H 1-antihistamines are widely used in the treatment of various allergic diseases, but there are still many challenges in the safe and rational use of H 1-antihistamines in pediatrics, and there is a lack of guidance on the prescription review of H 1-antihistamines for children.In this paper, suggestions are put forward from the indications, dosage, route of administration, pathophysiological characteristics of children with individual difference and drug interactions, so as to provide reference for clinicians and pharmacists.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among sonographers in Guangdong Province, and to explore the disease pattern of the cases. Methods A total of 512 sonographers from 31 hospitals in Guangdong Province were selected as the research subjects using stratified cluster sampling method. The prevalence of WMSDs in the past year was investigated using the Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire, and the characteristics of WMSDs were analyzed. Latent class analysis was used to identify the disease pattern of WMSDs. Results The overall prevalence of WMSDs was 94.3%. The top five affected body parts were right shoulder, neck, right hand/wrist, lower back and right forearm/elbow, with the prevalence of 80.3%, 75.4%, 61.1%, 55.5% and 45.3%, respectively. The prevalence of WMSDs was higher on the right side for the shoulder, hand/wrist, forearm/elbow, hip/leg and knee compared with the left side (80.3% vs 31.3%, 61.1% vs 13.9%, 45.3% vs 10.0%, 17.4% vs 8.6%, 13.1% vs 8.4%, all P<0.05). The prevalence of WMSDs increased with work years, as well the prevalence of WMSDs in the top five affected body parts among the sonographers (all P<0.05). However, there were no statistical differences in prevalence of WMSDs between general hospitals and maternal and child health hospitals, tertiary hospitals and non-tertiary hospitals, Pearl River Delta hospitals and non-Pearl River Delta hospitals; there was also no statistical difference between different genders and age groups of the sonographers (all P>0.05). The best-fit latent disease pattern for sonographers WMSDs comprised three categories： symptom of neck-right shoulder, symptom of neck-lower back-right shoulder-right elbow-right hand/wrist, and symptom of multi-parts above the knees, with the latent probabilities of 0.438, 0.427 and 0.135, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of WMSDs in sonographers is extremely high, with a dose-effect relationship with work years. The most common affected parts are neck, lower back and right shoulder, right hand/wrist, and right forearm/elbow. The prevalence of WMSDs in the right side of limb was higher than that in the left. WMSDs primarily occur in multiple parts simultaneously. The most common symptoms occur in the neck-right shoulder and neck-lower back-right shoulder-right elbow-right hand/wrist.

Objective To investigate the expression of autophagy marker in peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and its clinical significance. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 62 AIH patients who were treated in Beijing YouAn Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from October 2019 to October 2020 who were treated in Beijing YouAn Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from October 2019 to October 2020 and 8 healthy controls to detect autophagy of T and B lymphocyte subsets, and then subgroup analyses were performed based on treatment, diagnostic type, and presence or absence of liver cirrhosis and liver failure. The t -test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between two groups; the chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. Results Compared with the healthy control group, the AIH group had a significantly higher mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the autophagy marker LC3B in CD4 + T, CD8 + T, CD19 + B, and CD4 + CD25 + T lymphocytes (all P < 0.05), especially in CD19 + B lymphocytes. The non-treatment group and the partial remission group had a significantly higher MFI of autophagy marker in CD19 + B lymphocytes than the complete remission group ( P =0.037 and 0.040); the idiopathic AIH (I-AIH) group and the drug-induced AIH(DI-AIH) group had a significantly higher MFI than the primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)-AIH overlap syndrome group ( P =0.037 and 0.031); the non-cirrhosis group and the decompensated cirrhosis group had a significantly higher MFI than the compensated cirrhosis group ( P =0.009 and 0.003); the liver failure group had a significantly higher MFI than the non-liver failure group ( P =0.042). The PBC-AIH group had a significantly higher MFI of autophagy marker in CD4 + CD25 + T lymphocytes than the I-AIH group and the DI-AIH group ( P =0.042 and 0.044), the compensated cirrhosis group had a significantly lower MFI than the non-cirrhosis group ( P =0.037), and the non-liver failure group had a significantly higher MFI than the liver failure group ( P =0.043). Conclusion AIH patients have a significant increase in the expression of autophagy marker in peripheral blood T and B lymphocyte subsets compared with healthy individuals, and the level of autophagy is associated with treatment, diagnostic type, and disease severity.

Objective: To evaluate the physical fitness and its regional distribution of students aged 13-18 years in China, using the National Standards for Students’ Physical Fitness (revised in 2014). Methods: We recruited 105 834 students aged 13 to 18 years from the Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health project in 2014. Related total scores, rates for qualified and for excellence (the proportions of individuals whose total score greater than or equal to 60.0 or 90.0) of these students were gathered. T test was applied to compare means of total score in different groups. χ² test was used to compare the differences of qualified or excellence rates between different groups while Pearson correlation method was applied to test the relation of each index with per capita GDP. Results: The average score was (70.1±10.7) among students aged 13 to 18 years in China. 88 805 (83.9%) students whose score exceeded 60.0 while 1 734 (1.6%) exceeded 90.0. Average score, rates of both qualified or excellence of students aged 13 to 15 appeared higher than those aged 16 to 18 but lower in males than in females. However, the rate of excellence was much higher in male students. Students living in urban areas showed both lower average score and qualified rate but higher rate of excellence than those living in rural areas. Both qualified and Excellent rates decreased with the increase of age in both sexes. We also noticed that both higher physical fitness and health status appeared in students from the east coast. Pearson correlation coefficient of each index (average score, qualified or Excellent rate) on per capital GDP appeared as 0.56, 0.43 and 0.65, respectively. Conclusion In 2014, the physical fitness of Chinese students aged 13 to 18 was not satisfactory, with older students and those living in underdeveloped areas, in particular.

Objective: To understand the nutritional status among Chinese students of five ethnic minorities aged 7-18 years. Methods: Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health in 2014 applied multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling, including 214 354 students from 31 province of China mainland. 73 students whose height or weight information were missing, were excluded. 25 968 minority students aged 7-18 years from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Jilin Provinces were included for data analysis, including Mongolian (n=5 107), Hui (n=5 308), Uygur (n=5 740), Zhuang (n=5 267) and Korean (n=4 546) students. According to the BMI standard of Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) and the new students' health standard of Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 456-2014) , students were defined as wasting, normal weight, overweight and obesity groups and the nutritional status in different minorities and other characteristics was described and analyszed. Results: The prevalences of wasting in Zhuang, Hui, Uygur, Korean and Mongolian students were 6.1% (318/5 267), 5.1% (266/5 308), 3.2% (187/5 740), 2.6% (116/4 546) and 1.3% (65/5 107) in descending order (χ²=212.60, P<0.001), respectively. The prevalences of overweight in Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Uygur and Zhuang students were 15.2% (686/4 546), 13.1% (669/5 107), 10.3% (549/5 308), 7.8% (446/5 740) and 7.8% (413/5 267) in descending order (χ²=220.80, P<0.001), respectively. The prevalences of obesity in Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Zhuang and Uygur students were 15.3% (695/4 546), 9.5% (488/5 107), 5.7% (304/5 308), 4.6% (242/5 267) and 3.6% (206/5 740) in descending order (χ²=647.02, P<0.001), respectively. The prevalences of wasting in Mongolian, Uygur and Korean rural students were 1.7% (44/2 623), 3.9% (113/2 868) and 3.4% (74/2 154), higher than urban students (all P values <0.05) which were 0.8% (21/2 484), 2.6% (74/2 872) and 1.8% (42/2 392) in Mongolian, Uygur and Korean students. The prevalence of obesity in Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang and Korean urban students were 10.8% (269/2 484), 7.6% (193/2 554), 4.1% (117/2 872), 5.9% (153/2 601) and 16.6% (396/2 392), higher than rural students (all P values <0.05) which were 8.3% (219/2 623), 4.0% (111/2 754), 3.1% (89/2 868), 3.3% (89/2 666) and 13.9% (299/2 154) in Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang and Korean students. The prevalence of obesity in Hui, Zhuang and Korean boys were 7.2% (188/2 570), 6.0% (157/2 628) and 17.2% (394/2 282), respectively, higher than that of girls which were 4.2% (116/2 738), 3.3% (85/2 639) and 13.3% (301/2 264) (all P values <0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of wasting, overweight and obesity varied by ethnic minorities in mainland China. The prevalence of overweight and obesity appears higher among mongolian and Korean students, while the prevalence of wasting was higher in Zhuang students.