【Objective】 To review the scientific research advances in the field of preschool children′s nutrition from 2012 to 2022, in order to provide reference for relevant policy formulation and further scientific exploration in this area. 【Methods】 High-quality literature published both domestically and internationally between 2012 and 2022 was retrieved through Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. Excel and CiteSpace software were applied to visualize the research hotspots and frontier trends. 【Results】 A total of 1 816 English articles and 110 Chinese articles were included in the analysis. The cooperation network density of research institutions and authors was found to be low. Excluding the search terms, the top three English keywords were vitamin A (0.74), intervention (0.67), obesity prevention (0.55); the top three Chinese keywords were "anemia" (0.41), "obesity" (0.38), and "nutritional status" (0.18). In Chinese and English clusters, "anemia" and "physical activity" ranked first, respectively. The latest burst words identified were "dietary pattern" and "diet quality". 【Conclusions】 The number of English literature published in the field of preschool children′s nutrition is increasing, but it has shown a downward trend in the past three years in China. There are few studies in this field in China. The research hotspots primarily focus on the nutritional status of preschool children, with less attention paid to intervention research and methodological exploration. Further research in the field of preschool children′s nutrition in China may need to focus on the external determinants of preschool children′s nutrition, such as parental education, diet and food supply.

Objective Exploring the position and bone wall thickness characteristics of the maxillary central inci-sors in Southern Chinese adults to provide a clinical reference for the design of immediate maxillary central incisor im-plantation surgery.Methods The hospital ethics committee approved the study,and the patients provided informed consent.CBCT images of 990 adult patients(aged 20-79 years)from the Stomatology Hospital(January 2018 to Decem-ber 2021)were categorized based on the dental arch form and age-sex groups.Sagittal CBCT images of the maxillary central incisors were used to measure the labial and palatal bone thickness wall at 4 mm the CEJ to apical,the middle of the root,and the angle between the tooth long axis and the long axis of the alveolar process,to compare the thickness of the labial and palatal bone walls in samples of male and female patients,and to explore the relationship between the angle between the tooth long axis and the alveolar process long axis in samples of male and female patients in different age groups(20-39 years;40-59 years;60-79 years).Results Significant differences were found in the labiopalatine side of the alveolar bone of the maxillary incisor root position.A total of 95.8％(948/990)of the maxillary incisors were positioned more buccally,4.1％(41/990)were positioned more midway,and 0.1％(1/990)were positioned more palatal-ly.The thicknesses of the bone wall at the CEJ of 4 mm below the palatal side,the middle of the root,and at the apex were greater(1.82±0.56 mm,3.20±1.10 mm,and 7.70±2.00 mm,respectively)than those at the labial side(1.21± 0.32 mm,0.89±0.35 mm,and 1.86±0.82 mm,respectively),with statistical significance(P＜0.05).Male bone wall thickness was generally greater than female bone wall thickness(P＜0.05).The angle between the long axis of male teeth and the alveolar bone was 14.77°±5.66°,while that of female teeth was 12.80°±5.70°,with a statistically signifi-cant difference(P＜0.05).The angle between the long axis of teeth and the alveolar bone in the 40-59-year-old group and the 60-79-year-old group was greater than that in the 20-39-year-old group,and the difference was statistically sig-nificant(P＜0.05).Conclusion A total of 95.8％of adults in South China have maxillary central incisors with root de-viation toward the labial bone cortex.The thickness of the labial bone wall is much thinner than that of the labial bone wall,which is the middle of the thickness of the root.In Southern Chinese adults,the angle between the upper central incisor and the long axis of the alveolar bone in males is greater than that in females,and the degree of the angle in-creases with age.It is recommended to pay attention to the thickness of the bone wall around the root and the angle be-tween the teeth before immediate implantation surgery to choose a reasonable implantation plan.

Objective To analyze the spatial relationship between the roots of maxillary anterior premolars and the maxillary sinus,thus providing an anatomical basis for timing,planning,surgical approaches,and implant selection at this site.Methods Cone beam CT(CBCT)images were collected from 264 patients(aged 20-65 years)who visited the Ruihua Dental Clinic between January 2017 and March 2023.The minimum distance from the apex of the maxillary an-terior premolar roots to the lower wall of the maxillary sinus was measured on the coronal plane.The classification of the vertical relationship between the tooth root and the lower wall of the maxillary sinus was performed,and comparisons were made bilaterally,between genders,and among different age groups.Results The minimum distance(Q50)from the apex of the first maxillary premolar root to the lower wall of the maxillary sinus was 7.34 mm for the single-root type,7.80 mm for the buccal root of the double-root type,and 7.36 mm for the palatal root.For the second maxillary premo-lar,the median distance was 2.56 mm for the single root type,1.73 mm for the buccal root type,and 1.23 mm for the palatal root type.There was a significant difference in the shortest distance from the apex of the right second maxillary premolar single root to the lower wall of the maxillary sinus among the different age groups(P＜0.05),with the 20-29-year-old group having the smallest median distance(1.52 mm)and the≥40-year-old group having the largest(4.44 mm).There was no significant difference in the effect of sex or laterality on distance(P＞0.05).The most common vertical relationship between the apex of the maxillary anterior premolar roots and the lower wall of the maxillary sinus was non-contact.There was no significant difference in the vertical relationship classification between the single-root and dou-ble-root types(P＞0.05).Conclusion Most maxillary first premolar roots can provide sufficient bone height,which makes it easy to achieve immediate implantation.The maxillary second premolar root frequently involves insufficient bone,which is necessary to make full use of the bone wall of the extraction socket or the sinus floor cortical bone to achieve initial stability.The vertical relationship between the premolar root and maxillary sinus was influenced by age and dental position.Younger age groups often exhibit inadequate bone height,and the indication for immediate implan-tation should be carefully considered.The number of roots does not significantly affect the relationship between the sinus and root;however,double-rooted premolars offer more support for immediate implantation and socket healing due to the small root diameter and bony separation between the roots.

The protein kinase B(Akt)pathway can regulate the growth,proliferation,and metabolism of tumor cells and stem cells through the activation of multiple downstream target genes,thus affecting the development and treatment of a range of diseases.Thioesterase superfamily member 4(THEM4),a member of the thioesterase superfamily,is one of the Akt kinase-binding proteins.Some studies on the mechanism of cancers and other diseases have shown that THEM4 binds to Akt to regulate its phosphorylation.Initially,THEM4 was considered an endogenous inhibitor of Akt,which can inhibit the phosphorylation of Akt in diseases such as lung cancer,pancreatic cancer,and liver cancer,but subsequently,THEM4 was shown to promote the proliferation of tumor cells by positively regulating Akt activity in breast cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma,which contradicts previous findings.Considering these two distinct views,this review summarizes the important roles of THEM4 in the Akt pathway,focusing on THEM4 as an Akt-binding protein and its regulatory relationship with Akt phosphorylation in various diseases,especially cancer.This work provides a better understanding of the roles of THEM4 combined with Akt in the treatment of diseases.

Objective: First-line bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel (CP) is approved for stage III/IV ovarian cancer treatment following initial surgical resection, based on global phase III GOG-0218 and ICON7 trials. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab + CP as first-line ovarian cancer therapy in Chinese patients. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III/IV epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer post-primary surgery were randomized 1:1 to receive 6 cycles of CP with bevacizumab/ placebo, followed by bevacizumab/placebo maintenance until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression. Primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS). Stratification factors were FIGO stage and debulking status (stage III optimally debulked vs stage III suboptimally debulked vs stage IV) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (0 vs 1 or 2). Results: Of randomized patients, 51 received bevacizumab + CP and 49 received placebo + CP. Median PFS was 22.6 months with bevacizumab + CP (95% confidence interval [CI]=18.6, not estimable) and 12.3 months (95% CI=9.5, 15.0) with placebo + CP (stratified hazard ratio=0.30; 95% CI=0.17, 0.53). Treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 46 of 49 (94%) patients receiving bevacizumab + CP, and 34 of 50 (68%) receiving placebo + CP. Conclusion Bevacizumab + CP showed clinically meaningful improvement in PFS vs placebo + CP, consistent with GOG-0218 results. Safety data were aligned with the known bevacizumab safety profile. These results support first-line bevacizumab + CP therapy in Chinese patients with ovarian cancer.

Objective: First-line bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel (CP) is approved for stage III/IV ovarian cancer treatment following initial surgical resection, based on global phase III GOG-0218 and ICON7 trials. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab + CP as first-line ovarian cancer therapy in Chinese patients. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III/IV epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer post-primary surgery were randomized 1:1 to receive 6 cycles of CP with bevacizumab/ placebo, followed by bevacizumab/placebo maintenance until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression. Primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS). Stratification factors were FIGO stage and debulking status (stage III optimally debulked vs stage III suboptimally debulked vs stage IV) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (0 vs 1 or 2). Results: Of randomized patients, 51 received bevacizumab + CP and 49 received placebo + CP. Median PFS was 22.6 months with bevacizumab + CP (95% confidence interval [CI]=18.6, not estimable) and 12.3 months (95% CI=9.5, 15.0) with placebo + CP (stratified hazard ratio=0.30; 95% CI=0.17, 0.53). Treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 46 of 49 (94%) patients receiving bevacizumab + CP, and 34 of 50 (68%) receiving placebo + CP. Conclusion Bevacizumab + CP showed clinically meaningful improvement in PFS vs placebo + CP, consistent with GOG-0218 results. Safety data were aligned with the known bevacizumab safety profile. These results support first-line bevacizumab + CP therapy in Chinese patients with ovarian cancer.

Objective: First-line bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel (CP) is approved for stage III/IV ovarian cancer treatment following initial surgical resection, based on global phase III GOG-0218 and ICON7 trials. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab + CP as first-line ovarian cancer therapy in Chinese patients. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III/IV epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer post-primary surgery were randomized 1:1 to receive 6 cycles of CP with bevacizumab/ placebo, followed by bevacizumab/placebo maintenance until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression. Primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS). Stratification factors were FIGO stage and debulking status (stage III optimally debulked vs stage III suboptimally debulked vs stage IV) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (0 vs 1 or 2). Results: Of randomized patients, 51 received bevacizumab + CP and 49 received placebo + CP. Median PFS was 22.6 months with bevacizumab + CP (95% confidence interval [CI]=18.6, not estimable) and 12.3 months (95% CI=9.5, 15.0) with placebo + CP (stratified hazard ratio=0.30; 95% CI=0.17, 0.53). Treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 46 of 49 (94%) patients receiving bevacizumab + CP, and 34 of 50 (68%) receiving placebo + CP. Conclusion Bevacizumab + CP showed clinically meaningful improvement in PFS vs placebo + CP, consistent with GOG-0218 results. Safety data were aligned with the known bevacizumab safety profile. These results support first-line bevacizumab + CP therapy in Chinese patients with ovarian cancer.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Buyang Huanwutang in regulating macrophage polarization based on the Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） / nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） / nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 （NLRP3） pathway. MethodRAW264.7 macrophages were intervened with lipopolysaccharide （LPS） of different concentrations （0， 1.25， 2.5， 5， 10， 20， 40， and 80 mg·L^-1） for 24 hours. Cell Counting Kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to determine the cell viability of RAW264.7 macrophages. The optimal concentration was chosen to establish an in vitro inflammation model induced by LPS. Cells were divided into a blank group （20% blank serum）， a model group （20% blank serum + 10 mg·L^-1 LPS）， a model control group （20% FBS + 10 mg·L^-1 LPS）， low-， medium-， and high-dose （5%， 10%， and 20%） Buyang Huanwutang-containing serum groups， a high-dose （20%） Buyang Huanwutang combined with NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 （50 μmol·L^-1） group， a high-dose （20%） Buyang Huanwutang combined with reactive oxygen species （ROS） inhibitor NAC （10 μmol·L^-1） group， and a high-dose （20%） Buyang Huanwutang combined with NF-κB inhibitor PDTC （10 μmol·L^-1） group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the expression of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， interleukin-18 （IL-18）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in RAW264.7 macrophages. Flow cytometry was employed to measure ROS levels in macrophages. Western blot was used to determine the protein expression of M1-type macrophage-related factors inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） and TNF-α， M2-type macrophage-related factors arginase-1 （Arg-1） and interleukin-10 （IL-10）， as well as the proteins in the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. ResultCCK-8 results indicated that under 10 mg·L^-1 LPS stimulation， RAW264.7 macrophages exhibited the highest cell viability （P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the model group showed significantly increased levels of IL-1β， IL-18， and TNF-α （P<0.05，P<0.01）， increased ROS expression （P<0.05，P<0.01）， increased protein expression of M1-type macrophage factors iNOS and TNF-α （P<0.01）， decreased protein expression of M2-type macrophage factors Arg-1 and IL-10 （P<0.05，P<0.01）， and upregulated expression levels of TLR4， myeloid differentiation factor 88 （MyD88）， phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-κB （p-IκB）/NF-κB inhibitor （IκB）， phosphorylated NF-κB （p-NF-κB） p65/NF-κB p65， NLRP3， apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD （ASC）， and pro-Caspase-1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， all Buyang Huanwutang-treated groups and inhibitor groups significantly reduced levels of IL-1β， IL-18， and TNF-α （P<0.01）， suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors in RAW264.7 macrophages， decreased cellular ROS expression levels （P<0.01）， downregulated M1-type macrophages iNOS and TNF-α protein expression （P<0.01）， upregulated M2-type macrophages Arg-1 and IL-10 protein expression （P<0.01）， and lowered protein expression levels of TLR4， MyD88， p-IκB/IκB， p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65， NLRP3， ASC， and pro-Caspase-1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionBuyang Huanwutang can improve macrophage inflammation， potentially by reducing macrophage ROS levels， inhibiting RAW264.7 macrophage polarization， and downregulating the protein expression levels of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.

Da Qinjiaotang is a common classical prescription for the treatment of stroke. It originates from Collection of Writings on the Mechanism of Disease， Suitability of Qi， and the Safeguarding of Life as Discussed in the Basic Questions （《素问病机气宜保命集》） by physician LIU Wansu， and is composed of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Asari Radix et Rhizoma， Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix， Saposhnikoviae Radix， Scutellariae Radix， Gypsum Fibrosum， Angelicae Dahuricae Radix， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Rehmanniae Radix， Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata， Poria， and Angelicae Pubescentis Radix. Doctors of all dynasties have disputed the composition principle of the prescription and argued whether its treatment of stroke belongs to the theory of "internal wind" or "external wind". Through collating and analyzing ancient and modern literature related to the indications of Da Qinjiaotang， this paper was dedicated to the origin of syndrome differentiation and treatment of Da Qinjiaotang. According to LIU Wansu's original works， Da Qinjiaotang is a prescription for the treatment of "internal wind"， and in the prescription， wind medicinal herbs such as Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix， Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix and Angelicae Pubescentis Radix removes stagnation， clears sweat pore， and makes qi and blood channels flow smoothly. However， later generations， affected by the idea of "external wind"， believe that this prescription is used for the treatment of "external wind". Ancient physicians gradually supplemented the symptoms of stroke， such as wry eye and mouth， hemibody pain and limb numbness， which were treated by Da Qinjiaotang， and Da Qinjiaotang was also applied to the treatment of other diseases， such as tendon dryness， convulsion and arthralgia. Modern doctors still explain the disease pathogenesis from the theory of "external wind" as deficiency in channels and collaterals and the entry of pathogenic wind， and the prescription has the effect of dispersing wind， clearing heat and nourishing and activating blood. In clinical practice， Da Qinjiaotang is mainly used to treat cerebrovascular diseases and peripheral facial paralysis in nervous system diseases， gouty arthritis and rheumatic arthritis in the rheumatic immune system and skin diseases. The above findings facilitate the research and development of Da Qinjiaotang.

This article analyzes the limitations of traditional medical theory teaching, and proposes the strategies for cultivating medical students' autonomous learning ability, i.e., informatization-based flipped classroom, problem-oriented teaching, mind mapping training, semi-open book examination, exploitation of the clinical and scientific thinking, and practice activities of medical humanities. The strategies of "problem oriented teaching" and "mind mapping training" were integrated into the practice teaching of hematology. Compared with the traditional medical teaching mode, students' feedback after class showed that the teaching mode incorporating new cultivation strategies was more conducive to the improvement of students' self-learning ability ( P = 0.008), and their satisfaction with teaching mode, learning interest, and self-learning ability were all improved. Thus, the appropriate application of the above strategies can help improve students' autonomous learning ability and optimize the effect of medical theory teaching.