Objective To explore the change rules of blood ethanol and blood acetaldehyde concentration, the impairment of psychomotor functions of different acetaldehyde dehydrogenase （ALDH） 2 genotype individuals after alcohol consumption and the relationship among them. Methods The ALDH2 genotypes in seventy-nine healthy volunteers were obtained by SNaPshot^TM method, then divided into ALDH2*1/*1 （wild type） and ALDH2*1/*2 （mutant type） group. After volunteers consumed 1.0 g/kg of alcohol, blood ethanol concentration and blood acetaldehyde concentration at a series of time points before and after alcohol consumption and psychomotor functions, such as, visual selective response time, auditory simple response time and tracking experiment were detected. Biphasic alcohol response questionnaires were collected. Results After alcohol consumption, ALDH2*1/*2 group's blood ethanol and blood acetaldehyde concentration reached the peak earlier than ALDH2*1/*1 group. Its blood acetaldehyde concentration was higher than that of ALDH2*1/*1 group, 1-6 h after alcohol consumption. The psychomotor functions, such as visual selective response time and auditory simple response time in ALDH2*1/*2 group were more significantly impaired than those in ALDH2*1/*1 group after alcohol consumption. There was no statistical significance between the two groups in excitement or sedation reactions （P>0.05）. Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that blood acetaldehyde concentration was related with psychomotor function. Conclusion There are significant differences between the psychomotor function of ALDH2 wild type and mutant type individuals after alcohol consumption estimated to be related to the difference in blood acetaldehyde concentration after alcohol consumption.
Acetaldehyde/metabolism* ; Alcohol Drinking/blood* ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/genetics* ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial ; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ; Ethanol/metabolism* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics* ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology*

Astrocytes are closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, their precise roles in AD pathogenesis remain controversial. One of the reasons behind the different results reported by different groups might be that astrocytes were targeted at different stages of disease progression. In this study, by crossing hAPP (human amyloid precursor protein)-J20 mice with a line of GFAP-TK mice, we found that astrocytes were activated specifically at an early stage of AD before the occurrence of amyloid plaques, while microglia were not affected by this crossing. Activation of astrocytes at the age of 3-5 months did not affect the proteolytic processing of hAPP and amyloid plaque loads in the brains of hAPP-J20 mice. Our data suggest that early activation of astrocytes does not affect the deposition of amyloid β in an animal model of AD.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Animals ; Astrocytes ; metabolism ; Brain ; pathology ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; genetics ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; Glutamine ; metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Ki-67 Antigen ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microfilament Proteins ; metabolism ; Mutation ; genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To explore alcohol pharmacokinetics as well as acetaldehyde level in peripheral blood in human subjects with different ALDH2 genotypes after drinking. METHODS: Venous blood samples of 14 unrelated volunteers were collected. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technology was adopted for DNA extraction and ALDH2 genotyping. The volunteers were asked to drink beer at certain doses. The concentration of alcohol and acetaldehyde were assayed by headspace gas chromatography method at different time. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS: According to the results of electrophoresis, 5 people carried ALDH2*1/*1 as wild group and 9 people carried ALDH2*1/*2 as mutation group. The good linear range of alcohol and acetaldehyde were 0-1 570.7 microg/mL and 0-5.1772 microg/mL, respectively. The AUC values of alcohol and acetaldehyde and the t1/2Z value of alcohol were higher in the mutation group than that in the wild group. But the CL/F value of alcohol was lower in the mutation group than that in the wild group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION After the consumption of alcohol, alcohol and acetaldehyde metabolism in blood slow down in ALDH2*1/*2 mutation group influenced by the inhibition of enzyme activity, leading to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in peripheral blood, thus reinforcing their effects in the body.
Alcohol Drinking ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/genetics* ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial ; Ethanol/metabolism* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic

Bacillus sp. TSH1 is a butanol-producing microorganism newly isolated in our laboratory; it can grow and ferment under facultative anaerobic conditions, while sharing similar fermentation pathways and products with Clostridium acetobutylicum. To illustrate the relationships between the products and the enzyme activities in Bacillus sp. TSH1, key butanol- and ethanol-forming enzymes were studied, including butyraldehyde dehydrogenase, butanol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The activities of the three enzymes increased rapidly after the initiation of fermentation. Activities of three enzymes peaked before 21 h, and simultaneously, product concentrations also began to increase gradually. The maximum activity of alcohol dehydrogenase was 0.054 U/mg at 12 h, butyraldehyde dehydrogenase 0.035 U/mg at 21 h and butanol dehydrogenase 0.055 U/mg at 15 h. The enzyme activities then decreased, but remained constant at a low level after 24 h, while the concentrations of butanol, acetone, and ethanol continued increasing until the end of the fermentation. The results will attribute to the understanding of the butanol metabolic mechanism, and provide a reference for further study of a facultative Bacillus metabolic pathway.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ; metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Bacillus ; classification ; genetics ; metabolism ; Butanols ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways

Toxoplasma gondii can modulate host cell gene expression; however, determining gene expression levels in intermediate hosts after T. gondii infection is not known much. We selected 5 genes (ALDH1A2, BEX2, CCL3, EGR2 and PLAU) and compared the mRNA expression levels in the spleen, liver, lung and small intestine of genetically different mice infected with T. gondii. ALDH1A2 mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were markedly increased at day 1-4 postinfection (PI) and then decreased, and its expressions in the spleen and lung were significantly higher in C57BL/6 mice than those of BALB/c mice. BEX2 and CCR3 mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were significantly increased from day 7 PI and peaked at day 15-30 PI (P<0.05), especially high in the spleen liver or small intestine of C57BL/6 mice. EGR2 and PLAU mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were significantly increased after infection, especially high in the spleen and liver. However, their expression patterns were varied depending on the tissue and mouse strain. Taken together, T. gondii-susceptible C57BL/6 mice expressed higher levels of these 5 genes than did T. gondii-resistant BALB/c mice, particularly in the spleen and liver. And ALDH1A2 and PLAU expressions were increased acutely, whereas BEX2, CCL3 and EGR2 expressions were increased lately. Thus, these demonstrate that host genetic factors exert a strong impact on the expression of these 5 genes and their expression patterns were varied depending on the gene or tissue.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/*genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism/parasitology ; Chemokine CCL3/*genetics/metabolism ; Early Growth Response Protein 2/*genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Lung/metabolism/parasitology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Spleen/metabolism/virology ; Toxoplasma/*physiology ; Toxoplasmosis/*genetics/metabolism/parasitology ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/*genetics/metabolism

Plant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is a physiologically important enzyme in response to salt or drought stress. In this study, two BADH genes (PeBADH1 and PeBADH2) were cloned from Populus euphratica. Both PeBADH1 and PeBADH2 genes encode the proteins of 503 amino acid residues, with a calculated molecular mass of 54.93 kDa and 54.90 kDa, respectively. Reverse transcription PCR showed the divergence of expression pattern between the PeBADH1 and PeBADH2 genes in P. euphratica. The recombinant PeBADH1 and PeBADH2 proteins were overexpressed in E. coli, and purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. The PeBADH2 protein had 1.5-fold higher enzymatic activity towards the substrate aldehyde than PeBADH1 protein. The PeBADH1 protein revealed higher thermal stability than PeBADH2 protein. These results indicated obvious functional divergence between the PeBADH1 and PeBADH2 genes.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; chemistry ; genetics ; Populus ; genetics ; Protein Isoforms ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Substrate Specificity

