Objective To investigate the feasibility of the spatiotemporal filtering model in analysis of reported schistosomiasis cases, so as to provide insights into analysis of complicated data pertaining to schistosomiasis control. Methods Demographic and epidemiological data of reported schistosomiasis cases in Anhui Province from 1997 to 2010 were collected from Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the annual prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum human infections was calculated. The meteorological data were captured from meteorological stations in counties (cities, districts) of Anhui Province where schistosomiasis cases were reported from 1997 to 2010 at the National Meteorological Information Center, including monthly average air temperature and precipitation. Meteorological data were interpolated using the inverse-distance weighting method, and the annual average air temperature and annual precipitation were calculated in each county (city, district). The centroid of the county (city, district) where schistosomiasis cases were reported was extracted using the software ArcGIS 10.0, and the Euclidean distance from each centroid to the Yangtze River was calculated as the distance between that county (city, district) and the Yangtze River. The global Moran’s I of the prevalence of S. japonicum human infections in Anhui Province for each year from 1997 to 2010 were calculated to analyze the spatial autocorrelation. A spatial weight matrix was constructed using Rook adjacency, and a first-order temporal weight matrix was built to quantify the relationship between disease changes over time. Subsequently, a spatiotemporal structure matrix was constructed. A negative binomial model was built based on the spatiotemporal structure matrix and data pertaining to reported schistosomiasis cases, and a linear model was created between the residual of the model and candidate set feature vectors to determine the optimal subset composition of the spatiotemporal filter through stepwise regression. Then, a spatio-temporal filtering model was constructed using the negative binomial model. Negative binomial models, Bayesian spatial models, and Bayesian spatiotemporal models were constructed and compared with the spatiotemporal filtering model to validate the performance of the spatiotemporal filtering model, and cross-validation was conducted for each model. The goodness of fit was evaluated using the deviance information criterion (DIC) and Watanabe-Akaike information criterion (WAIC), and the effectiveness of model validation was assessed using mean squared error (MSE), while the accuracy of assessment results was assessed using coefficients and their 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the computational efficiency was assessed based on the running time of the model. The four feature vectors with the largest Moran’s I values were selected to identify regions with autocorrelation through their schematic diagrams to investigate the differences in spatiotemporal patterns of specific regions. Results Of all models created, the spatiotemporal filtering model exhibited the highest goodness of fit (DIC = 3 240.70, WAIC = 3 257.80), the best model validation effectiveness (MSE = 42 617.52), and the runtime was 3.18 s, exhibiting the optimal performance. Across all modeling results, the distance from the Yangtze River showed a negative correlation with the number of reported schistosomiasis cases (coefficient values = −4.93 to −3.78, none of the 95% CIs included 0), and annual average air temperature or average precipitation posed no significant effects on numbers of reported schistosomiasis cases (both of the 95% CIs included 0). Schematic diagrams of feature vectors showed that the transmission of schistosomiasis might be associated with water systems in Anhui Province, and localized clustering patterns were primarily concentrated in the northern and western parts of schistosomiasis-endemic areas in the province. Conclusion The spatiotemporal filtering model is an effective spatiotemporal analysis characterized by simple modeling, user-friendly operation, accurate results and good flexibility, which may serve as an efficient alternative to conventional complex spatiotemporal models for data analysis in schistosomiasis researches.

