Neurofeedback (NF) technology based on electroencephalogram (EEG) data or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely studied and applied. In contrast, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has become a new technique in NF research in recent years. fNIRS is a neuroimaging technology based on hemodynamics, which has the advantages of low cost, good portability and high spatial resolution, and is more suitable for use in natural environments. At present, there is a lack of comprehensive review on fNIRS-NF technology (fNIRS-NF) in China. In order to provide a reference for the research of fNIRS-NF technology, this paper first describes the principle, key technologies and applications of fNIRS-NF, and focuses on the application of fNIRS-NF. Finally, the future development trend of fNIRS-NF is prospected and summarized. In conclusion, this paper summarizes fNIRS-NF technology and its application, and concludes that fNIRS-NF technology has potential practicability in neurological diseases and related fields. fNIRS can be used as a good method for NF training. This paper is expected to provide reference information for the development of fNIRS-NF technology.
Neurofeedback/methods* ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods* ; Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Technology

Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a revolutionizing human-computer Interaction, which is developing towards the direction of intelligent brain-computer interaction and brain-computer intelligent integration. However, the practical application of BCI is facing great challenges. The maturity of BCI technology has not yet reached the needs of users. The traditional design method of BCI needs to be improved. It is necessary to pay attention to BCI human factors engineering, which plays an important role in narrowing the gap between research and practical application, but it has not attracted enough attention and has not been specifically discussed in depth. Aiming at BCI human factors engineering, this article expounds the design requirements (from users), design ideas, objectives and methods, as well as evaluation indexes of BCI with the human-centred-design. BCI human factors engineering is expected to make BCI system design under different use conditions more in line with human characteristics, abilities and needs, improve the user satisfaction of BCI system, enhance the user experience of BCI system, improve the intelligence of BCI, and make BCI move towards practical application.
Brain ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Electroencephalography ; Ergonomics ; Humans ; User-Computer Interface

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of external diaphragm pacing on the prevention of ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) in rabbits and its mechanism.Methods:Eighty-five New Zealand white rabbits were randomly (random number) divided into the blank control group (BC, n=5), spontaneous breathing group (SB, n=20), volume control ventilation group (VC, n=20), external diaphragm pacing group (EDP, n=20), external diaphragm pacing and volume control ventilation group (EDP+ VC, n=20). After successful modeling, the rabbits in each group were treated accordingly except for the BC group. Rabbitss in the BC group were not mechanically ventilated, and the diaphragm was removed immediately after anesthetizing. Whole diaphragms of 5 rabbits per time point per other group were also collected after anesthesia at post treatment hour (PTH) 6 and on post treatment day (PTD) 1, 3, and 7. Diaphragm weight/body weight and diaphragm isometric contractile force of each group were measured. The pathological changes of diaphragmatic tissues were observed by HE staining. The protein expressions of Cyt c, RyR1, caspase-3, and p-mTORC1 were measured by Western blot. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used for the comparison between multiple groups of variables at different time points, and LSD- t test was used for the further comparison between two groups at the same time point, a P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:Compared with the BC group, the VC group showed diaphragmatic pathological changes conformed to VIDD: DW/BW was decreased obviously; HE staining revealed obvious changes in diaphragmatic tissue; Diaphragmatic contractility was also significantly decreased; The expression of Cyt c and caspase-3 were increased while the expression of RyR1 and p-mTORC1 were decreased gradually with the extension of treatment time ( P<0.05). Compared the EDP+VC group with the VC group, with the extension of treatment time, DW, DW/BW, pathological damages and diaphragmatic contractility were improved [PTD 1: (0.80±0.05)kg vs (0.56±0.04) kg, PTD 3: (1.06±0.05) kg vs (0.47±0.03) kg, PTD 7: (1.24±0.10) kg vs (0.39±0.07) kg, all P<0.05; PTD 1: (2.05±0.54) vs (1.86±0.72), PTD 3: (2.19±0.61) vs (1.74±0.40), PTD 7: (2.46±0.62) vs (1.53±0.85), all P<0.05; PTD 1: (2.39±0.42) N/cm 2vs (1.91±0.25) N/cm 2, PTD 3: (2.57±0.62) N/cm 2vs (1.72±0.50) N/cm 2, PTD 7: (2.77±0.55) N/cm 2vs (1.54±0.33) N/cm 2, all P<0.05]. The expression of Cyt c and caspase-3 were decreased while the expression of RyR1 and p-mTORC1 were increased gradually in the EDP+VC group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:External diaphragm pacer plays a protective role in ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction, which can inhibit mitochondrial damage, reduce oxidative damage, and mitigate diaphragmatic atrophy and injury.

