Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) combined with lower cervical fracture is often categorized into unstable fracture, with a high incidence of neurological injury and a high rate of disability and morbidity. As factors such as shoulder occlusion may affect the accuracy of X-ray imaging diagnosis, it is often easily misdiagnosed at the primary diagnosis. Non-operative treatment has complications such as bone nonunion and the possibility of secondary neurological damage, while the timing, access and choice of surgical treatment are still controversial. Currently, there are no clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of AS combined with lower cervical fracture with or without dislocation. To this end, the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedics Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts to formulate Clinical guidelines for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis combined with lower cervical fracture in adults ( version 2024) in accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine, scientificity and practicality, in which 11 recommendations were put forward in terms of the diagnosis, imaging evaluation, typing and treatment, etc, to provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of AS combined with lower cervical fracture.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) combined with spinal fractures with thoracic and lumbar fracture as the most common type shows characteristics of unstable fracture, high incidence of nerve injury, high mortality and high disability rate. The diagnosis may be missed because it is mostly caused by low-energy injury, when spinal rigidity and osteoporosis have a great impact on the accuracy of imaging examination. At the same time, the treatment choices are controversial, with no relevant specifications. Non-operative treatments can easily lead to bone nonunion, pseudoarthrosis and delayed nerve injury, while surgeries may be failed due to internal fixation failure. At present, there are no evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AS combined with thoracic and lumbar fracture. In this context, the Spinal Trauma Academic Group of Orthopedics Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts to formulate the Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of adult ankylosing spondylitis combined with thoracolumbar fracture ( version 2023) by following the principles of evidence-based medicine and systematically review related literatures. Ten recommendations on the diagnosis, imaging evaluation, classification and treatment of AS combined with thoracic and lumbar fracture were put forward, aiming to standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such disorder.

The acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults have a higher rate of neurological injury and early death compared with atlas or axial fractures alone. Currently, the diagnosis and treatment choices of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults are controversial because of the lack of standards for implementation. Non-operative treatments have a high incidence of bone nonunion and complications, while surgeries may easily lead to the injury of the vertebral artery, spinal cord and nerve root. At present, there are no evidence-based Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults. To provide orthopedic surgeons with the most up-to-date and effective information in treating acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults, the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts in the field of spinal trauma to develop the Evidence-based guideline for clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults ( version 2023) by referring to the "Management of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults" published by American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS)/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) in 2013 and the relevant Chinese and English literatures. Ten recommendations were made concerning the radiological diagnosis, stability judgment, treatment rules, treatment options and complications based on medical evidence, aiming to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of ixazomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone (IRd) in Chinese patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) .Methods:This study comprising 14 medical centers in China included patients with relapsed/refractory MM who received at least. Ixazomib at an initial oral dose of 4 mg was administered. Seven patients had dose adjustment to 3 mg at the time of first dose. The lenalidomide doses were adjusted according to creatinine clearance rate. The efficacy and safety were evaluated every cycle.Results:In the study cohort of 74 patients, the median age was 65 years and 11 (14.9% ) patients received over three lines of therapy. Overall response rate (ORR) was 54.1% (40/74) , and 7 (9.5% ) , 14 (18.9% ) , and 19 (25.7% ) patients achieved stringent complete response or complete response, very good partial response, and partial response, respectively. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 9.9 and 20 months, respectively. The median time to response was 1 month. The efficacy and survival outcome were similar to those reported in the Tourmaline-MM1 China Continuous Study. The ORR of patients refractory to bortezomib, lenalidomide, and bortezomib plus lenalidomide were 52.0% (13/25) , 57.1% (4/7) , and 33.3% (6/18) , respectively. The rate of grade 3-4 adverse events was 36.5% (27/74) . Common hematological toxicities were anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia. Common non-hematological toxicities were fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, and infections. Two cases of grade 3 peripheral neuropathy were reported. The patients eligible for the Tourmaline-MM1 China Continuous Study had a higher ORR than the ineligible patients [77.8% (14/18) vs 46.4% (26/56) , P=0.020]. There was no difference in the rate of grade 3-4 adverse events [33.3% (6/18) vs 37.5% (21/56) , P=0.749]. Conclusion:The IRd regimen had good efficacy and acceptable toxicity in Chinese patients with relapsed/refractory MM.