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and related factors of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 7 provinces in China. Methods: Using the method of stratified cluster random sampling, 93 primary and secondary schools were selected from Guangdong, Hunan, Liaoning provinces, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin municipalities and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China, 2012. A total of 16 434 students aged 6-17 years old with completed physical and lipid profiles parameters were selected into this study from above 93 primary and secondary schools. Dyslipidemia was determined by the definition of Expert Advice on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents in 2009. Logistic regression model was used to explore the factors related to dyslipidemia. Results: The prevalence of elevated total cholesterol, elevated triglyceride, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and dyslipidemia was 5.4% (887 cases), 15.7% (2 578 cases), 3.0% (492 cases), 13.5% (2 221 cases) and 28.5% (4 679 cases) among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, respectively. Sugary drinks intake ≥once per week (OR=1.14; 95%CI: 1.05-1.24), sedentary time >10 hours per day (OR=1.14, 95%CI: 1.01-1.28), overweight (OR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.33-1.70), and obesity (OR=2.62, 95%CI: 2.31-2.96) were significantly associated with the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Conclusion The prevalence of dyslipidemia was high among children and adolescents aged 6-17 in 7 provinces in China, 2012. Sugary drinks intake ≥once per week, sedentary time >10 hours per day, overweight and obesity might be the risk factors of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of physical fitness among Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years in 2014, and explore related influencing factors. Methods: This study recruited 106 881 Han students aged 13-18 years who had taken physical fitness test from Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 2014. After the exclusion of 1 047 students without complete records of physical fitness test, 105 834 students were included in the final analysis. According to the National Student Physical Health Standard modified in 2014, seven indicators including body mass index, vital capacity, 50-m run, sit-and-reach, standing broad jump, pull-ups/curl-ups and endurance run were tested to calculate the total score of students' physical fitness. Students with score ≥60 were regarded as qualified students. Multivariate non-conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze influencing factors of physical fitness. Results: Among Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years, the total score was 70.1±10.7 and the qualified rate was 83.9% (n=88 813). Boys (83.5% (44 197/52 910)) had a lower qualified rate of physical fitness than girls (84.3% (44 616/52 924)) (P<0.001), and 13-15 age group (86.5% (46 255/53 465)) was higher than the 16–18 age group (81.3% (42 558/52 369)) (P<0.001). Except for 16–18-year-old boys from central region, normal body mass index, eastern region, good socioeconomic status, enough PE class, exercise time ≥1 h/d, homework time ≥2 h/d, TV time <1 h/d were all related to high qualified rates of physical fitness (P<0.05). Conclusion Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years were in good physical condition. The qualified rates of physical fitness were significantly different by gender and age groups. Nutritional status, region, socioeconomic status, PE class, exercise time per day, homework time per day, and TV time per day were related factors of physical fitness.