Objective To investigate the value of serum high sensitive C reactive protein(hs-CRP) in the risk stratification and prognosis evaluation in the patients with coronary heart disease and PCI operation.Methods One hundred and sixty-three cases of coronary heart disease and undergoing PCI in this hospital from March 2013 to September 2015 were selected and performed the coronary angiography examination before operation.Then the patients were divided into 3 groups according to the hs-CRP level.The Gensini score was used to judge the blood vessel stenosis degree.The patients were followed up within six months after surgery.The major cardiovascular events were recorded and the relationship between the hs-CRP level with the number of diseased vessels,Gensini score,MACE and other coronary heart disease risk factors was analyzed.Results Hypertension and hs-CRP level had statistically significant difference among 3 groups(P＜0.05);preoperative hs-CRP level showed positive correlation with hs-cTnT level (r =0.44,P＜ 0.001),while the hs-CRP was negatively correlated with the HDL-C level (r =-0.18,P =0.003);with the Gemini score elevation,the hs-CRP level was similarly elevated,the hs-CRP levels in the patients with severe,moderate and mild vascular stenosis evaluated by Gensini's score were(17.11±9.58),(10.02±3.59),(4.11±1.62)mg/L respectively,the difference among them had statistical significance(F=37.21,P＜0.05).Within postoperative six months,the MACE occurrence rates in 3 groups were 32.1％,52.9 ％ and 59.2 ％ respectively,the differences among the three groups were statistically significant(x2 =13.523,P =0.001),and the target lesion blood supply reconstruction rate had statistically significant difference(x2 =7.522,P =0.022).The hsCRP level was an independent risk factor of MACE occurrence(OR =2.06,95 ％ CI:1.31-3.42,P=0.005).Conclusion Serum hs-CRP is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events occurrence after PCI surgery in the patients with coronary heart disease.

Objective To analyze the curative effect of oxaliplatin combined with S-1 in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.Methods Totally 90 cases of patients with advanced colorectal cancer in Shangluo No.2 Provincial People's Hospital from January 2013 to August 2015 were divided into observation group and control group,45 cases in each group.Patients in control group were treated with oxaliplatin combined with fluorouracil,4 weeks for one cycle of treatment,and patients in observation group were treated with oxaliplatin combined with S-l,21 d for one cycle.The curative effects,adverse reactions,life quality,and one year survival rate were compared between two groups.Results After treatment,the total remission rate of observation group was higher than that of control group,and the disease control rate was lower than that of the control group,but there was no significant difference between the two groups.During the treatment,there were no significant differences in Ⅰ degree and Ⅱ degree adverse reactions between two groups;But the adverse reactions of level Ⅲ and level Ⅳ of gastrointestinal reaction,liver function damage,reduce the incidence of white blood cells in observation group were significantly lower than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups in the SF-36 scale scores.The one year survival rate of observation group was (21/45),and the survival rate of the control group after treatment was 42.22％ (19/45) in the control group,and there was no significant difference between the two groups in the one year survival rate.Conclusion Compared with oxaliplatin combined with fluorouracil,oxaliplatin combined with S-1 has equivalent efficacy and life quality,but the adverse reactions in gastrointestinal tract,liver,and marrow were better.

