BACKGROUND: Advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung adenocarcinoma had a high overall incidence of brain metastasis during the full course, and local brain radiotherapy combined with systemic targeted therapy may be a better strategy. This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors of EGFR-mutant brain-metastatic lung adenocarcinoma patients who received EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in combination with gamma knife radiosurgery. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastases which developed at initial diagnosis or during EGFR-TKIs treatment period were performed. Intracranial progression free survival (PFS) was statistically analyzed between different subgroups to find out the prognostic factors including gender, age, smoking history, extracranial metastasis, EGFR mutation type, size and number of intracranial lesions, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) level, lung-molGPA score and so on. RESULTS: A total of 74 EGFR-mutant brain-metastatic lung adenocarcinoma patients were enrolled in this study, with median intracranial PFS of 14.7 months. One-year intracranial-progression-free rate was 58.5%, and two-year rate was 22.2%. Univariate survival analysis showed that patients with lower CEA level at initial diagnosis (<10 ng/L)(16.9 months vs 12.6 months, P=0.012) and smaller intracranial lesions (<2 cm)(15.4 months vs 10.8 months, P=0.021) and higher lung-molGPA score (>3)(15 months vs 12.6 months, P=0.041) were prone to have a superior intracranial PFS. Multivariate analysis showed that CEA≥10 ng/mL and intracranial lesion≥2 cm were the independent risk factors of intracranial PFS. CONCLUSIONS EGFR-TKIs in combination with gamma knife radiosurgery was an efficient treatment option to control the cranial tumor lesion. CEA≥10 μg/L at initial diagnosis and intracranial lesion≥2 cm were the risk factors of EGFR-mutant brain-metastatic lung adenocarcinoma patients receiving EGFR-TKIs in combination with gamma knife radiosurgery.
Adenocarcinoma of Lung ; drug therapy ; pathology ; radiotherapy ; therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms ; secondary ; Combined Modality Therapy ; ErbB Receptors ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Prognosis ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Radiosurgery ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is one of the driver genes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several studies have shown that the efficacy of pemetrexed in HER2-mutant NSCLC is controversial. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of pemetrexed combined with platinum chemotherapy in patients with HER2-mutant and HER2 wild-type lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: The clinical data of 106 cases of EGFR, ALK, ROS-1, KRAS, BRAF, RET and MET-negative patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients who diagnosed by histopathology in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively reviewed. The relationships between HER2 gene status, clinical characteristics and response and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed. RESULTS: All of the 106 patients' HER2 status were determined. HER2 mutations occurred in 32 cases (30.2%), no mutations in 74 cases (69.8%). HER2 mutations were common in young, non-smoking and female patients. All patients received first-line pemetrexed and platinum-based chemotherapy. The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) of patients with HER2-mutant lung adenocarcinoma were significantly higher than those without HER2 mutations (40.6% vs 14.9%, χ²=8.464, P=0.004; 93.8% vs 68.9%, χ²=6.327, P=0.012), and the difference was statistically significant. According to univariate analysis, the PFS was significantly associated with the brain metastases, maintenance chemotherapy and HER2 gene status (P<0.05), but not with age, gender, smoking history, oligometastases, liver metastases and type of platinum (P>0.05). Cox multivariate analysis indicated that HER2 mutation was an independent positive prognostic factor of PFS (P=0.038). CONCLUSIONS HER2-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with first-line pemetrexed combined with platinum chemotherapy have greater clinical benefit than HER2 wild-type patients.
Adenocarcinoma of Lung ; drug therapy ; genetics ; pathology ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Genes, erbB-2 ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Pemetrexed ; therapeutic use ; Platinum ; therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

In recent years, the number of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has gradually increased, and the treatment methods have also been significantly increased. However, there are no standard treatment plans at home and abroad for third-line and above patients who are refractory to targeted therapy epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or chemotherapy. The clinical treatment effect is also not satisfactory. Anlotinib is a novel TKI targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and c-Kit. ALTER0303 trail, phase III study has demonstrated that Anlotinib significantly prolonged overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in advanced NSCLC patients as 3rd line treatment.Here we report a case of advanced lung adenocarcinoma harboring KRAS mutation treated with Anlotinib.
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Adenocarcinoma ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Indoles ; therapeutic use ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Male ; Mutation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; genetics ; metabolism ; Quinolines ; therapeutic use

