Schizophrenia is a common disease characterized by thinking obstructions and accompanied by cognitive, emotional and behavioral disorders. Under the control of psychiatric symptoms, patients with schizophrenia may self-injure or impulsively wound others, resulting in public risk and increase in the burden of family and society. In recent years, many studies have shown that the violent behavior of patients with schizophrenia is related to genetic factors. This article reviews the research progress on the relationship between genetic polymorphism and violent behavior of patients with schizophrenia, analyzes the possible mechanism of the correlation between the two, puts forward the limitations of current research and the directions of future research, and provides scientific basis for risk assessment and prevention of violent behavior of patients with schizophrenia.
Aggression ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Risk Assessment ; Schizophrenia/genetics* ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Violence

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the self-rated health of adolescents and to identify its predictors using longitudinal data from the KCYPS. METHODS: A sample of 2,351 adolescents who were in the first grade of middle school in 2010 was analyzed. The study employed latent growth analysis using data from 2010 to 2016. RESULTS: Results indicated that self-rated health of adolescents increased, following the form of a linear function. The analyses revealed that adolescent self-perception of health were conceptualized not only by their health-related behaviors, but also by personal, socioeconomic and psychological factors. Specifically, physical activity, passive leisure time activities, gender (initial: b=−.060, slope: b=.030), place of residence (initial: b=−.079), self-rated economic condition (b=.098), working status of mother (b=.016), monthly family income (b=−.001), aggression (b=.061), depression (initial: b=−.104, slope: b=.012), stress (initial: b=−.172, slope: b=.014, ego-resiliency (initial: b=.197, slope: b=−.021), and self-esteem (initial: b=.106, slope: b=−.017) had significant effects on the overall linear change of self-rated health (p < .05 for all estimators above). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that adolescents' self evaluation of their health is shaped by their total sense of functioning, which includes individual, health-related behavioral, socioeconomic, and psychological factors.
Adolescent Health ; Adolescent* ; Aggression ; Depression ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; Longitudinal Studies ; Mothers ; Motor Activity ; Psychology ; Self Concept

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cell phone dependency and aggression in elementary school students with the mediating effect of leisure activities in South Korea. METHODS: Data were cross-sectional in study design with 1,555 fourth grade elementary school students participating in the 4th-year Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS/WIN 23.0 and AMOS 21.0 program. RESULTS: Cell phone dependency has a significant effect on aggression, but it did not act as a control variable in the relationship between the protective factor, weekly book reading time and the amount of daytime play with aggression. Weekly entertainment time and weekly TV and video viewing time had a significant statistical effect on aggression, thus this study confirmed that cell phone dependency acts as a control variable in relation to aggression. CONCLUSION: As the entertainment time for elementary school students, the time spent watching TV and videos play a negative role, it is necessary to prepare a leisure activity management practice and strategies with an emphasis on entertainment time as well as, TV and video viewing as elementary school students' leisure activities for a healthy school life.
Adolescent ; Aggression ; Cell Phones ; Child ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Humans ; Korea ; Leisure Activities ; Negotiating ; Protective Factors ; Statistics as Topic

OBJECTIVES: To explore the value of Modified Overt Aggression Scale （MOAS） on predicting serious aggressive behavior in the inpatients with mental disorders and to provide theoretical basis for violence risk assessments in the inpatients with mental disorders. METHODS: Total 918 inpatients in a psychiatric hospital were evaluated by trained medical workers using MOAS in September 2009, and their serious violent behavior were followed up for 2 years. The value of MOAS on predicting violence in the inpatients with mental disorders was analyzed by SPSS 21.0. RESULTS: （1） Compared to the patients without serious aggressive behaviors, the patients with serious aggressive behavior within 2 years showed significantly higher scores （P＜0.05） on verbal aggression, aggression against property, physical aggression and total weighted score of MOAS; （2） Significant correlation was found between the score of verbal aggression and the serious acts of violence within 2 years （P＜0.05）; （3） Scores of verbal aggression, physical aggression and total weighted score of MOAS had predictive value on serious aggressive behaviors within 2 years. CONCLUSIONS MOAS has certain value on predicting the serious aggressive behaviors of patients with mental disorders within 2 years.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aggression/psychology* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Health Status Indicators ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Male ; Mental Disorders/psychology* ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Violence/psychology* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVES: To explore the characteristics of schizophrenia patients' homicide behaviors and the influences of the assessments of criminal capacity. METHODS: Indicators such as demographic and clinical data, characteristics of criminal behaviors and criminal capacity from the suspects whom were diagnosed by forensic psychiatry as schizophrenia （n=110） and normal mental （n=70） with homicide behavior, were collected by self-made investigation form and compared. The influences of the assessments of criminal capacity on the suspects diagnosed as schizophrenia were also analyzed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant statistical differences between the schizophrenic group and the normal mental group concerning age, gender, education and marital status （P>0.05）. There were significant statistical differences between the two groups concerning thought disorder, emotion state and social function before crime （P<0.05） and there were significant statistical differences in some characteristics of the case such as aggressive history （P<0.05）, cue, trigger, plan, criminal incentives, object of crime, circumstance cognition and self-protection （P<0.05）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that thought disorder, emotion state, social function, criminal incentives, plan and self-protection before crime of the schizophrenic group were positively correlated with the criminal capacity （P<0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The relevant influences of psychopathology and crime characteristics should be considered comprehensively for improving the accuracy of the criminal capacity evaluation on the suspects diagnosed as schizophrenia with homicide behavior.
Aggression/psychology* ; Crime ; Criminals ; Forensic Psychiatry ; Homicide/psychology* ; Humans ; Motivation ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis* ; Schizophrenic Psychology

