OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of disposable respiratory filter on the results of impulse oscillometery. METHODS: 90 healthy subjects were randomly selected and impulse oscillometery results were taken repeatedly through disposable respiratory filter and control device. All results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: When using the disposable respiratory filter, respiratory impedance (Zrs) and resistance at all frequency (R5Hz-R35Hz) were significantly increased compared with the control device (P<0.01). The two measurements had a significant linear correlation (P<0.01) and a regression equation was established. The disposable respiratory filter did not exist in statistic difference to response frequency (Fres) and the elastic resistance (X5Hz-X15Hz) at all frequency(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The disposable respiratory filter can be used when testing pulmonary compliance, chest wall disease and obstruction outside the airway in impulse oscillometery system to avoid infection and ensure quality.
Airway Resistance ; Filtration/instrumentation* ; Humans ; Oscillometry

airway length with cephalometry and AHI in children with OSA and to assess the correlations between cephalometric parameters and salivary cortisol level.SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Three parameters of the upper airway were measured by cephalometry: distance from the posterior nasal spine to the hyoid bone (PHy), distance from the mandibular plane to the hyoid bone (MP-Hy), and distance from the posterior nasal spine to the mandibular plane (P-MP). Ratios for each segment were also determined.RESULTS: Subjects with OSAS had longer P-Hy and MP-Hy than the control group. In particular, MP-Hy was significantly longer in the moderate-severe group than the other groups. In the OSAS group, there were significant correlations between MP-Hy, Ratio1, Ratio3 and m-Cor, s-Cor.CONCLUSION: Length of upper airway and ratio parameters of cephalometry may be more useful indices in moderate-severe OSA than absolute distance parameters, and Ratio1 may be valuable for prediction of activating HPA axis.]]>
Airway Resistance ; Cephalometry ; Child ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hyoid Bone ; Methods ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; Spine

BACKGROUND: General anesthesia with intravenous or inhalation anesthetics reduces respiratory functions. We investigated the effects of propofol, desflurane, and sevoflurane on postoperative respiratory function tests.METHODS: This single-center randomized controlled study was performed in a university hospital from October 2015 to February 2017. Ninety patients scheduled for endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery were randomly categorized into either of these three groups: propofol (n = 30, the Group TIVA), desflurane (n = 30, the Group D) or sevoflurane (n = 30, the Group S). We analyzed the patients before, after, and 24 h following surgery, to identify the following parameters: forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) %, forced vital capacity (FVC) %, FEV₁/FVC, and arterial blood gases (ABG). Furthermore, we also recorded the intraoperative dynamic lung compliance and airway resistance values.RESULTS: We did not find any significant differences in FEV₁ values (primary outcome) among the groups (P = 0.336). There was a remarkable reduction in the FEV₁ and FVC values in all groups postoperatively relative to the baseline (P < 0.001). The FVC, FEV₁/FVC, ABG analysis, compliance, and airway resistance were similar among the groups. Intraoperative dynamic compliance values were lower at the 1st and 2nd hours than those immediately after intubation (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that propofol, desflurane, and sevoflurane reduced FEV₁ and FVC values postoperatively, without any significant differences among the drugs.
Airway Resistance ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics, Inhalation ; Compliance ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Gases ; Humans ; Intubation ; Lung Compliance ; Propofol ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Vital Capacity

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the impact of short-term haze exposure on nasal inflammation in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy university students were assessed for nasal symptoms, nasal patency, upper and lower respiratory tract nitric oxide (NO) as well as inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides in nasal secretions before and after a 5-day haze episode. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM(2.5)), and cytokines in the supernatants were examined. RESULTS: Mild nasal symptoms were reported by some participants during the haze episode. Objective measures of nasal patency demonstrated that nasal airway resistance was significantly increased from baseline levels, while nasal cavity volume and minimum cross-sectional area were significantly decreased. Similarly, the levels of nasal and exhaled NO, eotaxin, interleukin (IL)-5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17, IL-8, substance P, nerve growth factor and vasoactive intestinal peptides in nasal secretions were significantly increased from baseline values following the haze episode. In contrast, the levels of interferon-γ, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β and neuropeptide Y were significantly decreased. Incubation with 0.1-10 μg/mL PM(2.5) significantly increased release of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8 and IL-10 from PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term haze exposure may lead to nasal inflammation and hypersensitivity in healthy subjects predominantly by Th2 cytokine-mediated immune responses.
Air Pollution ; Airway Resistance ; Cytokines ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukin-5 ; Interleukin-8 ; Interleukins ; Nasal Cavity ; Nerve Growth Factor ; Neuropeptide Y ; Neuropeptides ; Nitric Oxide ; Particulate Matter ; Peptides ; Respiratory System ; Substance P