Objective:To investigate the current status of endoscopic treatment for gastroesophageal varices in portal hypertension in China, and to provide supporting data and reference for the development of endoscopic treatment.Methods:In this study, initiated by the Liver Health Consortium in China (CHESS), a questionnaire was designed and distributed online to investigate the basic condition of endoscopic treatment for gastroesophageal varices in portal hypertension in 2022 in China. Questions included annual number and indication of endoscopic procedures, adherence to guideline for preventing esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EGVB), management and timing of emergent EGVB, management of gastric and isolated varices, and improvement of endoscopic treatment. Proportions of hospitals concerning therapeutic choices to all participant hospitals were calculated. Guideline adherence between secondary and tertiary hospitals were compared by using Chi-square test.Results:A total of 836 hospitals from 31 provinces (anotomous regions and municipalities) participated in the survey. According to the survey, the control of acute EGVB (49.3%, 412/836) and the prevention of recurrent bleeding (38.3%, 320/836) were major indications of endoscopic treatment. For primary [non-selective β-blocker (NSBB) or endoscopic therapies] and secondary prophylaxis (NSBB and endoscopic therapies) of EGVB, adherence to domestic guideline was 72.5% (606/836) and 39.2% (328/836), respectively. There were significant differences in the adherence between secondary and tertiary hospitals in primary prophylaxis of EGVB [71.0% (495/697) VS 79.9% (111/139), χ2=4.11, P=0.033] and secondary prophylaxis of EGVB [41.6% (290/697) VS 27.3% (38/139), χ2=9.31, P=0.002]. A total of 78.2% (654/836) hospitals preferred endoscopic therapies treating acute EGVB, and endoscopic therapy was more likely to be the first choice for treating acute EGVB in tertiary hospitals (82.6%, 576/697) than secondary hospitals [56.1% (78/139), χ2=46.33, P<0.001]. The optimal timing was usually within 12 hours (48.5%, 317/654) and 12-24 hours (36.9%, 241/654) after the bleeding. Regarding the management of gastroesophageal varices type 2 and isolated gastric varices type 1, most hospitals used cyanoacrylate injection in combination with sclerotherapy [48.2% (403/836) and 29.9% (250/836), respectively], but substantial proportions of hospitals preferred clip-assisted therapies [12.4% (104/836) and 26.4% (221/836), respectively]. Improving the skills of endoscopic doctors (84.2%, 704/836), and enhancing the precision of pre-procedure evaluation and quality of multidisciplinary team (78.9%, 660/836) were considered urgent needs in the development of endoscopic treatment. Conclusion:A variety of endoscopic treatments for gastroesophageal varices in portal hypertension are implemented nationwide. Participant hospitals are active to perform emergent endoscopy for acute EGVB, but are inadequate in following recommendations regarding primary and secondary prophylaxis of EGVB. Moreover, the selection of endoscopic procedures for gastric varices differs greatly among hospitals.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and short-term prognosis of the treatment of complex preauricular fistulas by double-incision tunneling combined with total resection of preauricular tissue and cartilage.Methods The data on 134 children with complicated preauricular fistula admitted to the hospital from January 2018 to July 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the treatment method,they were divided into a study group(68 undergoing double-incision tunnel combined with preauricular tissue and cartilage resection)and a control group(66 receiving preauricular tissue and cartilage resection).Both groups were followed up for one year.The conditions of surgery,pain,postoperative incision healing,aesthetics of incision healing,complications and short-term prognosis were compared between the two groups.Results There was no significant difference in the amount of blood loss between the two groups(P>0.05).The surgical duration was longer in the study group than in the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in Pain Behavior Scale(FLACC)scores between the two groups at hours 4 and 24 after surgery(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in wound healing between the two groups(P>0.05).The SBSES score of the study group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the total complication rate between the two groups(P>0.05).No recurrence occurred in both groups during postoperative follow-up.Conclusion Double-incision tunnel combined with resection of preauricular tissue and cartilage for preauricular fistula can completely remove fistula tissue.Incision healing is satisfactory,safe and reliable.As compared with the total excision of preauricular tissue and cartilage,double-incision tunnel com-bined with total excision of preauricular tissue and cartilage has more advantages in aesthetics of incision healing.

Objective:To systematically review thrombosis risk prediction models associated with peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) in adults and provide a basis for the clinical application of these models and the development of subsequent models.Methods:Databases such as CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Ovid were searched to collect studies on thrombosis risk prediction models related to adult PICC, covering all entries from the inception of the databases until December 31, 2022. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias.Results:Nineteen studies were included. D-dimer was the most common predictive factor; only five studies underwent external validation, and six studies evaluated model calibration. All included studies exhibited high risk of bias, primarily due to methodological deficiencies in model development and validation processes; the combined area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for nine models was 0.80 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.75-0.85) .Conclusions:Research on thrombosis risk prediction models related to adult PICC is still in its developmental stage. Most of the known models perform well with comprehensive and easily obtainable predictive factors, yet they exhibit methodological shortcomings. Future research should focus on improving the methodological quality and external validation during model development and validation processes.

OBJECTIVES: To achieve the ambitious goal of eliminating schistosome infections, the Chinese government has implemented diverse control strategies. This study explored the progress of the 2 most recent national schistosomiasis control programs in an endemic area along the Yangtze River in China. METHODS: We obtained village-level parasitological data from cross-sectional surveys combined with environmental data in Anhui Province, China from 1997 to 2015. A convolutional neural network (CNN) based on a hierarchical integro-difference equation (IDE) framework (i.e., CNN-IDE) was used to model spatio-temporal variations in schistosomiasis. Two traditional models were also constructed for comparison with 2 evaluation indicators: the mean-squared prediction error (MSPE) and continuous ranked probability score (CRPS). RESULTS: The CNN-IDE model was the optimal model, with the lowest overall average MSPE of 0.04 and the CRPS of 0.19. From 1997 to 2011, the prevalence exhibited a notable trend: it increased steadily until peaking at 1.6 per 1,000 in 2005, then gradually declined, stabilizing at a lower rate of approximately 0.6 per 1,000 in 2006, and approaching zero by 2011. During this period, noticeable geographic disparities in schistosomiasis prevalence were observed; high-risk areas were initially dispersed, followed by contraction. Predictions for the period 2012 to 2015 demonstrated a consistent and uniform decrease. CONCLUSIONS The proposed CNN-IDE model captured the intricate and evolving dynamics of schistosomiasis prevalence, offering a promising alternative for future risk modeling of the disease. The comprehensive strategy is expected to help diminish schistosomiasis infection, emphasizing the necessity to continue implementing this strategy.

ObjectiveTo discover and analyze single or several correlative key amino acid sites that influence the host tropism during the influenza A virus （IAV） infection based on complete internal protein gene segments of IAV strains， and to provide evidence for the study of human host-adaptive mutations of IAV. MethodsThe full-length nucleotide sequences of 43 671 IAV strains containing 6 complete internal gene segments were downloaded from the GISAID EpiFlu^TM database， and 698 human-tropic （HU） and 1 266 avian-tropic （AV） representative strains were included. The consensus coding sequences of the representative strains from the amphitropic category were compared by R script， and the differential amino acid sites and their polymorphisms were then obtained. The multi-site combination analysis of differential sites was conducted with R script. ResultsA total of 49 and 57 conserved differential sites were obtained from the consensus sequence comparison between AV and H1N1 （subtype from HU）， and comparison between AV and H3N2 （another subtype from HU）， separately. 79 and 65 multi-site combinations were found between HU and AV strains through 3 and 4 sites combination analysis， respectively， and a total of 11 conserved sites were involved： site 271 and 684 in PB2； site 336， 486， 581 and 621 in PB1； site 204 and 356 in PA； site 33， 305 and 357 in NP. No eligible differential sites were found in M1 and NS1. ConclusionSeveral conserved amino acid differential sites， between HU and AV strains of IAV， are found in PB2， PB1， PA and NP proteins. Instead of working as single units， these sites may have interactions， forming specific amino acid combinations that determine the host tropism of IAV collectively.

Objective To analyze the clinical and electroencephalogram(EEG)characteristics of nonepileptic seizures in low aged children younger than 6 years.Methods The case data of low-aged children younger than 6 years who were admitted to the Affiliated Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics from July 2019 to July 2021 with episodic symptoms as the main complaint and under-went video EEG monitoring were retrospectively analyzed.According to the patient's clinical symptoms and signs,combined with the video EEG monitoring results,the diagnosis was made by two neurologists.To summarize the clinical characteristics of nonepileptic seizures,and analyze the characteristics of video EEG.Results A total of 433 cases of nonepileptic seizures were recorded by video EEG,inclu-ding 398 cases(91.9％)of physiological nonepileptic seizures and 35 cases(8.1％)of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.Interparoxys-mal epileptic discharges were detected in 24 cases(5.5％,24/433),and 15 cases(3.5％)in Rolandic region were the most common.The motor seizures were most common(392 cases,90.5％).There were 41 cases(9.5％)of non-motor seizures.Nonepileptic my-oclonic seizures were the most common in nonepileptic seizures.The number of men with physiological nonepileptic seizures was more than that of women,and the number of women with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures was more than that of men.There was significant differ-ence in gender composition between the groups(x2=12.513,P＜0.001).The proportion of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in the 1-3 years group was significantly higher than that in the 0-1 year group(x2=8.713,P=0.003),but there was no statistical difference compared with the 3-6 years group(x2=5.253,P=0.022).Conclusion The EEG of nonepileptic seizures in low-aged children younger than 6 years is mostly normal,the epileptic discharge rate is low in the interictal period,and there is no characteristic EEG change in the interseizure period,the interictal background EEG can be used as a diagnostic reference.The clinical characteristics of non-epileptic seizures in low-aged children younger than 6 years are complex and diverse,mainly physiological nonepileptic seizures,and nonepileptic myoclonic seizures are the most common.Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are relatively common in children aged 1-3 years.

Objective    To evaluate the clinical effects of segmentectomy versus lobectomy under single utility port video-assisted thoracic surgery on inflammatory factors and immune cells in peripheral blood of non-small cell lung cancer patients, and to analyze the effect of changes of postoperative inflammatory factors and immune cells on the prognosis of the patients. Methods    The clinical data of 256 patients who underwent segmentectomy or lobectomy under single utility port video-assisted thoracic surgery for non-small cell lung cancer in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 2016 to October 2020 were retrospectively collected. According to the operation method, they were divided into a segmentectomy group (126 patients with 79 males and 47 females at an age of 63.4±6.2 years) and a lobectomy group (130 patients with 91 males and 39 females at an age of 62.9±5.6 years). The change of inflammatory factors (C reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α) and immune cells (CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells and natural killer cells) were recorded and analyzed before operation (T0) and 1 day (T1), 3 days (T2), 7 days (T3), 1 month (T4) after the operation between the two groups. According to postoperative recurrence situations, they were divided into a recurrence group and a non-recurrence group, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the change of postoperative inflammatory factors, immune cells, and the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Results    (1) There was no statistical difference in sex ratio, underlying diseases, body mass index, levels of preoperative inflammatory factors or immune cells between the two groups (all P>0.05). (2) The changes of postoperative inflammatory factors in the segmentectomy group were significantly less than those in the lobectomy group at T1-T3 (all P<0.05), and the changes of postoperative immune cells in the segmentectomy group were significantly less than those in the lobectomy group at T1-T4 (all P<0.05). (3) The changes of postoperative inflammatory factors and immune cells on postoperative day 3 in the recurrence group were significantly more than those in the non-recurrence group (all P<0.05). (4) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the changes of postoperative inflammatory factors and immune cells on postoperative day 3 may be the risk factors for postoperative recurrence and metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (all P<0.05). Conclusion    Single utility port video-assisted thoracic surgery segmentectomy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer can reduce the inflammatory response and protect body's immune function, and the change of postoperative inflammatory factors and immune cells in postoperative day 3 may be the risk factors for postoperative recurrence and metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood infectious disease caused by various enteroviruses. China has the most significant number of reported cases and deaths of HFMD over the globe. Understanding the epidemic laws of HFMD can provide a scientific basis for designing prevention and control measures. The dynamic transmission models focus on the transmission mechanism of infectious diseases. They can simulate the actual situation to study the epidemic rules of diseases by adding, deleting, and subdividing compartments. More researchers have paid attention to dynamic models because of their high flexibility. To carry out the dynamic model of the HFMD research more effectively, a comprehensive understanding of related research progress in this field is deeply needed. In this paper, based on various researchers' different research purposes of dynamic models, the research progress was classified and summarized, providing meaningful guidance for model construction methods and future research directions and references for dynamic modeling of other models of infectious diseases. It was found that most studies used the SIR dynamic model or its extended model (such as the SEIR model), and few studies contained a complex factor compartment. Some important epidemiological parameters (such as R0) were obtained by studying the HFMD cases in a specific region, simulating different intervention scenarios to evaluate the effect of measures, or revealing the future trend by model prediction. However, there is no dynamic model simultaneously considering age structure, population moving, seasonality and periodicity, and vaccination.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and clinical effect of the infrared vascular imager in the transplantation of free arterialized venous flaps.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted with patient data of hand microsurgery using free arterialized venous flaps to repair hand wounds in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from March 2019 to November 2020. An arterialized venous flap was designed according to the Goldschlager’s Type Ⅲ flap design with the aid of a magnifying glass following the venous course. The flap was transfer to cover the wound of the recipient area. The reconstructive effect was observed postoperatively, including the blood supply, color, texture, survival of the flap, the flexion and extension of the affected finger, and the appearance of the forearm donor site. The hand function was evaluated by the Chinese Medical Association Hand Surgery Society’s upper limb function evaluation trial standard.Results:A total of 17 patients were included, including 11 males and 6 females, ranging in age from 19 to 68 years old, with an average age of 34.6 years. A total of 18 skin flaps were designed and elevated, and the flap size ranged from 2.0 cm × 3.0 cm to 8.0 cm × 9.0 cm. The patients were followed up 3 to 12 months after the operation, with an average follow-up of 6 months. Blisters appeared on the second day after the operation in 8 flaps, and the affected limbs were raised to maintain the integrity of the blisters. The blisters of the flaps subsided one week after the operation. Congestion occurred on the second day after operation in 7 flaps, which subsided after two weeks after routine treatment, such as raising the affected limb and removing some sutures. One flap developed progressive hypoperfusion one week after the operation, and eventually necrosis. Seventeen flaps survived, and one flap failure was observe. All the surviving skin flaps were free of bloat and had a good appearance. In two cases, the skin graft area was pigmented, and the flexion and extension activities of the affected fingers were suitable. Using the Chinese Medical Association Society of Hand Surgery’s upper limb function evaluation trial standard, 16 patients (excluding one flap failure) were evaluated for hand function, showing 11 cases were excellent and 5 cases were good.Conclusions:Infrared vascular imaging technology enables free arterialized venous flap transplantation to realize non-contact, non-invasive, simple operation, intuitive and accurate, and truly realizes rapid flap design under direct vision. Infrared vascular imaging technology is an effective auxiliary tool for free arterialized venous flap transplantation.