In recent years, to solve the increasingly prominent problem of the contradiction between human social development and environmental resources, artificial meat has appeared in public view more and more. Generally speaking, the artificial meat can be divided into vegetable protein meat and cell cultured meat. Among them, vegetable protein meat has gradually begun to be commercialized, and cell cultured meat is cultured with animal cells, which is more similar to the real meat. Based on the analysis of the essence of cell cultured meat, we explore the positive significance of cell cultured meat technology for the meat production industry, consumer groups, and the sustainable development of mankind in the future. From the perspective of bioethics, the research, development and production of cell cultured meat can help ensure the sustainable development of human society, improve animal welfare, reduce resource demand, improve the nutritional function of meat products, and provide new growth points for the development of other industries. In addition, the ethical risks of food safety, technology abuse and technical supervision involved in cell cultured meat production are put forward for deep consideration, hoping to provide reference for the sustainable development of artificial meat industry from the perspective of bioethics.
Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Food Safety ; Humans ; Meat ; Meat Products

Background: Undergraduate researches in universities are potential sources of useful data in medicinal plant research. In higher education institutions, many of these manuscripts remain untapped and inaccessible to researchers and scientists. If widely utilized, these can contribute in the growth of knowledge on medicinal plants. Objectives: This article aimed to catalogue the medicinal plant researches of the Bicol University – Department of Biology from 1991 to 2019, highlight significant developments, trends, and responsiveness of the research, and recommend policies to improve medicinal plant research in the next decade. Methodology: A complete list of undergraduate research titles was obtained and analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) process. Categorization of researches included the medicinal plants studied, year of study, and the biological assays conducted. The final list included two things: researches that utilized medicinal plants and those researches which tested the biological and medicinal properties of plants. Results were presented in percentages. Results: To date, 18.72% of the 865 thesis titles archived in the department are medicinal plant researches and majority of which focused on antimicrobial and toxicity studies. There were 52 plant families, 99 genera, and 114 plant species investigated. Leguminosae and Asteraceae were the most studied plant families. The years 2011-2019 were the most fruitful in terms of research completed. Conclusion Undergraduate researches can provide vital information on medicinal plants studies, especially on an institutional and regional level. It is recommended that medicinal plants research be included as a thematic area among higher education institutions, and that policies be implemented to support publication of researches.
Burseraceae ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Asteraceae ; Animal Care Committees ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Biological Assay ; Licensure

The aim of this study is to evaluate the reporting quality of animal experiments in Korea using the Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guideline developed in 2010 to overcome the reproducibility problem and to encourage compliance with replacement, refinement and reduction of animals in research (3R's principle). We reviewed 50 papers published by a Korean research group from 2013 to 2016 and scored the conformity with the 20-items ARRIVE guideline. The median conformity score was 39.50%. For more precise evaluation, the 20 items were subdivided into 57 sub-items. Among the sub-items, status of experimental animals, housing and husbandry were described under the average level. Microenvironment sub-items, such as enrichment, bedding material, cage type, number of companions, scored under 10%. Although statistical methods used for the studies were given in most publications (84%), sample size calculation and statistical assumption were rarely described. Most publications mentioned the IACUC approval, but only 8% mentioned welfare-related assessments and interventions, and only 4% mentioned any implications of experimental methods or findings for 3R. We may recommend the revision of the present IACUC proposal to collect more detailed information and improving educational program for animal researchers according to the ARRIVE guideline.
Animal Care Committees ; Animal Experimentation* ; Animals* ; Compliance ; Ethics* ; Friends ; Housing ; Humans ; Korea* ; Sample Size

As animal welfare issue becomes important, the European Union bans conventional cages for laying hens from 2012. So the alternative housing systems like floor pens, aviaries or free range systems have been suggested. From 2011 to 2014, we monitored 20 welfare-oriented laying hen farms in South Korea to figure out serological status of major viral diseases. During this period, total 3,219 blood samples were collected from the randomly selected chickens to test and evaluate the hemagglutination inhibition titers for low pathogenic avian influenza, Newcastle disease and egg drop syndrome '76. A total of 2,926 blood samples were tested through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the serological status of infectious bronchitis (IB). The distribution of ELISA titers for IB was various from almost 0 to 20,000 through the all weeks of age. Also, the antibody coefficient of variation for most of the diseases in this study was higher than those of typical cage layers. As this study was the first surveillance for major avian viral diseases of the animal welfare-oriented farms in South Korea, the results obtained from this study will help to determine what information and resources are needed to maintain better biosecurity and to improve the health and welfare of laying hen flocks.
Agriculture ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Bronchitis ; Chickens ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; European Union ; Hemagglutination ; Housing ; Influenza in Birds ; Korea ; Newcastle Disease ; Ovum ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Virus Diseases

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the diffusion tensor imaging-derived metrics are capable of differentiating the ischemic penumbra (IP) from the infarct core (IC), and determining stroke onset within the first 4.5 hours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All procedures were approved by the local animal care committee. Eight of the eleven rats having permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion were included for analyses. Using a 7 tesla magnetic resonance system, the relative cerebral blood flow and apparent diffusion coefficient maps were generated to define IP and IC, half hour after surgery and then every hour, up to 6.5 hours. Relative fractional anisotropy, pure anisotropy (rq) and diffusion magnitude (rL) maps were obtained. One-way analysis of variance, receiver operating characteristic curve and nonlinear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The evolutions of tensor metrics were different in ischemic regions (IC and IP) and topographic subtypes (cortical, subcortical gray matter, and white matter). The rL had a significant drop of 40% at 0.5 hour, and remained stagnant up to 6.5 hours. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in rL values were found between IP, IC, and normal tissue for all topographic subtypes. Optimal rL threshold in discriminating IP from IC was about -29%. The evolution of rq showed an exponential decrease in cortical IC, from -26.9% to -47.6%; an rq reduction smaller than 44.6% can be used to predict an acute stroke onset in less than 4.5 hours. CONCLUSION: Diffusion tensor metrics may potentially help discriminate IP from IC and determine the acute stroke age within the therapeutic time window.
Animal Care Committees ; Animals ; Anisotropy ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging ; Diffusion* ; Gray Matter ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; Models, Animal* ; Rats* ; ROC Curve ; Stroke

Dogs have long shared close relationships with many humans. Due to the large number of dogs in human populations, they are often involved in crimes. Occasionally, canine biological evidence such as saliva, bloodstains and hairs can be found at crime scenes. Accordingly, canine DNA can be used as forensic evidence. The use of short tandem repeat (STR) loci from biological evidence is valuable for forensic investigations. In Korea, canine STR profiling-related crimes are being successfully analyzed, leading to diverse crimes such as animal cruelty, dog-attacks, murder, robbery, and missing and abandoned dogs being solved. However, the probability of random DNA profile matches cannot be analyzed because of a lack of canine STR data. Therefore, in this study, 10 STR loci were analyzed in 600 dogs in Korea (344 dogs belonging to 30 different purebreds and 256 crossbred dogs) to estimate canine forensic genetic parameters. Among purebred dogs, a separate statistical analysis was conducted for five major subgroups, 97 Maltese, 47 Poodles, 31 Shih Tzus, 32 Yorkshire Terriers, and 25 Pomeranians. Allele frequencies, expected (Hexp) and observed heterozygosity (Hobs), fixation index (F), probability of identity (P(ID)), probability of sibling identity (P(ID)(sib)) and probability of exclusion (PE) were then calculated. The Hexp values ranged from 0.901 (PEZ12) to 0.634 (FHC2079), while the P(ID)(sib) values were between 0.481 (FHC2079) and 0.304 (PEZ12) and the P(ID)(sib) was about 3.35 × 10⁻⁵ for the combination of all 10 loci. The results presented herein will strengthen the value of canine DNA to solving dog-related crimes.
Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Crime ; DNA ; Dogs* ; Forensic Genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Hair ; Homicide ; Humans ; Korea* ; Microsatellite Repeats* ; Saliva ; Siblings

This study was performed to compare the healing quality of the allogenic acellular dermal matix (ADM) and xenogenic ADM combined with autologous split thicknessskin graft. Xenogenic ADM was obtained from two wild type pigs. Allogenic ADM was obtained from cynomolgus monkeys. ADM was stored with cryo-preservation. Full-thickness skin wounds were made on the back of two cynomolgus monkeys. In one monkey, wounds were covered by allogenic ADM combined with autologous split thickness skin graft (STSG) or autologous STSGonly. In another monkey, wounds were covered by xenogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft or autologous skin graft only. Skin healing process was observed during 2 weeks and skin biopsies were performed on 3 months after skin transplantation. We obtained IACUC approval (ORIENT-IACUC-16053). Skin on the xenogenic ADM was necrotized 1 week after skin transplantation. Possibly due to the thickness of ADM, which block the blood supply from the subcutaneous tissue to the autologous skin graft. Skin biopsy revealed that less fibrotic change of the skin on the ADM compared with the skin without ADM. Xenogenic ADM can be used in high degree burn patients who can suffered from contracture after healing since it can reduce fibrotic change.
Acellular Dermis* ; Animal Care Committees ; Biopsy ; Burns ; Contracture ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Macaca fascicularis ; Primates* ; Skin Transplantation ; Skin* ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Swine ; Transplants* ; Wounds and Injuries

A total of 11,395 animals were impounded in shelters in Seoul in 2013. The Animal Protection Division of the Seoul metropolitan government has annual contracts with local veterinary associations as well as Korean animal rescue and management organizations for providing shelter to animals, and collects monthly statistics from these groups. In 2013, the collected intake and outcome data for 25 districts were reviewed to analyze shelter capacity in terms of housing capacity (monthly daily average intake, required holding capacity, and adoption-driven capacity), staff capacity (staff hours required for daily care), and live release rate. Seasonal variations in the monthly daily average intake were observed, indicating that management of these shelters requires various strategies. This study was performed to analyze and interpret meaningful statistics for improving the efficiency of animal shelters in Seoul. However, inconsistent collection of animal statistics limited data compilation. Creation of a basic animal statistics matrix with reference to well-designed matrices from recognized professional animal shelters is essential. These complied statistical data will help plan for future animal shelter needs in Seoul.
Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Housing ; Local Government ; Seasons ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic*

Laboratory mice are common experimental animals in biological, medical, pharmacological and psychological researches primarily because they are easy to maintain and reproduce quickly. The protection of the welfare of experimental animals is gaining greater attention during the application of a large number of mice. It's therefore essential to consider how to reduce the unnecessary use of animals and fully exploit each experimental animal. We report, in this article, an efficient way to dissect various brain regions from a mouse for protein immunoblot and/or neuronal culture, providing technical reference information for minimizing the number of animals used in projects, and refining methods and procedures to quick brain dissection.
Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Brain ; anatomy & histology ; Dissection ; methods ; Mice

Increasing concerns on animal welfare, the discussion about the necessity and the ethical acceptability of animal experiments is getting important. In this article, we describe ethical issues between the benefits of the animal experiments and the suffering of the animals. If there are no alternatives for animal experiments, the ethical guidelines, 3Rs (Reduction, Replacement, Refinement) by Russell and Burch for humane animal experiments should be considered. Moreover, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) assist researchers to perform animal testing humanely and safely. We point out three important aspects in support of humane animal experiments; 1) the development of diverse scientific alternatives on the animal testing, 2) the ethical education of animal experiments for researchers, 3) the productive interactions among various social groups on ethics and safety of animal experiments.
Animal Experimentation ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Humans ; Stress, Psychological