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a disease of chronic airway inflammation with heterogeneous features. Neutrophilic asthma is corticosteroid-insensitive asthma related to absence or suppression of TH2 process and increased TH1 and/or TH17 process. Macrolides are immunomodulatory drug that reduce airway inflammation, but their role in asthma is not fully known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of macrolides in neutrophilic asthma and compare their effects with those of corticosteroids. METHODS: C57BL/6 female mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Clarithromycin (CAM) and/or dexamethasone (DXM) were administered at days 14, 15, 21, 22, and 23. At day 24, the mice were sacrificed. RESULTS: Airway resistance in the OVA+LPS exposed mice was elevated but was more attenuated after treatment with CAM+DXM compared with the monotherapy group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid study, total cells and neutrophil counts in OVA+LPS mice were elevated but decreased after CAM+DXM treatment. In hematoxylin and eosin stain, the CAM+DXM-treated group showed less inflammation additively than the monotherapy group. There was less total protein, interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor α in the CAM+DXM group than in the monotherapy group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001). More histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity was recovered in the DXM and CAM+DXM challenged groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Decreased IL-17 and recovered relative HDAC2 activity correlated with airway resistance and inflammation in a neutrophilic asthma mouse model. This result suggests macrolides as a potential corticosteroid-sparing agent in neutrophilic asthma.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Airway Resistance ; Animals ; Asthma ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Clarithromycin ; Dexamethasone ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Female ; Hematoxylin ; Histone Deacetylase 2 ; Histone Deacetylases ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Interferons ; Interleukin-17 ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Macrolides ; Mice ; Neutrophils ; Ovalbumin ; Th17 Cells ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

This study evaluated the anti-asthmatic activities of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol (DBHP) that is a potent phenolic antioxidant in edible vegetable oil. The effects of DBHP on bronchial asthma were evaluated by determining the specific airway resistance (sRaw) and tidal volume (TV) during the immediate asthmatic response (IAR) and the late-phase asthmatic response (LAR) in guinea pigs with aerosolized ovalbumin-induced asthma. Recruitment of leukocytes and the levels of biochemical inflammatory mediators were determined in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs), and histopathological surveys performed in lung tissues. DBHP significantly inhibited the increased sRaw and improved the decreased TV on IAR and LAR, and also inhibited recruitment of eosinophils and neutrophils into the lung, and release of biochemical inflammatory mediators such as histamine and phospholipase A₂ from these infiltrated leukocytes, and improved pathological changes. However, anti-asthmatic activities of DBHP at oral doses of 12.5 to 50 mg/kg was less than those of dexamethasone (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and cromoglycate (10 mg/kg, p.o.), but more potent or similar to that of salbutamol (5 mg/kg, p.o.). These results in the present study suggest that anti-asthmatic effects of DBHP in the guinea pigs model of OVA-induced asthmatic responses principally are mediated by inhibiting the recruitments of the leukocytes and the release of biochemical inflammatory mediators from these infiltrated leukocytes.
Airway Resistance ; Albuterol ; Animals ; Asthma ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Cromolyn Sodium ; Dexamethasone ; Eosinophils ; Guinea Pigs* ; Guinea* ; Histamine ; Leukocytes ; Lung ; Neutrophils ; Ovalbumin* ; Phenol ; Phospholipases ; Tidal Volume ; Vegetables

Bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) is generally indicated for mandibular setback, to improve occlusion, masticatory function, and aesthetics by altering the mandibular position. However, BSSRO narrows the pharyngeal airway and increases airway resistance, resulting in postoperative respiratory disturbances during emergence from anesthesia. Oxygen delivery system via high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been known to improve airway patency and oxygenation via low-level positive pressure as well as reduce the respiratory load. We report a case of postoperative respiratory disturbance, following a large mandibular setback, despite nasotracheal extubation in the fully awake patient. Respiratory disturbance was successfully controlled after oxygen delivery via HFNC until self-respiration was completely restored. Therefore, the use of HFNC may facilitate the control of postoperative respiratory disturbances induced by anatomical changes in upper airway after BSSRO surgery.
Airway Resistance ; Anesthesia ; Catheters* ; Dyspnea ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Orthognathic Surgical Procedures ; Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus* ; Oxygen ; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of acupuncture on TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway in the lung tissue of mice with airway remodeling. METHODS: Thirty specific pathogen-free mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group and acupuncture group (=10). Mouse models of asthma were established in the model group and the acupuncture group, and the mice in the latter group received 7 acupuncture therapies (at bilateral Fei Shu, Da Zhui and Zu Sanli, 20 min each time) every other day, starting on the 10th day after the modeling. At 24 h after the last acupuncture, the mice were subjected to inhalation of 1% OVA for 3 days, and 24 h after the last challenge, the mice were given methacholine chloride (Mch) inhalation at different concentrations for measurement of lung resistance using a noninvasive stroke volume meter. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the lung tissues, and TGF-β1 levels in the the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum were detected using ELISA; Western blotting was used to detect the differential protein expressions in the airway smooth muscles between the two groups. The airway smooth muscle cells were isolated from the mice in the acupuncture group and treated with a TGF- β1 inhibitor (LY2157299), and the relative expressions of type-Ⅰ and Smads proteins were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS: The mice in the model showed obvious tracheal fistula with airway pathologies including lumen narrowing, bronchial mucosa thickening, dissociation of the epithelial cells, and thickening of the alveolar septum and airway smooth muscles. These pathological changes were obviously milder in the acupuncture group. The asthmatic mice exhibited significantly increased lung resistance in positive correlation with Mch concentration. Serum TGF-β1 level was significantly elevated in asthmatic mice ( < 0.05); TGF-β1 levels in the serum and BALF were significantly lower in the acupuncture group than in the model group ( < 0.05). In the model group, the expressions of -SMA, TGF-β1 and Smads in the airway smooth muscles were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (both < 0.05). In cultured airway smooth muscle cells, the expressions of type-Ⅰ and Smads were significantly higher in cells treated with LY2157299 than in the control cells (>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture can inhibit airway remodeling by inhibiting the expression of airway TGF-β1 and down-regulating the expression of Smads and -SMA to reduce airway inflammatory response. Airway expressions of type-Ⅰ and Smads proteins remain high after inhibiting TGF-β1. Acupuncture may control asthma progression through the TGF-β1/Smads pathway.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Airway Remodeling ; Airway Resistance ; Animals ; Asthma ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy ; Bronchi ; pathology ; Disease Progression ; Lung ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Mice ; Muscle, Smooth ; Random Allocation ; Smad Proteins ; analysis ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; analysis ; metabolism

No abstract available.
Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic ; Airway Resistance ; Bronchitis, Chronic ; Lung Compliance ; Vena Cava, Inferior ; Work of Breathing ; Heart Ventricles ; Blood Pressure ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Lung ; Respiratory Muscles ; Pulmonary Emphysema ; Emphysema ; Pneumonia ; Cardiac Output ; Lung Transplantation ; Intensive Care Units ; Positive-Pressure Respiration ; Barotrauma ; Hypotension ; Korea

PURPOSE: Nasal Cellulose Powder (NCP), which can prevent from binding an allergen to nasal mucosa, may reduce allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms in dust mite-sensitized children. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of NCP in improving clinical symptoms of a nasal airflow limitation and the response of nasal inflammatory cells. METHODS: Children with dust mite-sensitized AR aged 6–18 years were recruited. After a 4-week run-in period, NCP or a placebo was administered, 1 puff per nostril 3 times daily for 4 weeks. The nasal provocation test (NPT) with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) was performed before and after treatment. The daily symptom scores (DSS), daily medication scores (DMS), the peak nasal inspiratory flows (PNIF), nasal airway resistance (NAR), as well as the maximum tolerated dose of NPT and eosinophil counts in nasal scraping, were evaluated. RESULTS: Sixty children (30 NCP and 30 placebos) were enrolled. Before treatment, there were no significant differences in age, dust mite control measures, DSS, DMS, PNIF, NAR, the maximum tolerated dose of NPT, or nasal eosinophil scores between children receiving NCP and placebos. After treatment, there were no significant differences between the NCP and placebo groups in the median (range) of the outcomes—DSS: 2.06 (0.18–3.77) vs. 1.79 (0.08–7.79), P=0.756; DMS: 1.60 (0–5.13) vs. 0.56 (0–4.84), P=0.239; PNIF (L/min): 110 (60–160) vs. 100 (50–180), P=0.870; NAR (Pa/cm³/s): 0.40 (0.20–0.97) vs. 0.39 (0.24–1.32), P=0.690; the maximum tolerated dose of NPT and the nasal eosinophil scores: 1 (0–4) vs. 1 (0–4), P=0.861. CONCLUSIONS: NCP treatment may not be more effective than placebo treatment in dust mite-sensitized AR children.
Airway Resistance ; Cellulose* ; Child ; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ; Dust ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Maximum Tolerated Dose ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasal Provocation Tests ; Placebos ; Pyroglyphidae ; Rhinitis, Allergic* ; Tick Control