Objective To explore the prevalence of physical activity time ＜1 hour and related factors in students aged 9-22 years in China.Methods A total of 220 159 students (110 039 boys and 110 120 girls) aged 9-22 years who completed the questionnaire of physical activity and lifestyle behaviors were selected from "2014 National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance" for the current study.All the participants were divided into 2 groups,i.e.physical activity time ＜ 1 hour and physical activity time ≥ 1 hour according the suggestion of Central Government,stratified by age and gender.x2 tests were used to compare the difference in the prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour between boys and girls in every age groups.Univariate and multivariate log-binomial regression models were used to explore the factors that influenced the prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour.Results The boy's prevalence of physical activity time ＜1 hour was 73.3％,with the lowest (57.0％) in 9-years-old group,and highest (82.5％) in 18 years old group.The girl's prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour was 79.1％,with the lowest (60.1％) in 9-years-old group,and highest (89.8％) in 21 years old group.Overall,The prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour was significantly higher in girls than in boys (P＜0.001),and the prevalence were significantly higher in girls than in boys in all the age groups (P＜0.001),and it was observed that the prevalence of physical activity ＜ 1 hour increased with age in both boys and girls (P＜0.001).Multivariate log-binomial regression model found that being girl (PR=1.05,95％CI:1.05-1.06),parents' disliking children to participate physical activity (PR=1.08,95％CI:1.07-1.09),heavy homework (PR=1.13,95％CI:1.12-1.14),long homework time (PR=1.08,95％CI:1.07-1.08),long time spending on electronic screen watching (PR=1.01,95％CI:1.00-1.01) and disliking physical class (PR=1.11,95％CI:1.10-1.12) could be the risk factors for physical activity time ＜ 1 hour,however,living in rural area (PR=0.99,95％CI:0.98-0.99) and no supporting from parents for children to participate physical activity (PR=0.99,95％CI:1.98-1.00) could be the protective factors,but no consistent association with the time of TV watching was observed (P=0.226).Conclusions The prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour was high in students aged 9-22 years in China.Female,parents;disliking children to participate physical activity,heavy homework,long homework time,long electronic screen watching time and disliking physical class might be the risk factors.

Objective To understand and evaluate the prevalence of myopia and its trend in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in Han ethnic group in China from 2005 to 2014,and provide evidence for the prevention of myopia.Methods The data of 2005,2010 and 2014 Chinese National Students Constitution and Health Surveys were collected.The children and adolescents with complete detection data of binoculus were selected as study subjects.The sample size of three studies were 233 108,215 319 and 212 743,respectively.The method of curve fitting was used to simulate the myopia detection increase model and analyze the gender and area specific myopia detection increase trends and characteristics from 2005 to 2014.Results The overall myopia detection rate increased gradually in the children and adolescents aged 7 to 18,which was 47.5％ in 2005,55.5％ in 2010 and 57.1％ in 2014,respectively.The increase slowed in 2014.A "parabola" shape of myopia detection increase rate was observed.Myopia detection rate increased with age before puberty and decreased with age after puberty gradually.A "cross phenomenon" of myopia detection increase was observed in boys and girls between urban and rural areas.The increase of myopia detection was mainly in urban students before puberty and in rural students after puberty.The age of myopia prevalence peak has become earlier constantly in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2005 to 2014,which was 13 years old in 2005,12 years old in 2010 and 11 years old in 2014.The increase rate was about 7％.During 2005-2014,the increase rate of myopia detection gradually increased in younger students and tended to zero in older students.Conclusion The detection rate of myopia was still high in children and adolescents in China.The age of myopia prevalence peak has become earlier gradually.

Objective To understand the physical endurance level of primary and middle school students in China in 2014,and identify the factors influencing students' physical endurance.Methods Data were collected from "National School Student Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance in 2014",a total of 142 708 primary and middle school students with complete information were included in the analysis.The age,gender and area specific failure rates of endurance running of students were analyzed,the differences were analyzed with x2 test,and the factors influencing students' physical endurance were identified with log-binomial regression model.Results Among the 142 708 students,the failure rate of endurance running was 21.6％ (30 867/142 708).The failure rate was 23.7％ (16 891/71 388) in boys and 19.6％ (13 976/71 320) in girls (x2=347.73,P＜0.05).And it was 24.8％ in students in urban area (17 713/71 378),higher than that in students in rural area (18.4％,13 154/71 330) (x2=855.29,P＜0.05).The failure rate of endurance running showed an upward trend with age.Insufficient physical education class hour (OR=1.13,95％CI:1.11-1.15),not taking breakfast daily (OR=1.22,95％ CI:1.20-1.25),daily physical exercise time ＜ 1 hour (OR=1.44,95％CI:1.40-1.48),the screen watching time ＞2 hours (OR=1.16,95％CI:1.14-1.19) and overweight or obesity (OR=1.90,95％ CI:1.86-1.95) might be the risk factors for the failure of physical endurance.Conclusion The physical endurance of primary and secondary students in China was not optimistic,and the factors influencing their physical endurance included gender,living area,physical education class time,daily homework time,breakfast,daily exercise time and nutrition status.