According to the pathological characteristics of symptomatic chronic thoracic and lumbar osteoporotic vertebral fracture (SCOVF), the different clinical treatment methods are selected, including vertebral augmentation, anterior-posterior fixation and fusion, posterior decompression fixation and fusion, and posterior correction osteotomy. However, there is still a lack of a unified understanding on how to choose appropriate treatment method for SCOVF. In order to reflect the new treatment concept and the evidence-based medicine progress of SCOVF in a timely manner and standardize its treatment, the clinical guideline for surgical treatment of SCOVF is formulated in compliance with the principle of scientificity, practicability and advancement and based on the level of evidence-based medicine.

Purpose: Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is an invasive neoplasm of precursor T-cell or B-cell lineage.A broadly accepted standard treatment for adult LBL has not yet been defined. Materials and Methods: To address this issue, we compared two chemotherapy regimens: a modified non-Hodgkinlymphoma Berlin–Frankfurt–Mu!nster-95 (NHL-BFM-95) regimen and HyperCVAD/MA. Thisretrospective study consecutively enrolled 207 adult LBL patients at two hospitals from2000 to 2018. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to assess prognostic factors. Results: In the present study, most clinical characteristics were similar between the two treatmentgroups except for age and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. Patients treated with modifiedNHL-BFM-95 regimen tended to be younger and with elevated LDH level. The modified NHLBFM-95 regimen produced better treatment outcomes than those with HyperCVAD/MA inpatients with T-LBL or patients < 40 years. Treatment with HyperCVAD/MA, high EasternCooperative Oncology Group scores, and bone marrow involvement were independent riskfactors in T-LBL. No patients interrupted treatment for severe adverse events. Conclusion The results suggested that the modified regimen is well-tolerated and can produce the promisingoutcomes in patients with T-LBL or patients < 40 years.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) in prophylaxis neutropenia after chemotherapy in patients with lymphoma. Methods: This was a multicenter, single arm, open, phase Ⅳ clinical trial. Included 410 patients with lymphoma received multiple cycles of chemotherapy and PEG-rhG-CSF was administrated as prophylactic. The primary endpoint was the incidence of Ⅲ/Ⅳ grade neutropenia and febrile neutropenia (FN) after each chemotherapy cycle. Meanwhile the rate of antibiotics application during the whole period of chemotherapy was observed. Results: ①Among the 410 patients, 8 cases (1.95%) were contrary to the selected criteria, 35 cases (8.54%) lost, 19 cases (4.63%) experienced adverse events, 12 cases (2.93%) were eligible for the termination criteria, 15 cases (3.66%) develpoed disease progression or recurrence, thus the rest 321 cases (78.29%) were into the Per Protocol Set. ②During the first to fourth treatment cycles, the incidences of grade Ⅳ neutropenia after prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF were 19.14% (49/256) , 12.5% (32/256) , 12.18% (24/197) , 13.61% (20/147) , respectively. The incidences of FN were 3.52% (9/256) , 0.39% (1/256) , 2.54% (5/197) , 2.04% (3/147) , respectively. After secondary prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF, the incidences of Ⅳ grade neutropenia decreased from 61.54% (40/65) in the screening cycle to 16.92% (11/65) , 18.46% (12/65) and 20.75% (11/53) in 1-3 cycles, respectively. The incidences of FN decreased from 16.92% (11/65) in the screening cycle to 1.54% (1/65) , 4.62% (3/65) , 3.77% (2/53) in 1-3 cycles, respectively. ③The proportion of patients who received antibiotic therapy during the whole period of chemotherapy was 34.39% (141/410) . ④The incidence of adverse events associated with PEG-rhG-CSF was 4.63% (19/410) . The most common adverse events were bone pain[3.90% (16/410) ], fatigue (0.49%) and fever (0.24%) . Conclusion During the chemotherapy in patients with lymphoma, the prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF could effectively reduce the incidences of grade Ⅲ/Ⅳ neutropenia and FN, which ensures that patients with lymphoma receive standard-dose chemotherapy to improve its cure rate.

Background:In patients with diffuse large B?cell lymphoma (DLBCL), central nervous system (CNS) relapse is uncom?mon but is nearly always fatal. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for CNS relapse in DLBCL patients and to evaluate the effcacy of rituximab and intrathecal chemotherapy prophylaxis for CNS relapse reduction. Methods:A total of 511 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL treated at the Sun Yat?sen University Cancer Center between January 2003 and December 2012 were included in the study. Among these patients, 376 received R?CHOP regimen (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) as primary treatment, and 135 received CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) as primary treatment. Intrathe?cal chemotherapy prophylaxis (methotrexate plus cytarabine) was administered to those who were deemed at high risk for CNS relapse. In the entire cohort and in the R?CHOP set in particular, the Kaplan–Meier method coupled with the log?rank test was used for univariate analysis, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analysis. Differences were evaluated using a two?tailed test, andP<0.05 was considered signiifcant. Results:At a median follow?up of 46months, 25 (4.9%) patients experienced CNS relapse. There was a trend of reduced occurrence of CNS relapse in patients treated with rituximab; the 3?year cumulative CNS relapse rates were 7.1% in CHOP group and 2.7% in R?CHOP group (P=0.045). Intrathecal chemotherapy prophylaxis did not confer much beneift in terms of preventing CNS relapse. Bone involvement [hazard ratio (HR)=4.21, 95% conifdence interval (CI) 1.38–12.77], renal involvement (HR=3.85, 95% CI 1.05–14.19), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) >110U/L (HR=3.59, 95% CI 1.25–10.34), serum albumin (ALB) <35g/L (HR=3.63, 95% CI 1.25–10.51), treatment with rituxi?mab (HR=0.34, 95% CI 0.12–0.96), and a time to complete remission≤ 108days (HR=0.22, 95% CI 0.06–0.78) were independent predictive factors for CNS relapse in the entire cohort. Bone involvement (HR=4.44, 95% CI 1.08–18.35), bone marrow involvement (HR=11.70, 95% CI 2.24–60.99), and renal involvement (HR=10.83, 95% CI 2.27–51.65) were independent risk factors for CNS relapse in the R?CHOP set. Conclusions:In the present study, rituximab decreased the CNS relapse rate of DLBCL, whereas intrathecal chemo?therapy prophylaxis alone was not suffcient for preventing CNS relapse. Serum levels of ALB and ALP, and the time to complete remission were new independent predictive factors for CNS relapse in the patients with DLBCL. In the patients received R?CHOP regimen, a trend of increased CNS relapse was found to be associated with extranodal lesions.

[Objective]This study was aimed to evaluate treatment outcomes and toxicity of continuous-infusion EPOCH regimen for NK/T-cell lymphoma(NK/TCL).[Methods]From June 2003 to June 2008,34 patients including 30 nasal NK/TCL (88.2%)and 4 nasal type NK/TCL(11.8%)received doxorubicin,vincfistine,etoposide over 96 hours infusion with bolus eyelophosphamide and oral predinisone(EPOCH)chemotherapy as first-line treatment.Median cycles of EPOCH administered were 2.5(1-6 cycles).Additional involved field radiation therapy(IFRT)was administered to patients with localized nasal focus after chemotherapy.[Results]Among 34 patients,33 were eligible for response evaluation.The response rate(RR)was 60.6% (20/33)with complete remission(CR)rate of 45.5%(15/33).The RR of patients with nasal NK/TCL was 66.7%(20/30)with CR rate of 50%(15/30).Only one of the 3 nasal type NK/TCL patients achieved stable disease(SD),the other 2 had progressive disease(PD)during chemotherapy.After a median follow-up of 22(2-68)months,the estimated 3-year overall survival rate(OS)was 52.2%.For patients with nasal NK/TCL,the estimated median survival time was not reached,the 3-year OS was 59.4%.For patients with nasal type NK/TCL,the estimated median survival time was only 7 months.The CR rate was 75.0% for localized nasal NK/TCL who received initial EPOCH chemotherapy followed IFRT with the 3-year OS of 75.0%.Major adverse effect was myelosuppression.The incidence of grade Ⅲ～Ⅳ neutropenia was 30.9%.No treatment-related mortality occurred.[Conclusions]EPOCH regiment was effective and well tolerant for nasal NK/TCL.Combined EPOCH chemotherapy followed by IFRT produced promising outcome for patients with localized disease.However,patients with nasal type NK/TCL responded poorly and more efficacious treatment strategies are urgently needed.