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the salivary testosterone levels under psychological stress and its relationship with rumination and five personality traits in medical students. METHODS: A total of 58 medical students, who wanted to participate in the final exam, were selected by simple random sampling. Two months before the exam, in the basal conditions, the NEO Inventory short form, and the Emotional Control Questionnaire (ECQ) were completed. Saliva samples were taken from students in both the basal conditions and under exam stress. Salivary testosterone was measured by ELISA. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures, paired samples t-test, Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: Salivary testosterone level of men showed a significant increase under exam stress (p<0.05). However, a non-significant although substantial reduction observed in women. A significant correlation was found between extroversion (r=-0.33) and openness to experience (r=0.30) with salivary testosterone (p<0.05). Extraversion, aggression control and emotional inhibition predicted 28% of variance of salivary testosterone under stress. CONCLUSION: Salivary testosterone reactivity to stress can be determined by sexual differences, personality traits, and emotional control variables which may decrease or increase stress effects on biological responses, especially the salivary testosterone.
Aggression ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Extraversion (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Saliva ; Stress, Psychological* ; Students, Medical* ; Testosterone*

Early life stress (ELS) may induce long-lasting psychological complications in adulthood. The protective role of resilience against the development of psychopathology is also important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among ELS, resilience, depression, anxiety, and aggression in young adults. Four hundred sixty-one army inductees gave written informed consent and participated in this study. We assessed psychopathology using the Korea Military Personality Test, ELS using the Childhood Abuse Experience Scale, and resilience with the resilience scale. Analyses of variance, correlation analyses, and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for statistical analyses. The regression model explained 35.8%, 41.0%, and 23.3% of the total variance in the depression, anxiety, and aggression indices, respectively. We can find that even though ELS experience is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and aggression, resilience may have significant attenuating effect against the ELS effect on severity of these psychopathologies. Emotion regulation showed the most beneficial effect among resilience factors on reducing severity of psychopathologies. To improve mental health for young adults, ELS assessment and resilience enhancement program should be considered.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescent ; Age Distribution ; Aggression/*psychology ; Anxiety/epidemiology/psychology ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel/*psychology/*statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; *Resilience, Psychological ; Risk Factors ; Stress, Psychological/*epidemiology/*psychology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the incidence and influencing factors of psychological violence among college students in Guangzhou in 2010.

METHODSConvenience sampling method was used and 2 200 college students from 61 classes of three universities in Guangzhou were interviewed with self-designed questionnaire about the incidence and influencing factors of the psychological violence in 2010. The valid sample was 2 060. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression were used to assess the incidence and influencing factors of the psychological violence between different genders.

RESULTSA total of 66.3% (1 365/2 060) college students reported having experienced at least one kind of psychological violence during the past 12 months, either as a perpetrator or as a victim. The proportion of psychological violence among males (72.3%, 775/1 072) was significantly higher than that in females (59.7%, 590/988)(χ(2) = 36.39, P < 0.05). The incidence of perpetration only, victimization only, and both perpetration and victimization of psychological violence were 16.1% (331/2 060), 8.9% (184/2 060) and 41.3% (850/2 060), respectively. The incidence of victimization only in females was 10.4% (103/988), which was significantly higher than that in males (7.6%, 81/1 072) (χ(2) = 5.20, P < 0.05). The incidence of both perpetration and victimization in males was 47.3% (507/1 072), which was significantly higher than that in females (34.7%, 343/988) (χ(2) = 33.56, P < 0.05). In males, the multinomial logistic regression showed the risk factors for perpetration only was having harmful behavior habits (OR = 1.90). For victimization only, the risk factors were with siblings (OR = 2.42) and prior mistreatment by teachers from primary to senior high school (OR = 1.78). For both perpetration and victimization, the risk factors were with siblings (OR = 1.88), having harmful behavior habits (OR = 1.98), bad family economic conditions (difficult OR = 1.99, general OR = 1.67) and prior mistreatment by teachers from primary to senior high school(OR = 2.07). In females, the risk factors for perpetration only were self-claimed shortage of monthly living expenses(OR = 2.14) or just enough (OR = 2.26), having harmful behavior habits (OR = 1.69) (all P values<0.05) . For victimization only, the risk factors were bad family economic conditions (difficult OR = 6.67, 15 persons; general OR = 3.81), bullied by others before university(OR = 2.05). For both perpetration and victimization, the risk factors were self-claimed shortage of monthly living expenses (OR = 1.81), bad family economic conditions (OR = 2.43), disharmonious relations between parents (OR = 1.76), physical punishment by parents (OR = 1.66), bullied by others before university (OR = 2.14) and prior mistreatment by teachers from primary to senior high school(OR = 1.73). Having a religious faith was the protective factor (OR = 0.38) (all P values<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe incidence of psychological violence among college students is very serious in Guangzhou in 2010. And the influencing factors of it between different genders are different. Females are affected by a wider ranges of factors than males, and are more influenced by family and parents.

Adolescent ; Aggression ; classification ; psychology ; Family ; psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Stress, Psychological ; epidemiology ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Universities

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate if pain mediates or moderates the relationship between cognitive impairment and aggressive behaviors in nursing home residents with dementia based on the Need-driven Dementia-compromised Behavior model. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the Minimum Data Set assessment data on long-term care from the state of Florida during calendar year 2009. The data used in this study was the first comprehensive assessment data from residents with dementia (N = 56,577) in Medicare-certified or Medicaid-certified nursing homes. Path analysis using a series of hierarchical regression analyses and two-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the mediating and moderating effect of pain on the relationship between the level of cognitive impairment and aggression. RESULTS: Results indicated that pain did not mediate the relationship between cognition and aggressive behaviors, but there was evidence of a significant moderating effect of pain only for residents with severe cognitive impairment. Only among the residents with severe cognitive impairment, those with pain had significantly more frequent aggressive behaviors than those without pain. CONCLUSION: A change in the frequency of aggressive behaviors in severely cognitively impaired residents should signal the possibility that the person is experiencing pain. Accurate but simple pain assessment in this population including these behavioral changes should be developed further, and pain should be well controlled to reduce these problematic behaviors.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Aggression ; Cognition Disorders/*complications/psychology ; Dementia/*complications/psychology ; Female ; Florida ; Humans ; Long-Term Care ; Male ; Nursing Homes ; Pain/*complications/psychology ; Pain Measurement/methods ; Self Report ; *Social Behavior

PURPOSE: The study was undertaken to assess levels of aggression, and to determine factors affecting aggression among South Korean middle school students. METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted using self-report questionnaires. The participants were 340 girls and boys from two middle schools and 302 questionnaires were used for the final data analysis. Aggression, academic stress, depression, self esteem, decision-making competency, and happiness were measured. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including t tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regressions. RESULTS: Aggression had significant correlations with academic stress (r = .21, p < .001), depression (r = .43, p < .001), self esteem (r = -.25, p < .001), decision-making competency (r = -.25, p < .001), and happiness (r = -.21, p < .001). Mean score for aggression was 2.49 out of 5. Significant explanatory variables for aggression were grade (t = 4.39, p < .001), academic stress (t = 2.78, p = .006), and depression (t = 5.03, p < .001). The explanatory power of these factors was 26.9%, and this was statistically significant (F = 16.06, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that depression, academic stress, and grade (second grade) influence aggression. To decrease aggressive behavior, it is necessary to provide systematic and political programs in schools and local communities that can ameliorate negative emotional factors like depression and academic stress. Additionally, development of positive factors such as self esteem, decision-making skills, and happiness in middle school students is important to reduce aggression.
Aggression/*psychology ; Decision Making ; Depression/psychology ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Male ; *Psychology, Adolescent ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Self Concept ; Stress, Psychological/psychology ; Students/*psychology