BACKGROUND: There are significantly interindividual variations of the expression level of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and/or Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) in our previous studies. It has been proven that Nrf2 or Keap1 is related to resistance of chemotherapeutic drugs and/or epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). However, the expression of Nrf2 and Keap1 in lung adenocarcinoma patients with different "driver gene" is not clear. The aim of this study is to investigate the protein expression level of Nrf2 and Keap1 in lung adenocarcinoma and to elucidate the correlation between Nrf2 or Keap1 expression and the status of EGFR gene mutation and to determine the effects of Nrf2 and Keap1 on the patients. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis of Nrf2 and Keap1 in tumor specimens was performed in a total of 104 lung adenocarcinoma patients with the status of EGFR gene mutations or EGFR wide-type. RESULTS: The Nrf2 positive rate was 71.2% and Keap1 high expression rate was 34.6% in 104 patients. The Nrf2 positive rate significantly correlated with gender, stage and status of EGFR gene mutation (P<0.05), but not with age, smoking, differentiation and subtype of lung adenocarcinoma (P>0.05). The high expression of Keap1 was not significantly correlated with gender, age, smoking, differentiation, subtype of lung adenocarcinoma and status of EGFR gene mutation (P>0.05). The progression -free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of the patients treated by EGFR-TKIs were significantly correlated with the expression level of Nrf2, but not with Keap1. The PFS and OS of the patients with Nrf2 high expression were significantly shorter than the patients with low/negative expression (P<0.05). Furthermore, Nrf2 high expression was the independent predictive factor for EGFR-TKIs induced PFS and OS (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The Nrf2 positive rate significantly correlated with the status of EGFR gene mutation in lung adenocarcinoma. The Nrf2 high expression significantly correlated with PFS and OS of EGFR-TKIs. Therefore, Nrf2 may be a biomarker for predicting response of EGFR-TKIs and a potential target for overcoming resistance of EGFR-TKIs.
Adenocarcinoma ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; ErbB Receptors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Neoplasm Staging ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the apoptosis mechanism of Wenxia Changfu Formula (, WCF) in reversing drug resistance of lung cancer in vivo.

METHODSThirty model mice were randomly assigned to three groups: control group, cisplatin (CDDP) group, and WCF group. A transplanted tumor model of lung adenocarcinoma was established in all groups. Mice in the WCF group received intragastric administration of WCF (0.2 mL/10 g body weight) everyday in addition to CDDP intraperitoneally (5 mg/kg body weight) twice a week. The mice in the CDDP group received CDDP intraperitoneally (5 mg/kg body weight) twice a week, while the control group received normal saline intraperitoneally (0.2 mL/10 g body weight) everyday. The weight of the nude mice and respective tumors, tumor volume and tumor-inhibiting rate were measured. Electron microscopy was used to observe the existence of apoptosis body. Apoptosis index (AI) was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. The expression of Fas and FasL mRNA was investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, while immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the protein expression of Fas and FasL, caspase-3 and caspase-activated DNase (CAD), respectively.

RESULTSCompared with CDDP group and control group, WCF could significantly reduce the tumor volume from the 19th day and alleviate the tumor weight (P <0.05), and the apoptosis body was found in tumor cells in the WCF group. WCF could also enhance the level of AI, up-regulate the expression of caspase apoptosis pathway related protein caspase-3 and CAD, as well as the expression of Fas, FasL mRNA and protein (P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONWCF could improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to CDDP and reverse the drug resistance by inducing the apoptosis.

Adenocarcinoma ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cisplatin ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Fas Ligand Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Mice, Nude ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Tumor Burden ; drug effects ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ; fas Receptor ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for detection of ALK protein expression and gene fusion in cytologic specimens.

METHODSLung adenocarcinoma cytologic specimens were collected from seven hospitals in Beijing city. A detection protocol for ALK protein expression and gene fusion was designed according to the results of comparative experiment. Ventana immunohistochemical (IHC) ALK(D5F3) detecting ALK protein expression was performed in 203 prepared formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cell blocks. ALK gene fusion in 98 EGFR gene wild type cytologic specimens and in 4 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BL) samples was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). ALK gene fusion in the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) positive samples was further tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Six patients with ALK IHC-positive result were followed up to analyze the responses of crizotinib therapy. Comparative experiments: (1) Comparison of the results of 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed for different time (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) on the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) staining was conducted in two cases of IHC ALK positive FFPE cell blocks; (2) Comparing qRT-PCR results for ALK fusion in samples from FFPE cell blocks and cytospin prepared slides in 10 cases of lung adenocarcinoma cytologic specimens.