Objective To investigate the expression and biological value of heme oxygenase I (HO-1) in gliomas. Methods Fifty-six patients with gliomas, admitted to and accepted surgery in our hospital from January 2010 to January 2015, were chosen in our study; WHO grade I was noted in 4 patients, grade Ⅱ in 16, grade Ⅲ in 10, and grade IV in 26 patients; patients with grade I and Ⅱ were as low-grade glioma group and patients with grade Ⅲ and IV were as high-grade glioma group. The HO-1 expression in the two groups was detected by immunohistochemistry. R-langrage survival tool was used to analyze the relation between HO-1 expression and prognosis of 1107 patients with gliomas selected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Results Significant differences of HO-1 expression were observed in different grades of gliomas (P<0.05), and HO-1 high-expression rate in the high-grade gliomas (75%) was significantly higher than that in the low-grade group (30%, P<0.05). HO-1 protein expression level in the high-grade gliomas was significantly higher than that in the low-grade group (P<0.05). Moreover, area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve was suggested that the HO-1 could be an ideal determine factor (AUC=0.747, P=0.002). Log rank analysis indicated that the accumulate survival rate in patients with low HO-1 expression was significantly higher than that in patients with high HO-1 expression (P<0.05). TCGA database analysis showed that simultaneous survival rate in patients with low HO-1 expression was significantly higher than that in patients with high HO-1 expression (P<0.05). Conclusion Expression of HO-1 is correlated with the malignant degrees and prognoses of gliomas, and it has potential to be a novel biological marker for the diagnosis and treatment of gliomas; furthermore, HO-1 could also be a target for the study and treatment of gliomas.

BACKGROUND:Herba epimedi, a traditional Chinese medicine, has a long time in dealing with various orthopedic disorders. Icarinwithmany biological activites is one of the most important compositions of Herba epimedi. OBJECTIVE:Toinvestigate the effects of icarin on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cels and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels were treated using icarin with or without osteogenic mediumin vitro. Osteogenic differentiation markers, including runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin and osterix, were detected by real time-qPCR. Alizarin red staining was used to measure calcium nodes generated by osteoblasts induced frombonemarrow mesenchymal stem cels. The proximal tibia bone structure of rats fed with icarin (2 mgperday) for 5 weeks was detected and analyzed by MicroCT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Icarin was able to promote the expression of genes related to osteogenic differentiation in the absence or presence of osteogenic induction. Icarin could obviously increase the quantity of calcium nodes whenmesenchymal stem celswere cultured in the osteogenic medium. The animal experiment showed that icarin improved formation of trabecular bone.

A large ischemic stroke caused by malignant middle cerebral artery infarction can lead to severe cerebral edema, even cerebral hernia. This condition deteriorates and progresses rapidly, usually leading to death. Due to limitations of conservative treatments, decompressive hemicraniectomy becomes a favored option in clinic. Recent years, a series of ex?perimental studies and clinical trials achieved reliable evidence that decompressive hemicraniectomy is an effective treat?ment for patients who suffer from malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. With the successful surgical procedure, most patients benefit from a reduced mortality and improved functional outcome without severe disability. Nevertheless, plenty of issues about decompressive hemicraniectomy still need to be solved. Here, we reviewed researches of early diagnosis of ma?lignant middle cerebral infarction and the application of decompressive hemicraniectomy as its treatment.

BACKGROUND:In literatures, the recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) loaded microcapsules can be fabricated by double emulsion solvent evaporation method with different organic solvents, such as methylene chloride, ethyl acetate or their mixture. But so far it is not determined yet which one is better. OBJECTIVE: To optimize the preparation method of microcapsules encapsulating rhBMP-2 and to compare the effects of different organic solvents on the microcapsules. METHODS:Polylactic acid-polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid copolymer as microcapsules was used to prepare rhBMP-2 loaded microcapsules with double emulsion solvent evaporation method. Four kinds of organic solvents, methylene chloride (group A), mixture of methylene chloride and ethyl acetate (group B), ethyl acetate (group C) and acetyl acetone (group D) were chosen as oil phases to compare their effects on microcapsule's morphology, diameter, and encapsulation efficiency. Passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels from rats were co-cultured with prepared microcapsules for 14 days, and then alkaline phosphatase activity was detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the other organic solvents, dichloromethane could cause microcapsules with the smaler and more uniform shape (4-10 microns) and the highest encapsulation efficiency; the microcapsules prepared by mixture of methylene chloride and ethyl acetate had relatively wide size distribution and moderate encapsulation efficiency; the microcapsules prepared by acetylacetone were difficult to form and keep the bioactivity of rhBMP-2. After cultured with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels for 14 days, the alkaline phosphatase activity in groups A, B and C was significantly higher than that in group D and there was no significant difference between group A and group B; the alkaline phosphatase activity in groups A and B was significantly higher than that in group C (P< 0.05). The results show the rhBMP-2-loaded microcapsules prepared by methylene chloride as organic solvent have good shape, high encapsulation efficiency, and good biological activity.