【Objective】 To explore the surgical treatments and therapeutic outcomes for benign testicular tumor. 【Methods】 Clinical data of 53 patients with benign testicular tumor treated with surgery during May 2004 and Jul.2021 were retrospectively analyzed. 【Results】 The postoperative pathological diagnosis of 53 patients included 33 patients with epidermal cysts, 12 with mature teratomas, 2 with bilateral testicular tumors (one of them was epidermal cysts in the left and mature teratoma in the right, and the other was bilateral leiomyomas), and 6 benign cases. Testis sparing surgery (TSS) group had 23 patients and radical orchiectomy (RO) group had 30 patients. There were no significant differences in patients’ age, tumor location, disease course, and ultrasound examination results between the two groups (P>0.05). The tumor size of the RO group was (2.60±0.94) cm, which was larger than that of the TSS group (1.55±0.52) cm (P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in surgical time and postoperative hospital stay between the two groups (P>0.05). A total of 15 patients (13 with TSS and 2 with RO) underwent intraoperative frozen rapid pathological examination (FSA), which was consistent with post-operative paraffin pathological results. Durign the follow up of 2-219 months,median 38 months, there was no recurrence in either groups. 【Conclusion】 Testis sparing surgery is a reliable treatment modality for benign testicular tumor, which may also decrease the level of androgen and incidence of asthenozoospermia. It can be considered for tumors less than 2 cm with benign tendency or uncertain nature.

Objective: To explore the postoperative effect, prognosis, and prognostic factors for benign testicular tumors. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 35 patients with benign testicular tumors between May 2004 and May 2017 from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and the patients were followed up until October 2017. Results: The mean age of the 35 patients was 18.8 (0.4-44.0) years. Among them, 14 patients (40.0%) underwent testis-sparing surgery and 21 (60.0%) underwent radical orchiecto-my, and the tumor sizes were 1.8 (0.4-4.0) cm and 2.7 (1.0-8.0) cm, respectively. All patients had been cured without obvious perioper-ative complications. Postoperative histopathological tumor types included 18 epidermal cysts, 10 mature teratomas, 4 interstitial cell tumors, and 3 adenomatoid tumors. Frozen section examination of 10 cases had been operated, and all results were consistent with paraffin pathology. No patient who underwent testis-sparing surgery showed recurrence and/or metastasis during follow-up, and their sexual function and fertility were well preserved. Conclusions: Testis-sparing surgery is reliable, and the size of the tumor determines its implementation. An intraoperative rapid frozen section examination should be performed in patients with testicular neoplasms of a benign or variable nature diagnosed before operation. Patients with benign testicular tumors should undergo testis-sparing surgery, whereas others should undergo radical orchiectomy.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of patients with stage T2 bladder cancer who underwent combined treatment of bladder-preserving surgery and adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy.Methods The survival data of bladder cancer paients from January 2000 to December 2014 with stage T2N0M0 were retrospectively analyzed.Thirty-five patients of cT2N0M0 receive combined treatment of bladder-preserving surgery and adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy(group A),and 80 patients of pT2N0M0 underwent radical cystectomy (RC) (group B).The pathological diagnosis of all patients was urothelial carcinoma.In group A,there were 33(94.2％) males and 2 (5.8％) females;20 (57.1％) tumor size less than 3 cm and 15 (42.9％) larger than 3 cm;24 (68.6％) with single tumor and 11 (31.4％) with multiple tumors;11 (31.4％) patients with primary tumors and 24 (68.6％) recurrent tumors.In group B,there were 71 (88.7％) males and 9 (11.3％) females;35 (43.8％) tumor size less than 3 cm and 45(56.2％) larger than 3 cm;44 (55.0％) with single tumors and 36 (45.0％) with multiple tumors;22(27.5％) patients with primary tumors and 58 (72.5％) recurrent tumors.Results Groups A and B consisted of 35 and 80 patients and median follow-up time was 68 (13-157)and 67 (4-198)months,respectively.There was no significantly statistical difference in disease-specific survival (DSS) between the two groups(P =0.888),76.5％ for group A and 60.6％ for group B respectively.In group A,26 (74.3％) patients achieved complete response (CR) to intra-arterial chemotherapy.Additionally,amounts of 21 (60.0％) patients preserve their functional bladder successfully and their median follow-up time was 69 (13-134)months.8 patients receive delayed radical cystectomy when suffered tumor recurrence and none of them had lymph node metastases.Of those pathological stage was presented as stage T2 5 cases,T3 2 cases and T4 1 case.Importantly,the 8 patients who receive delayed RC did not confer worse DSS when compared with those underwent immediate RC in group B (P =0.809).Cox proportional hazards model showed that tumor number and CR to intra-arterial chemotherapy was independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (HR =0.238,P =0.007) and DSS(HR =0.085,P =0.004) respectively.During the period of intra-arterial chemotherapy,we did not observe hematological toxicity of grade Ⅳ and the hematological toxicity of grade Ⅰ-Ⅲ was 9 (25.7％),6 (17.1％) and 4 (11.4％).Conclusions For patients with T2N0M0,combined treatment of bladder-preserving surgery and adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy could be a therapy with long-term survival outcome and safety.The therapy could be offered as alternative treatment option for patients who were unsuitable for receiving RC.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of adrenal incidentaloma and explore the management strategies for this disease. Methods:The clinical data of adrenal neoplasm patients admitted in The First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2001 to January 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Results:The data of 667 patients with adre-nal incidentaloma were analyzed. Adenoma was the most common tumor in 511 cases with pathological results (240/511, 47%). Fur-thermore, the pathologic results indicated that 18%(90/511) of these cases were pheochromocytoma and 8%(41/511) were adreno-cortical carcinoma. Of the 511 cases, 266 had≤4 cm tumors, and 245 had>6 cm tumors. In cases with≤4 cm tumors, 260 (98%) had benign tumors, and 183 of these cases underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy. In cases with>6 cm tumor, 91 cases (37%) had malig-nant tumors, and 162 of these cases underwent open adrenalectomy. Conclusion:The suggested cut-off size for adrenal incidentalo-ma diagnosis is 4 cm. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the recommended management strategy for small (≤4 cm) and nonfunctional ad-renal incidentaloma.