OBJECTIVE: To determine the apoptosis-inducing effect of ultraviolet light (UV) on human lens epithelial cell (HLEC) and to explore the involvement of changes in ALDH1 folowing UV radiation. METHODS: HLEC was exposed to the same UV light source and was subsequently divided into 6 groups according to UV radiation time of 0 (control group), 5, 10, 15, and 30 min. Apoptosis was detected by AO/EB staining. Changes of ALDH1 in HLEC were detected by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot. RESULTS: The intensity of immunohistochemical staining and the rate of positive cells decreased with increase of UV time (P<0.05). The rate of positive ALDH1 cells was negatively correlated with the rate of apoptosis (r= -0.92, P<0.05). Western blot showed the integrated absorbance values significantly decreased with the increase of UV time (P<0.05). CONCLUSION ALDH1 in HLEC decreases with an increase of UV exposure, which may be related to UV induced apoptosis of HLEC.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 ; Apoptosis ; radiation effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Epithelial Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; radiation effects ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; genetics ; metabolism ; Lens, Crystalline ; cytology ; Retinal Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVE: To establish the 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) map in colonic mucosa in sub-healthy people with shapeless stool and healthy people, to identify the differential proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and to provide theoretical basis for the pathogenesis of intestinal mucosa in sub-healthy people with shapeless stool. METHODS: Two-DE was used to separate the total proteins from the intestinal mucosa in sub-healthy people (the sub-health group) with the shapeless stool and healthy volunteers (the control group). ImageMaster 2D Elite soft was applied to analyze the 2-DE images, and the differentially expressed protein spots between the 2 groups were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS, protein bank and information technique. RESULTS: We analyzed the average maps and obtained 517 protein spots in the sub-healthy group and 535 protein spots in the control group. Between the sub-healthy group and the control group, the mean of 366 protein spots was matched, and the matching rate was 70.79%. Ten differential protein spots were screened by MALDI-TOF-MS, and 8 were identified. Five out of the 8 spots were significantly decreased, while 3 out of the 8 were significantly increased. CONCLUSION The proteomic expression in colonic mucosa of people with shapeless stool is significantly different from that of healthy people. Eight differential proteins such as aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 isoform 1, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase 2 (mitochondrial), γ-actin, annexin A5 possibly involve in the pathogenesis of sub-healthy people with shapeless stool.
Actins ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 ; Annexin A5 ; metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Colon ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Dyspepsia ; metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase ; metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Male ; Proteins ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Proteome ; analysis ; Proteomics ; methods ; Retinal Dehydrogenase

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether activation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mitoPTP) were involved in the cardioprotection of ethanol postconditioning in isolated rat heart.

METHODSHearts isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused on a langendorff apparatus and subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia (occlusion of left anterior descending artery) followed by 120 min of reperfusion. The ventricular hemodynamic parameters and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release during reperfusion were measured. Infarct size was measured by TTC staining method and the expression of ALDH2 at mRNA level of left anterior myocardium was detected by RT-PCR.

RESULTIn contrast to ischemia and reperfusion, ethanol postconditioning improved the recovery of left ventricular developed pressure, maximal rise/fall rate of left ventricular pressure during reperfusion, reduced LDH release and infarct size. The expression of ALDH2 mRNA level was increased. Administration of mitoPTP activator atractyloside attenuated the effect of ethanol postconditioning, LDH release and infarct size were increased, and the recovery of hemodynamic parameters was inhibited. The expression of ALDH2 mRNA was decreased.

CONCLUSIONEthanol postconditioning has cardioprotection effect, which may be associated with upregulating mitochondrial ALDH2 mRNA expression and inhibiting the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; drug effects ; genetics ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial ; Animals ; Ethanol ; pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Male ; Mitochondria, Heart ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; drug effects ; genetics ; metabolism ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; pathology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

This study is aimed to clone and express human, rat alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldo-keto reductase. Then the enantioselective metabolism of mandelic acid (MA) was studied. Human alcohol dehydrogenase 2, rat alcohol dehydrogenase 1, human and rat aldo-keto reductase 1A1 were amplified using RT-PCR from human and rat liver samples. Then subcloned into pET-28a (+) and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) stably. The protein was induced with IPTG and purified by affinity chromatography. Then the enzyme activities were measured. MA enantiomers were incubated with rat, human ADH and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) with AKR1A1, respectively. The metabolism was analyzed with HPLC. The proper genes were cloned and purified and proteins were obtained. All of the proteins obtained showed good activity. Stereoselective-metabolism of MA was observed in human ADH2, which favors for S-MA metabolism. The expression plasmids are constructed and the recombinant proteins are expressed successfully. The recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase and aldo-keto reductase have been employed to study MA metabolism.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Reductase ; Aldo-Keto Reductases ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Humans ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism