Adenosine ; genetics ; Adenosine Deaminase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Animals ; CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 ; genetics ; metabolism ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; genetics ; Embryo, Mammalian ; metabolism ; Gene Editing ; Genetic Variation ; genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

RNA editing, especially A-to-I RNA editing, is a common post-transcriptional modification in mammals. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) is a key protein for A-to-I editing, which converts the adenosine group of a double-stranded RNA to creatinine group by deaminating it, resulting in a change of nucleotide sequence. There are 3 types of ADARs (ADAR1, ADAR2, ADAR3) that have been found in recent years. The abnormalities of ADARs are closely related to many human diseases such as viral infections, metabolic diseases, nervous system diseases, and tumors.
Adenosine ; metabolism ; Adenosine Deaminase ; physiology ; Base Sequence ; Creatinine ; metabolism ; Deamination ; Disease ; etiology ; Humans ; RNA Editing ; physiology ; RNA, Double-Stranded ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo observe the electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment at Baihui (GV20) on the concentration of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and adenosine, and to evaluate its effects on the neurologic function score and the infarction volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), thus exploring its mechanisms for relieving the ischemia/reperfusion injury.

METHODSTotally 54 male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, the sham-EA group, the EA group, and the control group, 18 in each group. Rats in the control group were not intervened after anesthesia. Rats in the EA group were needled at Baihui (GV20) for 30 min. Rats in the sham-EA group received the same procedure as those performed in the EA group without electricity connected. The changes of adenosine and ADA contents were detected at 30, 60, and 120 min after EA respectively. The I/R model was established. Totally 48 male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, i.e., the model group (Group A), the EA group (Group B), the EA +8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) group (Group C), the EA + DMSO group (Group D), the Deoxycoformycin (Deo) group (Group E), and the normal saline group (Group F). Rats in Group B, C, and D received EA for 30 min before modeling. Rats in Group C and D were peritoneally injected with DPCPX (1 mg/kg) and DMSO (1 mL/kg) at 30 min before EA. The neurologic function score was evaluated and the infarct volumes were detected after 24-h reperfusion.

RESULTSCompared with the sham-EA group, there was no statistical difference in the contents of the adenosine or ADA in the control group at each time point (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group at the same time point, the content of ADA significantly decreased at 60 min in the EA group [(315.0 +/- 22.9 U/L), P < 0.05], and restored to the normal level at 120 min after EA. The content of adenosine increased in the EA group at 120 min [(20.4 +/- 2.2) ng/microL, P < 0.05]. Compared with the model group, the neurologic function score decreased (P < 0.05) and the infarct volumes were obviously reduced (P < 0.01) in Group B, D and E. There was no statistical difference in the neurologic function score or the infarct volumes in other groups, when compared with the model group (P > 0.05)

CONCLUSIONEA at Baihui (GV20) showed protective effects on the cerebral I/R rats, which might be achieved through lowering the ADA concentration and elevating the adenosine content, and further activating adenosine A1 receptor.

Adenosine Deaminase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; metabolism ; Electroacupuncture ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDPrevious studies reported interleukin-27 (IL-27), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), or adenosine deaminase (ADA) alone plays a helpful role in diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). The present study aims at comparing the diagnostic accuracy of pleural IL-27, IFN-γ, and ADA, and investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the combination of IL-27, IFN-γ, or/and ADA for differentiating TPE from pleural effusions with the other etiologies.

METHODSThe concentrations of IL-27, IFN-γ and ADA were simultaneously determined in pleural fluids and sera from 40 patients with TPE; 26 with malignant pleural effusion, seven with infectious pleural effusion, and eight with transudative pleural effusion by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetric method. The corresponding biochemical indexs were also simultaneously determined.

RESULTSThe concentrations of pleural IL-27 and IFN-γ in the tuberculous group were significantly higher than those in the malignant, infectious, and transudative groups. The concentrations of ADA in TPE were significantly higher than those in MPE or transudative effusions, while much lower than those in infectious effusions. Among these three biomarkers, IL-27 was the most effective for TPE diagnosis, with the cut off value of 900.8 ng/L. IL-27 had a high sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 97.6% for differential diagnosis of TPE from non-TPEs. Combinations of IL-27, IFN-γ and ADA measurements further increased the sensitivity or specificity up to 100%.

CONCLUSIONSCompared to non-TPEs, IL-27, IFN-γ and ADA all simultaneously increased in TPE; and among these three rapid detection methods, IL-27 appeared to be the best for distinguishing tuberculous from non-TPEs, especially from MPE. Combinations of the three markers (IL-27, IFN-γ and ADA) yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity. These findings suggest that the applications of a new biomarker, IL-27, alone or with IFN-γ and ADA, may contribute to more efficient diagnosis strategies in the management of tuberculous pleurisy.

Adenosine Deaminase ; blood ; metabolism ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; metabolism ; Interleukin-27 ; blood ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pleural Effusion ; blood ; metabolism ; Tuberculosis, Pleural ; blood ; diagnosis ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) plays a crucial role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced pleural responses. Interleukin (IL)-33 up-regulates the production of IFN-gamma. We aimed to identify whether an association between pleural IL-33 levels and tuberculous pleurisy exists and determine its diagnostic value. METHODS: Pleural IL-33, ST2 (a receptor of IL-33), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and IFN-gamma, as well as serum IL-33 and ST2 were measured in 220 patients with pleural effusions (PEs). Patients with malignant (MPEs), parapneumonic (PPEs), tuberculous (TPEs), and cardiogenic (CPEs) pleural effusions were included. RESULTS: Pleural and serum IL-33 levels were highest or tended to be higher in patients with TPEs than in those with other types of PEs. The median pleural fluid-to-serum IL-33 ratio was higher in TPE cases (> or = 0.91) than in other PE cases (< or = 0.56). Pleural IL-33 levels correlated with those of pleural ADA and IFN-gamma. However, the diagnostic accuracies of pleural IL-33 (0.74) and pleural fluid-to-serum IL-33 ratio (0.75) were lower than that of ADA (0.95) or IFN-gamma (0.97). Pleural ST2 levels in patients with MPEs were higher than in patients with TPEs. Serum ST2 levels did not differ among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We identified an association between elevated pleural IL-33 levels and tuberculous pleurisy. However, we recommend conventional pleural markers (ADA or IFN-gamma) as diagnostic markers of TPE.
Adenosine Deaminase/analysis ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Area Under Curve ; Case-Control Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/analysis ; Interleukins/*analysis/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pleural Cavity/*metabolism ; Pleural Effusion/diagnosis/metabolism ; Pleural Effusion, Malignant/diagnosis/metabolism ; ROC Curve ; Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis/blood ; Tuberculosis, Pleural/*diagnosis/metabolism

BACKGROUND: Myelomatous pleural effusion (MPE) is rare in myeloma patients. We present a consecutive series of patients with MPE in a single institution. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 19 patients diagnosed with MPE between 1989 and 2008 at the Asan Medical Center. Diagnoses were confirmed by cytologic identification of malignant plasma cells in the pleural fluid. RESULTS: Our patients showed dominance of IgA (36.8%) and IgD (31.6%) subtypes. Of 734 myeloma patients, the incidence of MPE was remarkably high for the IgD myeloma subtype (16.7%), compared to the other subtypes (1.4% for IgG and 4.6% for IgA). At the time of diagnosis of MPE, elevated serum beta2-microglobulin, anemia, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase, and elevated creatinine levels were found in 100%, 89.5%, 83.3%, and 57.9% of the patients, respectively. Approximately one-third (31.3%) of the patients had adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in their pleural fluid exceeding the upper limit of the reported cutoff values for tuberculous pleural effusion (55.8 U/L). Chromosome 13 abnormality was seen in 77.8% of the tested patients. The median survival period from the development of MPE was 2.8 months. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MPE have aggressive clinical and laboratory characteristics. The preponderance of IgD myeloma in MPE patients is a noteworthy finding because IgD myeloma is a rare subtype. Elevated ADA activity in the pleural fluid is also noteworthy, and may be helpful for detecting MPE. Physicians treating myeloma patients should monitor the development of MPE and consider the possibility of a worse clinical course.
Adenosine Deaminase/metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13 ; Creatine/blood ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/metabolism ; Immunoglobulin D/metabolism ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma/diagnosis ; Plasma Cells/pathology ; Pleural Effusion, Malignant/*diagnosis/mortality/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; beta 2-Microglobulin/blood

OBJECTIVETo explore the role of oxidative stress and the antioxidant protein thioredoxin in the tumorigenesis and progression of gastric cancer.

METHODSThe plasma levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were determined by colorimetry, and the plasma levels of thioredoxin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 48 gastric cancer patients and 30 healthy subjects. RT-PCR assay was employed to examine the expression levels of thioredoxin mRNA in the tissue samples of the patients.

RESULTSCompared with the healthy controls, patients with gastric cancer had significantly increased plasma levels of ADA and AOPP (P<0.05), decreased plasma GPX level (P<0.05), and similar plasma SOD levels. The plasma levels of thioredoxin were significantly higher in patients with gastric cancer than in the healthy controls (P<0.05). Thioredoxin levels was not associated with gender, age, degree of tumor cell differentiation, invasion depth, or lymph node metastasis (P>0.05), but was correlated to distant tumor metastasis (P<0.05). The expression of Trx mRNA was significantly higher in gastric carcinoma than in normal gastric tissue (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONGastric cancer patients have high levels of oxidative stress and thioredoxin expression, and the latter is related to distant metastasis of the tumor.

Adenosine Deaminase ; blood ; Adult ; Advanced Oxidation Protein Products ; blood ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; blood ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oxidative Stress ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Stomach Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Thioredoxins ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of RNA-dependent adenosine deaminase 1(ADAR1) mRNA in larynx carcinoma tissues, and to discuss its value in the development of larynx carcinoma. METHOD: The expression of ADAR1 mRNA in 51 larynx carcinoma and peri-carcinoma tissues were detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULT: ADAR1 mRNA was expressed broadly; the relative intensities of its expression in larynx carcinoma, larynx peri-carcinoma samples and larynx non-carcinoma tissue samples were respectively 2.963 +/- 0.912, 0.791 +/- 0.197 and 0.910 +/- 0.311. There were remarkable difference between larynx carcinoma and larynx peri-carcinoma, larynx carcinoma and non-carcinoma tissues. CONCLUSION ADAR1 mRNA is expressed broadly in larynx carcinoma and may be play an important role in the development of larynx carcinoma.
Adenosine Deaminase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; RNA-Binding Proteins

Adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme essential for the differentiation of lymphoid cells, has been used for monitoring diseases with altered immunity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in serum ADA activity throughout normal pregnancy. We measured the catalytic values of serum ADA from 202 normal pregnant women using a commercial kit. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the gestational age in weeks (Gwks) (Group I: 5-9 Gwks [n=58]; Group II: 15-20 Gwks [n= 63]; Group III: 24-30 Gwks [n=34]; Group IV: 30-39 Gwks [n=47]). The serum ADA levels for the Groups I, II, III, and IV were as follows: 20.1+/-6.9 IU/L, 20.0+/-7.6 IU/L, 37.9+/-19.9 IU/L, and 24.5+/-8.6 IU/L, respectively. The serum ADA activity of group III was significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between the Gwks and the serum ADA activity. Furthermore, other parameters, such as maternal age (p=0.29), gestational age at delivery (p=0.07), delivery mode (p=0.39), and birth weight (p=0.59) had no correlation with ADA activity. Reference values of serum ADA in normal pregnancy may provide important database for making clinical decisions in pregnancies complicated by conditions where cellular immunity has been altered.
Adenosine/metabolism ; Adenosine Deaminase/*blood/*metabolism ; Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Birth Weight ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inosine/metabolism ; Logistic Models ; Maternal Age ; Pregnancy ; Substrate Specificity

Adenosine Deaminase ; metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; analysis ; Interleukin-12 ; analysis ; Isoenzymes ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pleural Effusion ; chemistry ; Tuberculosis, Pleural ; diagnosis ; metabolism