Objective: To explore the clinical outcome of advanced testicular nonseminomatous germ cell cancer patients undergoing post chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND), and to analyze the relevant prognostic factors of lymph node pathological. Methods: A total of 43 consecutive testicular nonseminomatous germ cell cancer patients underwent PC-RPLND between March 2001 and December 2014 in Department of Urology at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were retrospectively reviewed. The average age of the patients was (29.0±11.5) years (ranging from 12 to 58 years). Before PC-RPLND, 22 patients were classified as phase Ⅱ, while 21 were phase Ⅲ. Primary tumor histology revealed seminomatous elements in 19 cases, embryonal cell carcinoma in 22 cases, yolk sac tumor in 13 cases, chorionic carcinoma in 3 cases, mature teratomatous elements in 11 and immature teratomatous elements in 2 cases. Patients were treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy after orchectomy and then underwent surgical resection of retroperitoneal lymph nodes.After PC-RPLND, all patients underwent a periodic review including the blood routine, biochemistry routine and computed tomography or ultrasonograph of the chest, the abdomen and the pelvis. The association of pathological data with patient′s clinic features and the correlations between molecular features detected with each other were assessed by the t test, χ² and Fisher′s exact test. Multivariate logistic regression were used to assess prognostic factors. Results: The median operative time was 278 minutes (ranging from 50 to 715 minutes). Median blood loss was 425 ml (ranging from 50 to 5 000 ml). Eight patients received blood transfusion intra-operatively, 2 patients underwent adjunctive surgical procedures, 4 patients developed ileus and 4 had an ascites chylosus following PC-RPLND, 1 patient had a postoperative hyperthermia and retrograde ejaculation was present in 10 patients. The transverse diameter of the residual tumor in patients ranged from 0.8 to 18.2 cm. Necrosis, teratoma and viable germ cell tumors were found in 15, 17 and 11 of all patients. The median follow-up time was 46 months (ranging from 6 to 169 months). There were 39 patients had no tumor recurrence, 7 patients were found recurrence after PC-RPLND, 5 died of malignant germ cell tumor. The normal serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level before chemotherapy (HR=25.811, 95%CI: 0.678 to 982.624, P=0.017) and relative changes more than 50% in retroperitoneal lymph node size (HR=0.016, 95%CI: 0 to 0.698, P=0.032) were statistically significant prognostic factors of the presence of necrosis. Conclusions Since most residual masses are not sensitive to chemotherapy, PC-RPLND is still an essential part of the treatment of metastatic testicular nonseminomatous germ cell cancer. Patients with the normal serum LDH level before chemotherapy and a shrinkage of 50% or more in retroperitoneal mass have a considerably chance of having necrosis in the retroperitoneum resection. This may help to refine the selection of candidates for PC-RPLND.

Objective To analyze the outcome of intra-artery chemotherapy for T1G3 bladder cancer , and its effectiveness and safety. Methods From June 2003 to May 2014, 39 patients with T1G3 bladder cancer chose intra-artery chemotherapy (Gemcitabine plus cis-platin), and close follow-up was required after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. During the follow-up, transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, and cystectomy was performed for muscle invasive tumor. Results Of all patients, 32 were male and 7 were female. The median age was 56 years old (range: 32-82 years), and median follow-up time was 56 months (range: 12-136 months). Nineteen patients were primary bladder cancer, and 20 were recurrent tumor. During the follow-up, 17 patients developed recurrent tumors, including 8 progressed tumors and 3 died from tumor. Two-year and 5-year progressed-free survival were 88% and 74%, and 2-year and 5-year cancer-specific survival were 97% and 89%, respectively. During 5 years′ follow-up, 81% survivor preserved intact bladder, and only 1 patient cancelled chemotherapy for adverse effect. Conclusions Intra-artery chemotherapy (GC regimen) is a choice for T1G3bladder cancer, preventing from disease progression with good tolerance.

OBJECTIVETo explore the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of testicular benign tumors in children.

METHODSThe clinical data of 37 boys (aged between 3 months to 12 years) with testicular tumors treated in our center between August 2000 and August 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The median age was 14 months and 21 boys were less than 2 years old. The tumors were on the left side in 18 cases, on the right side in 15 cases, and on both sides in 4 cases (adrenal residue testis tumor). Thirty-five patients presented with painless scrotal mass; in the other two cases, testicular residue tumor was found in routine medical examination in one case and testicular mature teratoma was found due to perineal pain in the other; both of the boys underwent ultrasound or CT examination. Thirty-three boys had tumor marker detection. Of the 37 boys with benign testicular tumors, 25 underwent radical inguinal orchiectomy and 12 had testis-sparing surgery.

RESULTSThe boys were followed up for 3-107 months (median 46 months). No patients were found to have tumor recurrence, metastasis or such complications as testicular atrophy; 3 boys had natural fertility later in adutthood.

CONCLUSIONSA high proportion of testicular tumors in children are benign. Preoperative ultrasound or CT combined with detection of tumor markers such as serum AFP can be important in the diagnosis of pediatric testicular tumors, for which testis-sparing surgery should be considered.

Biomarkers, Tumor ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Orchiectomy ; Retrospective Studies ; Teratoma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Testicular Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy

BACKGROUNDBladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the world; fewer than 15% of transitional-cell carcinoma patients survive 2 years if left untreated. Although radical cystectomy is the standard treatment of choice, much of them relapse and the necessity of adjuvant chemotherapy is still under debate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant intraarterial chemotherapy (IAC) with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) on locally advanced bladder cancer.

METHODSThis is a retrospective study on 60 patients with locally advanced bladder carcinoma who underwent radical cystectomy between May 2000 and June 2011. Patients were studied in two groups based on IAC and followed up for up to 5 years.

RESULTSAmong 60 patients, there were 25 patients who underwent IAC (GC) after radical cystectomy (the IAC group) and 35 patients who underwent radical cystectomy alone (the control group). Although not significant, the relapse rates were slightly reduced in the IAC group than in the control group. Patients with IAC had a reduction in mortality compared with patients without IAC over 5 years. Specifically, IAC significantly reduced about 82% of mortality within the first year (hazard ratio = 0.18, 95% CI 0.03-0.97, P = 0.04). Additionally, IAC was well tolerated and safe. The most common adverse effect was transient myelosuppression (10/25, 40%), which was resolved by various medical treatments.

CONCLUSIONSCompared with radical cystectomy alone, radical cystectomy in combination with adjuvant IAC moderately but significantly reduces 1-year mortality. Our preliminary data showed only marginal benefit for the early survival. However, a randomized clinical study is needed to determine the long-term survival benefit.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Cisplatin ; therapeutic use ; Cystectomy ; methods ; Deoxycytidine ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo define the clinicopathological risk factors of intravesical recurrence of primary transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter after surgical intervention.

METHODSPatients with primary carcinoma of the ureter treated between January 2000 and December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. The intravesical recurrence-free survival rate was calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was conducted with Cox's regression.

RESULTSA total of 104 patients were enrolled, who were followed up for a median of 46 months (13-89 months). Thirty-nine of the patients showed postoperative intravesical recurrence. Urine exfoliative cytology (P=0.000), number of tumors (P=0.006), tumor grade (P=0.039) and co-existence of bladder tumor (P=0.014) were found to independently influence the postoperative intravesical recurrence. Patients with more risk factors had poorer intravesical recurrence-free survival.

CONCLUSIONUrine exfoliative cytology, number of tumors, tumor grade and co-existence of bladder tumor are independent risk factors for postoperative intravesical recurrence of primary transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter. Close follow-up and rigorous treatment are essential for patients with high risk factors.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; pathology ; surgery ; Causality ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Regression Analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Ureteral Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; pathology

Objective To explore the risk factors of inguinal metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, screening lymph node metastasis high-risk patients. Methods The clinical and pathological data of 81 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were analyzed retrospectively. Age at presentation ranged from 27 to 81 years with a median of 49 years. Course of disease within one year of patients with 46 cases (56.8%), 1 year above 35 eases (43.2 %). Seventyfive patients underwent bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection, and 6 patients had unilateral inguinal lymph node dissection. Clinical stage of the primary tumor was assigned according to the 2002 TNM staging system. Variables included patients' age, redundant prepuce and/or phimosis, tumor site,size, number, macroscopic growth pattern, histological grade, inguinal physical examination and the size of inguinal lymph nodes. Results Of the 81 patients, 42 (51.9%) were staged as pN+ and 39 (48. 1%) as pN0. Metastases occurred in 32.0% (16/50) of G1, 78.3% (18/23) of G2 and 100. 0%(8/8) of G3 cases, with significant differences among them (P= 0. 015). According to the inguinal lymph node physical examination results, 63 were staged as clinically node-positive (cN+) and 18 as clinically node-negative (cN0). Metastases occurred in 63. 5% (40/63) of cases of cN+, as compared with 11.1% (2/18) of cases of cN0(P=0. 012). At a median follow up of 40 months (ranged 2-127 months), the 5-year disease free survival rates for positive and negative inguinal lymph nodes metastasis were 71.4% and 92.3%, respectively (P=0. 005) , and the 5-year cancer specific survival rates were 79.0% and 91.4%, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusions Inguinal physical examination and histological grade were the strongest predictors of inguinal metastasis. The patients with inguinal lymph nodes metastasis have lower 5-year disease free survival rates and cancer specific survival rates,and should receive positive treatment measures.