OBJECTIVE: How to increase the long-term retention rate of autologous fat grafting has been widely discussed. This study aimed to evaluate long-term fat graft retention rates for the most widely used fat processing methods in the area of facial esthetic surgery, including centrifugation, filtration, and sedimentation, using three-dimensional (3D) imaging. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Wiley/Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were comprehensively searched from inception to July 2018 according to the guidelines of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons Fat Graft Task Force Assessment Methodology. STUDY SELECTION: Articles were screened using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collected included patient characteristics, follow-up devices, fat grafting techniques, and clinical outcomes. Patient cohorts were pooled, and fat graft retention rates were calculated. Complications were summarized according to different clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Of 77 articles, 10 clinical studies met the inclusion criteria and reported quantified measurement outcomes with 3D imaging which provide precise volumetric data with approximately 2% standard deviation compared to real volumes. Data of 515 patients were included. Fat grafting retention varied from 21% to 82%. We found filtration and centrifugation techniques could result in better retention outcomes. However, retention varied within each processing technique, with no significant difference among the 3 techniques. Twenty-two complications were reported among 515 patients, including donor-site hematoma (1 case), mild post-operative erythema (2 cases), mild volumetric asymmetries (2 cases), chronic edema (2 cases), overcorrection (2 cases), skin irregularity (6 cases), and headache or dysesthesia (7 cases). CONCLUSIONS Filtration and centrifugation techniques may result in better fat grafting retention outcomes than gravity sedimentation; however, more accurate statistical evidence is needed. Controversies continue to exist with respect to the performance of the different fat-processing techniques in fat graft retention.
Adipocytes ; cytology ; Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Centrifugation ; methods ; Filtration ; methods ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods

The induction of brown-like adipocyte development in white adipose tissue (WAT) confers numerous metabolic benefits by decreasing adiposity and increasing energy expenditure. Therefore, WAT browning has gained considerable attention for its potential to reverse obesity and its associated co-morbidities. However, this perspective has been tainted by recent studies identifying the detrimental effects of inducing WAT browning. This review aims to highlight the adverse outcomes of both overactive and underactive browning activity, the harmful side effects of browning agents, as well as the molecular brake-switch system that has been proposed to regulate this process. Developing novel strategies that both sustain the metabolic improvements of WAT browning and attenuate the related adverse side effects is therefore essential for unlocking the therapeutic potential of browning agents in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Adipocytes, Beige ; cytology ; Adipose Tissue, Brown ; cytology ; metabolism ; Adipose Tissue, White ; cytology ; Aging ; metabolism ; Animals ; Humans

BACKGROUND: Adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment may provide the metabolic fuel or signal transduction through media and other means to promote a variety of malignant proliferation and invasion, of tumor cells, but their role in lung cancer progression is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adipocytes on lung cancer cell biology. METHODS: 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were induced into mature adipocytes. The cell morphology was observed by microscopy and Oil Red O staining. MTT assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing and Transwell methods were used to detect lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability. The content of triglyceride in cells was determined by colorimetry. RESULTS: The morphology of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells became more slender after co-culture with mature adipocytes, and the proliferation and cloning ability were significantly enhanced (P<0.05). In addition, mature adipocytes can also promote the migration ability (P<0.05), invasion ability (P<0.01) and accumulation of intracellular lipid (P<0.05) of A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that adipocytes in tumor microenvironment can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, which may be related to lipid metabolism.
A549 Cells ; Adenocarcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung ; Adipocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Mice ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Triglycerides ; metabolism ; Tumor Microenvironment

Because of their physiological similarity to humans, pigs provide an excellent model for the study of obesity. This study evaluated diet-induced adiposity in genetically lean pigs and found that body weight and energy intake did not differ between controls and pigs fed the high-fat (HF) diet for three months. However, fat mass percentage, adipocyte size, concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, and leptin in plasma were significantly higher in HF pigs than in controls. The HF diet increased the expression in backfat tissue of genes responsible for cholesterol synthesis such as Insig-1 and Insig-2. Lipid metabolism-related genes including sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase 1 (FASN1), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) were significantly up-regulated in backfat tissue, while the expression of proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2), both involved in fatty acid oxidation, was reduced. In liver tissue, HF feeding significantly elevated the expression of SREBP-1c, FASN1, DGAT2, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α) mRNAs. Microarray analysis further showed that the HF diet had a significant effect on the expression of 576 genes. Among these, 108 genes were related to 21 pathways, with 20 genes involved in adiposity deposition and 26 related to immune response. Our results suggest that an HF diet can induce genetically lean pigs into obesity with body fat mass expansion and adipose-related inflammation.
Adipocytes/cytology* ; Adipogenesis/genetics* ; Adipose Tissue/metabolism* ; Adiposity ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol/blood* ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood* ; Cholesterol, LDL/blood* ; Diet, High-Fat ; Inflammation/genetics* ; Insulin/blood* ; Leptin/blood* ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; Obesity/genetics* ; Random Allocation ; Swine ; Triglycerides/blood*

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are pluripotent stem cells isolated from the adipose tissue and have the potential for self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation into neurogenic cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and so on. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common male sexual dysfunction that has a negative impact on the lives of the patients and their partners. Current treatments of ED include surgery and medication, with oral 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors as the first-line drugs. However, a small number of the patients are not sensitive to these therapies and cannot be improved or cured pathologically. So far, animal experiments and preclinical trials have confirmed the safety and efficacy of ADSCs, which act on ED though paracrine mechanisms. This review summarizes the advances in the recent 5 years in the studies of ADSCs for the treatment of ED.
Adipocytes ; transplantation ; Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Erectile Dysfunction ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; methods ; trends

Objective To explore the effect of the action time of inducers on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to adipocytes. Methods According to the "Cocktail" method,3T3-L1 cells were divided into three groups according to the action time of inducers,with the action time being 2,3 or 4 days,respectively. Cell morphology was observed using inverted microscope and adipose content were detected by Oil red "O" staining and detection of triglyceride. The cell viability was identified by trypan blue staining method. Results The proportion of samples (n=12) with differentiation rate above 80% in group A was 66% (12/18),while the differentiation rate of all the samples (n=18)in group B and group C were above 80%. For the Oil red "O",the OD value at 510 nm in group C was 2.59±0.17,which was significantly higher than that in group A (2.12±0.47;F=6.62,P=0.0001)and group B (2.20±0.17;F=5.15,P=0.0001),while no significant difference was found between group A and group B (F=1.14,P=0.74). As for the triglyceride,the value in group C was (1351.04±119.01)ng/ml,which was significantly higher than that in group A[ (1077.88±272.75)ng/ml;F=6.73,P=0.001] and group B [(1089.38±115.39)ng/ml;F=5.78,P=0.001],while no difference was found between group A and group B (F=0.27,P=0.64). The cell viability in group A,B,and C was (98.3±1.2)%,(98.5±1.8)%,and (98.9±2.1)%,respectively,showing no significant difference (F=0.18,P=0.83). Conclusions The modified procedure for the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to adipocytes can increase the differentiation rate and thus may be applied for establishing adipocyte models. The recommended action time is three days.
3T3-L1 Cells ; Adipocytes ; cytology ; drug effects ; Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Mice ; Time Factors

Regenerative medicine is an emerging discipline. Adipose tissue is a rich source of fat cells and mesenchymal stem cells, and autologous fat grafting has increasingly been applied in plastic surgeries and dermatological treatments. This paper reviews the latest advances in autologous fat grafting in scar revision.
Adipocytes ; transplantation ; Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Cicatrix ; surgery ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) on the ability of BM-MSC to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts.

METHODSBM-MSC were isolated from the bone marrow of healthy donors. The differentiation of BM-MSC into adipocytes and osteoblasts cells were done in vitro. After transfection with miR-146a inhibitor or mimics, the expression of miR-146a in BM-MSC was detected by real time quantitative PCR. The effect of MicroRNA-146a on the differentiation potential of BM-MSC was evaluated after transfection.

RESULTSBM-MSC possessed the ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts cells when cultured in the induction medium. The expression of miR-146a was correspondingly down-regulated and up-regulated in BM-MSC after transfection. Compared with the control group, the expression of miR-146a was down-regulated (P < 0.01) after transfection with miR-146a inhibitor, while after transfection with miR-146a mimics it was significantly up-regulated. This study proved that the transfection with miR-146a inhibitor can inhibit BM-MSC differentiate into adipocytes (P < 0.01), while transfection with miR-146a mimics can promote differentiation of BM-MSC into adipocytes (P < 0.01). No effect of miR-146a inhibitor or miR-146a mimics on osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSC was observed (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONBM-MSC possess the ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. The miR-146a can promote BM-MSC to differentiate into adipocytes.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; MicroRNAs ; metabolism ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; Osteogenesis ; Transfection

OBJECTIVETo study the regulation of SIRT1 by transcription factor SREBP-1 in adipogeneic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC).

METHODSOil red O staining was used to identify the adipogenic differentiation of BMMSC; the mRNA transcription levels of AP2, LPL, SREBF-1, SIRT1 gene were detected by RT-PCR; the expession level of SREBP-1 was determined by Western-blot. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to investigate the binding of SREBP-1 to SIRT1 promoter.

RESULTSBMMSC exposed to adipogenesis inducing medium become mature adipocytes at day 14; the mRNA transcription levels of AP2, LPL, SREBF-1, SIRT1 genes were up-regulated in adipocyte differentiation of BMMSC; the protein level of SREBP-1 was higher obviously; SIRT1 gene sequences was succesfully amplified from the genomic DNA immunoprecipitated by SREBP-1 antibody.

CONCLUSIONSREBP-1 can bind to the promoter region of the SIRT1 gene in adipogenesis of BMMSC, and may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of the SIRT1 gene.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; Adipogenesis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Sirtuin 1 ; metabolism ; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVETo investigate the modulatory effect of the MSC derived from low attaching culture systems (suspending MSC) on T lymphocytes and the related mechanisms.

METHODSThe suspending MSC were generated from mouse compact bones by using low attaching plates and adherent cell culture flasks, respectively. The morphology of suspending MSC was observed under the inverted microscope and the cells were induced to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Further, the surface antigen profile of MSC was analyzed with flow cytometry. In addition, the culture medium (CM) of suspending MSC and adherent MSC was collected and added into the activated T cell cultures before detection of the proliferation by CFSE assay. Moreover, the modulaory effects of the CM on the T cell-derived cytokines were detected by quantitative PCR. Also, the mRNA expression of cytokines of MSC was detected.

RESULTSThe suspending MSC grew in floating cell spheres and differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes in the induction medium. Furthermore, the suspending MSC shared the typical immuno-phenotype with their adherent counterparts. In addition, the results of CFSE assay demonstrated that suspending MSC derived CM suppressed ConA induced T cell proliferation. The results of quantitative PCR revealed that suspending MSC expressed transforming factor β1 and interleukin-6 at a higher level and suppressed the T cell expressing interferon γ and interleukine-17A.

CONCLUSIONThe suspending MSC exerted an unique modulatoy effect on T cells, which is quite different to adherent MSC.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; Animals ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Flow Cytometry ; Immunophenotyping ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Mice ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism