With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology, chatbots have shown great potential in the healthcare sector. From personalized health advice to chronic disease management and psychological support, chatbots have demonstrated significant advantages in improving the efficiency and quality of healthcare services. As the scope of their applications expands, the relationship between technological complexity and practical application scenarios has become increasingly intertwined, necessitating a more comprehensive evaluation of both aspects. This paper, from the perspective of he althcare applications, systematically reviews the technological pathways and development of chatbots in the medical field, providing an in-depth analysis of their performance across various medical scenarios. It thoroughly examines the advantages and limitations of chatbots, aiming to offer theoretical support for future research and propose feasible recommendations for the broader adoption of chatbot technologies in healthcare.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of Wuling capsules combined with low-dose quetiapine in the treatment of oldest-old patients with insomnia accompanied by anxiety and depression. METHODS The clinical data of 96 oldest- old patients （aged≥80 years） with insomnia accompanied by anxiety and depression who were attending outpatient clinics or hospitalized in our hospital from June 2020 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the different drug treatments， the patients were divided into Wuling capsules group （0.99 g， tid， 34 cases）， quetiapine group （25-50 mg， qn， 30 cases） and combination group （using Wuling capsules and quetiapine simultaneously， same as the single drug groups， 32 cases）. Before and after 8 weeks of treatment， the patients of three groups were compared in terms of photoplethysmography sleep monitoring indexes （total sleep duration， sleep efficiency， sleep latency， and the number of awakening）， Pittsburgh sleep quality index （PSQI） score， 14-item Hamilton anxiety scale （HAMA-14） score， 17-item Hamilton depression scale （HAMD-17） score， mini-mental state examination （MMSE） score， and serum levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）； the therapeutic effects and adverse drug reactions of the three groups were observed and compared. RESULTS Compared with before treatment， the total sleep time， sleep efficiency and MMSE scores of the three groups were significantly longer or higher after treatment （P＜0.05）， while the sleep latency， number of awakening， PSQI score， HAMA-14 score， HAMD-17 score， serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly shorter or lower after treatment （P＜0.05）. Sleep latency， number of awakening， HAMA-14 score， HAMD-17 score and serum TNF-α level in quetiapine group were significantly shorter or lower than Wuling capsules group after treatment （P＜0.05）. Moreover， the above indexes in the combination group were significantly better than quetiapine group and Wuling capsules group （P＜0.05）. The total effective rate of treatment in the combination 1731786794@qq.com group was significantly higher than the other two groups （P＜0.05）. There was no significant difference in the incidence of mail：2408797210@qq.com adverse drug reactions among the three groups （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effect of Wuling capsules combined with low-dose quetiapine is better than that of individual drugs for oldest-old patients with insomnia accompanied with anxiety and depression， not increasing the risk of adverse reactions.

Objectives:To examine the feasibility of using foundation model in computer vision for echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction measurement. Methods:Based on the most extensive publicly accessible repository of echocardiographic loops,EchoNet-Dynamic,featuring 10024 recordings from individual patients,a foundation model in computer vision,VideoMAE V2,was fine-tuned,validated,tested using 7460,1288,and 1276 echocardiographic loops,respectively. Results:The mean absolute error between left ventricular ejection fraction measurements of VideoMAE V2 and expert's measurements was 3.94％ (95％CI:3.79％-4.11％).The Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.91 (95％CI:0.89-0.92).Additionally,VideoMAE V2 demonstrated exceptional accuracy in identifying patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction below 50％,achieving an AUC of 0.96 (95％CI:0.95-0.97). Conclusions:This study validates the feasibility of using foundation model in computer vision for measuring left ventricular ejection fraction in echocardiographic loops and lays the foundation for the development of a generalized multimodal automated interpretation system for echocardiography.

Periodontitis is associated with abnormal purine metabolism, which is manifested by increased uric acid in host blood and increased expression of the purine-degrading enzyme, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), in periodontal tissues. Both XOR and uric acid are pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory mediators under pathological conditions. Animal studies have found that injection of uric acid promotes the progression of periodontitis and that febuxostat (an XOR inhibitor) improves tissue destruction in periodontitis. Therefore, blocking the source of uric acid may be a therapeutic strategy to control the progression of periodontitis. In this article, the rationality of XOR inhibitors as potential therapeutic drugs for periodontitis is reviewed. The literature review results suggest that XOR inhibitors show antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoclastic effects, and XOR inhibitors show clinical efficacy in the treatment of infectious, inflammatory and osteolytic diseases. Although there is no direct evidence to support the finding that XOR inhibitors can ameliorate periodontal microecological dysbiosis, these drugs can modulate intestinal microflora dysbiosis, and there is indirect evidence to support a beneficial effect of XOR inhibitors on periodontal microecological dysbiosis. In conclusion, XOR inhibitors may be used as immunomodulators for the adjuvant treatment of periodontitis by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and anti-osteoclast effects.

Objective:To observe the efficacy of self-help cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI), trazodone hydrochloride and their combination in the treatment of depression and insomnia comorbidity in the elderly.Methods:90 elderly patients with insomnia and depression admitted to the 901th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force from October 2019 to October 2021 were selected as the study subjects. They were divided into trazodone group, CBTI group and trazodone combined with CBTI group(combination group), with 30 cases in each group. Trazodone group was treated with oral trazodone hydrochloride, CBTI group was treated with self-help CBTI, and the combination group was treated with oral trazodone hydrochloride combined with self-help CBTI. All three groups were treated for 4 weeks. The sleep latency, total sleep time and sleep efficiency of each group were compared at the time of admission and after 4 weeks of treatment. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used for sleep assessment before and after treatment, and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) was used for depression assessment.Results:Before treatment, there was no significant difference among the three groups in terms of sleep latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, PSQI, ESS and SDS (all P>0.05). After treatment, the sleep latency of the three groups was shorter than that before treatment, and the total sleep time was longer than that before treatment (all P<0.05). The sleep efficiency of the trazodone group and the combination group was higher than that before treatment, with statistically significant difference (both P<0.05). The indexes of the combined group were better than those of the trazodone group and the CBTI group (all P<0.05). The sleep latency of the trazodone group was shorter than that of the CBTI group, and the total sleep time was longer than that of the CBTI group (all P<0.05), with statistically significant difference (all P<0.05). After treatment, the PSQI, except for the SDS of CBTI group, the ESS and SDS of the three groups were lower than those before treatment (all P<0.05). The PSQI, ESS and SDS of the combined group were lower than those of the trazodone group and the CBTI group, and the ESS and SDS of the trazodone group were lower than those of the CBTI group, with statistically significant difference (all P<0.05). Conclusions:For the elderly patients with depression and insomnia, the combination of self-help CBTI and trazodone can not only improve insomnia but also relieve depression symptoms, and the effect is better than that of trazodone and self -help CBTI alone.

Objective To observe the effect of cistanche deserticola polysaccharides on learning and memory ability of different types of spatial learning and memory abilities in micey.Methods The 120 mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide, low and medium dose group, and Lacita group, 20 rats in each group. The low, medium and large dosage groups were given 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides, piracetam group was given 10 mg/kg Laci Staw, blank group and model group were given 10 mg/kg volume distilled water. Continuous administration for 6 weeks. Cicloheximide mice were used to consolidate memory impairment model, using ethanol to establish a model with reappearance of memory disorders. The ability of learning and memory in water maze test in mice, the mice were detected in the brain of total protein, MDA, SOD.Results Compared with model group, the escape latency (9.45 ± 2.86 s, 12.73 ± 10.89 svs. 48.15 ± 30.33 s), and the first time arrived at the station (19.33 ± 3.27 s, 13.81 ± 9.79 svs. 40.71 ± 16.76 s) was the median, large dose group were significantly shortened (P<0.05); the first time to reach the site (11.58 ± 7.04 svs. 40.71 ± 16.76 s) in the low dose group was significantly shortened (P<0.05), the number of crossing the platform (5.46 ± 2.09vs. 3.03 ± 1.47) in the low dose group significantly increased (P<0.05); the total protein content in brain tissue (0.76 ± 0.25 g/Lvs. 0.55 ± 0.12 g/L) in the high dose group significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the ethanol model group, the escape latency (22.67 ± 18.35 s, 22.15 ± 16.22 s, 18.00 ± 13.44 svs. 51.33 ± 22.19 s), the first time arrived at the station (16.70 ± 11.25 s, 19.75 ± 14.62 s, 9.47 ± 5.46 svs. 30.09 ± 13.63 s) in the low, medium and high dose group were significantly shortened (P<0.05), crossing the target (5.15 ± 1.28, 4.83 ± 0.75vs. 1.34 ± 0.83) in the low, medium and high dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05).Conclusions Cistanche polysaccharide could significantly improve the reproducibility of memory impairment in mice.