RESULTSAmong the specimens examined using the standardized protocol recommended by this study, 229 cases of cytologic specimens met the diagnostic criteria of lung adenocarcinoma. Among them, 207 cases obtained ALK gene test results (by at least one method), with an ALK test ratio of 90.4% (207/229). FFPE cell blocks were successfully prepared in 203 cases, Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) were successfully performed in all the 203 FFPE cell blocks (100%), and the ALK protein positive detection rate was 10.3% (21/203). ALK fusion was tested in 98 FFPE cytologic samples of EGFR wild types by qRT-PCR, and 96 out of 98 (97.96%) cytologic samples were successfully performed.18 out of 19 IHC ALK-positive cases were verified to be of ALK fusion status by qRT-PCR. The concordance rate was 94.7% (Kappa=0.967, P<0.001) between Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) and qRT-PCR, and the sensitivity of the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) assay compared with qRT-PCR was 100% and the specificity was 98.7%. FISH assay was used to verify the positive cases detected by Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) staining. Two cases of low tumor cell content FFPE samples obtained indefinite results by FISH test. The six patients with positive ALK protein expression received crizotinib therapy, and 5 paitents got treated effectively. For two ALK IHC positive cases, which were 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed for 72 h, the result of Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) staining became weakened obviously and uneven. In 10 cases of samples, total RNA was extracted from FFPE cytologic sections and cytospin prepared slides, and the results of qRT-PCR test and ALK gene fusion showed good concordance.

CONCLUSIONSThe standardized protocol recommended in this study expands the detection types and quantity of cytologic specimens for ALK protein expression and gene fusion and increased the detection rate. Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) is a reliable method for detecting ALK protein expression in FFPE cell blocks. The pathologic quality control procedure prior to Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) is crucial for the accuracy of testing the ALK gene status. When FFPE cell blocks could not be prepared or prepared unsuccessfully from the cytologic specimens, qRT-PCR may be an alternative option for the detection of ALK gene fusion.

Adenocarcinoma ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Fusion ; Genes, erbB-1 ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Proteomics ; Pyrazoles ; therapeutic use ; Pyridines ; therapeutic use ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo investigate the inhibitory effect of classic demethylating drug 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) on the growth of human lung adenocarcinoma cells in nude mouse xenograft models, and to observe its effect on methylation status and expression of TFPI-2 gene in the nude mouse xenograft tissues.

METHODSThe nude mouse xenograft model was established by subcutaneous inoculation of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. According to different doses of 5-Aza-CdR, the tumor-bearing nude mice were randomly divided into experimental groups (0.5 mg/kg group, 1 mg/kg group, 2 mg/kg group) and control group (0 mg/kg group). The tumor growth in the nude mice was observed. The methylation status and the expression of TFPI-2 gene mRNA and protein were detected by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction, real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay.

RESULTSThe nude mice were euthanized at 28 days after intraperitoneal injection of 5-Aza-CdR. The body weight of tumor-bearing nude mice was (27.12 ± 0.38) g in the 0 mg/kg group, (26.80 ± 0.18) g in the 0.5 mg/kg group, (26.67 ± 0.28) g in the 1 mg/kg group, and (26.50 ± 0.26) g in the 2 mg/kg group, showing no significant difference among them (P > 0.05). The volume of xenograft tumors in the 0 mg/kg group was (709.22 ± 2.87)mm³, (400.67 ± 2.68)mm³ in the 0.5 mg/kg group, (285.71 ± 2.91)mm³ in the 1 mg/kg group, and (230.44 ± 3.15)mm³ in the 2 mg/kg group, showing a significant difference (P < 0.05). There were complete methylation of TFPI-2 gene in the 0 mg/kg group, incomplete methylation in the 0.5 and 1 mg/kg groups, and unmethylation in the 2 mg/kg group. The relative mRNA level in the 0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg groups were 1.00 ± 0.00, 1.67 ± 0.07, 3.40 ± 0.24, and 5.55 ± 0.61, respectively (P < 0.05). The relative expression level of TFPI-2 protein in the 0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg groups was 0.18 ± 0.02, 0.36 ± 0.01, 0.64 ± 0.02, and 0.81 ± 0.20, respectively (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS5-Aza-CdR suppresses the tumor growth of human lung adenocarcinoma cells in nude mouse xenograft models, and induces expression of TFPI-2 gene in the xenograft tumor cells. The mechanism might be that 5-Aza-CdR induces re-expression of demethylated TFPI-2 gene by demethylation, and thus inhibits the growth and proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma cells.

