; Fractures, Avulsion/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Arthroscopy ; Tibial Fractures/surgery* ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Sutures ; Suture Techniques

Posterior tibial slope angle (PTSA) is a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and has attracted a lot of attention, but its mechanism of action and diagnosis are still not systematically studied in the field of sports medicine. In this paper, we believe that PTSA should be measured by full-length lower extremity films and combined with multiple imaging data for comprehensive assessment to reduce errors. A large PTSA may increases risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury, so patients with more than 12 degrees of PTSA should be treated by preserving meniscus as much as possible during ACL reconstruction and combining with tibial osteotomy if necessary, which could effectively prevent risk of ligament re-injury. At the same time, gait analysis has an important reference value for preoperative pathogenic pattern and postoperative rehabilitation function, so the author believes that it will have a guiding significance for the development of individualized rehabilitation strategy based on PTSA, in order to achieve the best treatment effect.
Humans ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery* ; Tibia/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Lower Extremity

Humans ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of femoral I.D.E.A.L localization in single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS: From January 2019 to October 2022, 122 patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury were treated with ACLR, including 83 males and 39 females. The age ranged from 23 to 43 years old, with an average of (32.19 ±8.55) years old. The course of disease ranged from 1 week to 6 months. According to the different surgical schemes, the patients were divided into two groups, namely the traditional group, which adopted the over-the-top femoral lateral positioning scheme, including 64 patients. The I.D.E.A.L group adopted the I.D.E.A.L femoral lateral positioning scheme, including 58 patients. The patient has pain and dysfunction of knee joint before operation. MRI of knee joint indicates anterior cruciate ligament injury. The visual analogue scale(VAS), International Knee Documentation Committee(IKDC) scoring system and Lysholm scoring system were used to evaluate the knee joint function of the patient. KT-2000 was used to detect the recovery of knee joint after operation and to count the postoperative complications. RESULTS: The wounds healed well after operation. One hundred and twenty-tow patients were followed up for 15 to 46 months, with an average of (25.45±9.22) months. The knee joint stability of patients after operation was significantly increased. The VAS at 1 day and 1 week after operation of patients in the I.D.E.A.L group was significantly lower than that in the traditional group(P<0.05). The IKDC score and Lysholm score of patients in the I.D.E.A.L group were significantly higher than those in the traditional group(P<0.05). In the traditional group, there were 6 cases of short-term (<1 month) complications and 19 cases of long-term (≥1 month)complicatios. In the I.D.E.A.L group, there were 3 cases of short-term complications and 7cases of long-term complications(P<0.05). CONCLUSION The single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and femoral I.D.E.A.L positioning can achieve better early postoperative effect and reduce early postoperative pain.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: To study the corretation between the cross-sectional area of hamstring tenden measured by MRI and gragt in anterior cruciate ligament rexonstruction. METHODS: MRI data of 50 patients who planned to undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction from November 2021 to March 2022 were collected, including 32 males and 18 females, aged from 19 to 48 years old with an average of(31.1±8.7) years. Before the operation, the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons were measured and recorded by MRI, and then the anterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed under arthroscope. During the operation, gracilis and semitendinosus tendons were taken to prepare the final tendon to be transplanted, and the diameter of the prepared final graft was measured during the operation. Finally, the data were analyzed by statistical software. RESULTS: The cross sectional areas of semitendinosus tendon, gracilis tendon, semitendinosus tendon and gracilis tendon measured by MRI were significantly and positively correlated with the diameter of grafts required in anterior cruciate ligament surgery, the r values were 0.858, 0.728, 0.842(P<0.001), respectively. The area under curre (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of the sum of the cross sectional areas of semitendinosus tendon and gracilis tendon were 0.925, 90.48%, and 85.71%, respectively. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, preoperative MRI measurement has a strong statistical correlation with the diameter of hamstring muscle transplantation during operation. The sum of the cross sectional areas of semitendinosus tendon and gracilis tendon has a high predictive value for the diameter of grafts during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and can predict the size of grafts during operation.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Hamstring Tendons/transplantation* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: To explore application value and effectiveness of virtual reality technology combined with isokinetic muscle strength training in the rehabilitation of patients after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. METHODS: Forty patients who underwent ACL reconstruction surgery from December 2021 to January 2023 were selected and divided into control group and observation group according to treatment methods, 20 patients in each group. Control group was received routine rehabilitation training combined with isokinetic muscle strength training, including 15 males and 5 females, aged from 17 to 44 years old, with an average of (29.10±8.60) years old. Observation group was performed virtual reality technology combined with isokinetic muscle strength training, including 16 males and 4 females, aged from 17 to 45 years old with an average of (30.95±9.11) years old. Lysholm knee joint score, knee extension peak torque, and knee flexion peak torque between two groups at 12 (before training) and 16 weeks (after training) after surgery were compared. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 1 to 6 months with an average of (3.30±1.42) months. There were no statistically significant difference in Lysholm knee joint score, peak knee extension peak torque, and peak knee flexion peak torque between two groups (P>0.05) before training. After training, Lysholm knee joint score, knee extension peak torque, and knee flexion peak torque of both groups were improved compared to before training (P<0.05);there were significant difference in Lysholm knee joint score, knee extension peak torque, and knee flexion peak torque between two groups(P<0.05). CONCLUSION The application of virtual reality technology combined with isokinetic muscle strength training could promote recovery of knee joint function and enhance muscle strength in patients after ACL reconstruction surgery in further.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Resistance Training ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/methods* ; Knee Injuries/surgery* ; Muscle Strength/physiology*