OBJECTIVE:To study the improvement effect of lanthanum hydroxide on chronic renal failure (CRF) hyperphos-phatemia in rats. METHODS:CRF hyperphosphatemia rat model were induced and then randomly divided into model group,lan-thanum carbonate group [0.3 g/(kg·d)],calcium carbonate group [4.2 g/(kg·d)] and lanthanum hydroxide high-dose,medium-dose and low-dose groups [1.5,1,0.5 g/(kg·d)] with 10 rats in each group. They were given adenine 0.2 g/(kg·d)intragastrically in the morning,and then given relevant medicine intragastrically in the afternoon;a week later,they stopped taking adenine but con-tinued to take relevant medicine for 22 d. 10 normal rats were selected as normal control group. General examination was conduct-ed,and renal coefficient,serum contents of calcium,phosphorus,PTH,creatinine(Scr)and usea nitrogen(BUN)were detected after last medication as well as renal pathological change. RESULTS:Compared with normal control group,model group showed CRF sign,renal coefficient,the contents of phosphorus,PTH,Scr and BUN were increased,while the content of calcium was de-creased(P<0.01);renal section showed obvious pathological characteristics. Compared with model group,CRF sign of rats were improved in lanthanum carbonate group,calcium carbonate group and lanthanum hydroxide groups. The renal coefficient (except for lanthanum hydroxide high-dose group),serum contents of phosphorus(except for calcium carbonate group),PTH(except for lanthanum hydroxide low-dose group and calcium carbonate group),Scr(except for lanthanum hydroxide low-dose group and calci-um carbonate group)and BUN were all decreased,while serum content of calcium and calcium-phosphorucs product(only in calci-um carbonate group)was increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01). There was no statistical significance in other difference. The renal sec-tion pathological characteristics were improved. CONCLUSIONS:Lanthanum hydroxide can improve renal function and reduce the level of serum phosphorus in CRF hyperphosphatemia model rats.

Objective To compare early-stage clinical features and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis neuroendocrine function in first-episode and untreated major depressive disorders with suicide and without suicide. Methods Untreated patients who had a diagnosis as major depression according to ICD-10 were allocated to suicide with major depressive disorder group or non-suicide with major depressive disorder group according to whether the pa?tients had suicidal ideation or behaviours. Patients were assessed before treatment using the 17-item Hamilton Depres?sion Scale (HAMD-17), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and the suicide assessment scale. The cortisol (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels in serum were measured using a chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results There was no significant difference in demographic data be?tween the two groups (P>0.05). In early-stage clinical features, there were significant differences in changes of sexual ac? tivity and feeling of despair (P<0.05). HAMD total scores were significantly higher in the suicide group (P<0.01), whereas HAMA total scores and Y-BOCS total scores were not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in CORT or ACTH levels between two groups (P>0.05). There were no significant correlation of suicidal scores with early-stage clinical features, symptom scales scores, CORT or ACTH levels (P>0.05). Conclusion De?creased sexual desire and feeling of despair are more severe in depressed patients with suicide than those without. There is no correlation of early-stage clinical features or HPA axis functions with suicide in patients with depression.

Objective To develop allele specific oligonucleotide(ASO) -PCR assay based on TCR βgene rearrangements and provide a screening method for minimal residual disease (MRD) in adult patients with T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).Methods DNA samples from newly diagnosed 20 adult T-ALL patients were obtained.The TCR β gene rearrangements were detected by multiplex PCR,which included 38 paired of primers in 3 reaction tubes.Gel electrophoresis and two-color Gene Scanning was also applied for clonality analysis of TCR β followed by sequencing and subsequent blasting for monoclonal PCR products in four patients.ASO primers were designed based on the sequence of junction regions.MRD were detected in the bone marrow by RQ-PCR with ASO upstream primers, consensus Jβprobes and downstream primers.Results The detection rate of the clonal TCR β rearrangements was 85.0% (17/20).At least one complete Vβ-Jβ rearrangement could be detected at the time of diagnosis in 16 out of 17 patients(94.1%, 16/17).Incomplete Dβ-Jβ rearrangement could be detected in 7 patients (41.2% ,7/17).The positivitity rate of Vβ-Jβ to Dβ-Jβ was 2∶1 (94.1% versus 41.2% ).Two-color Gene Scanning analysis showed the Jβ2 family was used more frequently than the Jβ1 family (73% versus 27% ).The slopes of the standard curves ranged from - 3.60 to - 3.27.The correlation coefficients of all four standard curves were more than 0.99.The detection sensitivity of ASO-PCR was 4 × 10 -5 μg/μl.The fluorescence background were detected at a low level.Quantitative MRD values of TCR β rearrangement in sequential BM specimens of 4 adult T-ALL patients were monitored during the treatment, including complete remission after induction and after consolidation therapy. RQ-PCR showed the MRD values of TCR β rearrangement were gradually decreased in response to the treatment.Conclusions The quantification of TCR β rearrangement by ASO-PCR approach is sensitive, specific and reliable for the accurate evaluation of malignant clones.It is suitable for the monitoring of minimal residual disease of adult T-ALL patients.

Objective To investigate the effect of KIR-HLA receptor-ligand model on the unrelated allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods The KIR genotype of 23 pairs of ALL patients and their HLA-matched unrelated donors obtained from the Database of China Marrow Donor Program. KIR genotype was determined using PCR-SSP. The expression of inhibitory KIR(iKIR) was determined by flow cytometry analysis on recipients after HSCT. Results Among all 23 donor/recipient pairs, 17 donors with KIR2DL2/L3 could find corresponding HLA-Cw1, 3, 7, 8, 12, 14 ligands in their recipients. Six donors with KIR2DL1 could match with HLA-Cw6, 15 in recipients. Sixteen donors with KIR3DL1 could recognize HLA-Bw4 and 12 donors with 3DL2 could find HLA-AI1 in their corresponding recipients, respectively. Ninteen patients were successfully transplanted, and the death rate of transplantation were 33.3% (2/6)and 40.0% (2/5) in KIR receptor-ligand matched model and the graft versus leukemia(HVG) KIR ligand-mismatching pattern. The frequency of acute graft versus host disease(GVHD) was 50.0% and death rate was 12.5% (1/8) in GVH KIR ligand-mismatching. The incidence rate of activated GVHD(aGVHD) was 20.0% in the HVG KIR ligand-mismatching. Five donor/recipient pairs of KIR gene typing were the KIR-haplotype A, 2 donor/recipient pairs with KIR2DS4 * 001/002 were died, 3 donor/recipient pairs with KIR2DS4 * 003-007 were obtained the disease free survival. The expression of CD158a/2DL1 was low when the patient had no aGVHD, but became much higher when aGVHD occurred. The percentage of NK cell of the patients was decreasing since transplantation, but still higher than normal after HSCT[ (23.4 ± 3.8 ) % vs (2.04 ± 0.58) %, P < 0.05 ]. Conclusion Analysis on KIR-HLA gene loci pattern may provide a useful parameter in predicting the clinical outcome of HLA-matched unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for leukemia patients. Moreover, it may help to increase overall survival and disease free survival after HSCT by preventing the development of GVHD.