Adenocarcinoma ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Animals ; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic ; pharmacology ; Azacitidine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; DNA Methylation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Glycoproteins ; genetics ; Heterografts ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Random Allocation

Strongyloides stercoralis can cause systemic infection, termed strongyloidiasis, and gastrointestinal ulcer disease in immunocompromised patients. However, to our knowledge, there are no reported cases of comorbid gastric adenocarcinoma and S. stercoralis infection. Here, we report a case of an 81-year-old Korean man who presented with S. stercoralis infection coexisting with early gastric adenocarcinoma (T1aN0M0). S. stercoralis eggs, rhabditiform larvae, and adult females were observed in normal gastric and duodenal crypts. They were also observed in atypical glands representative of adenocarcinoma and adenoma. Preliminary laboratory tests revealed mild neutrophilic and eosinophilic leukocytosis. A routine stool test failed to detect rhabditiform larvae in the patient's fecal sample; however, S. stercoralis was identified by PCR amplification and 18S rRNA sequencing using genomic DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Postoperatively, the patient had a persistent fever and was treated with albendazole for 7 days, which alleviated the fever. The patient was followed-up by monitoring and laboratory testing for 4 months postoperatively, and no abnormalities were observed thus far. The fact that S. stercoralis infection may be fatal in immunocompromised patients should be kept in mind when assessing high-risk patients.
Adenocarcinoma/*complications/*diagnosis/pathology ; Aged, 80 and over ; Albendazole/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Anthelmintics/therapeutic use ; DNA, Helminth/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Female ; Histocytochemistry ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Stomach Neoplasms/*complications/*diagnosis/pathology ; Strongyloides stercoralis/*isolation & purification ; Strongyloidiasis/*complications/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Treatment Outcome

Strongyloides stercoralis can cause systemic infection, termed strongyloidiasis, and gastrointestinal ulcer disease in immunocompromised patients. However, to our knowledge, there are no reported cases of comorbid gastric adenocarcinoma and S. stercoralis infection. Here, we report a case of an 81-year-old Korean man who presented with S. stercoralis infection coexisting with early gastric adenocarcinoma (T1aN0M0). S. stercoralis eggs, rhabditiform larvae, and adult females were observed in normal gastric and duodenal crypts. They were also observed in atypical glands representative of adenocarcinoma and adenoma. Preliminary laboratory tests revealed mild neutrophilic and eosinophilic leukocytosis. A routine stool test failed to detect rhabditiform larvae in the patient's fecal sample; however, S. stercoralis was identified by PCR amplification and 18S rRNA sequencing using genomic DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Postoperatively, the patient had a persistent fever and was treated with albendazole for 7 days, which alleviated the fever. The patient was followed-up by monitoring and laboratory testing for 4 months postoperatively, and no abnormalities were observed thus far. The fact that S. stercoralis infection may be fatal in immunocompromised patients should be kept in mind when assessing high-risk patients.
Adenocarcinoma/*complications/*diagnosis/pathology ; Aged, 80 and over ; Albendazole/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Anthelmintics/therapeutic use ; DNA, Helminth/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Female ; Histocytochemistry ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Stomach Neoplasms/*complications/*diagnosis/pathology ; Strongyloides stercoralis/*isolation & purification ; Strongyloidiasis/*complications/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the relationship of cigarette smoking to the frequency and qualitative differences among KRAS mutations in lung adenocarcinomas from Korean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Detailed smoking histories were obtained from 200 consecutively enrolled patients with lung adenocarcinoma according to a standard protocol. EGFR (exons 18 to 21) and KRAS (codons 12/13) mutations were determined via direct-sequencing. RESULTS: The incidence of KRAS mutations was 8% (16 of 200) in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. KRAS mutations were found in 5.8% (7 of 120) of tumors from never-smokers, 15% (6 of 40) from former-smokers, and 7.5% (3 of 40) from current-smokers. The frequency of KRAS mutations did not differ significantly according to smoking history (p=0.435). Never-smokers were significantly more likely than former or current smokers to have a transition mutation (G-->A or C-->T) rather than a transversion mutation (G-->T or G-->C) that is known to be smoking-related (p=0.011). In a Cox regression model, the adjusted hazard ratios for the risk of progression with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) were 0.24 (95% CI, 0.14-0.42; p<0.001) for the EGFR mutation and 1.27 (95% CI, 0.58-2.79; p=0.537) for the KRAS mutation. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking did not influence the frequency of KRAS mutations in lung adenocarcinomas in Korean patients, but influenced qualitative differences in the KRAS mutations.
Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy/etiology/*genetics/pathology ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/etiology/*genetics/pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; Mutation Rate ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics ; Smoking/adverse effects/*genetics ; Treatment Outcome ; ras Proteins/*genetics