Objective To compare the discrepancies among results of three commonly used laboratory direct test methods for maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max),explore their linear regression relationships,mutual predictability and comparability.Methods Using a quasi-experimental design of cluster sampling and within-group interaction design,20 male cross-country skiers were tested for VO2max using the Bruce protocol(Method 1),90-second incremental load exercise on power bicycle(Method 2),and 1-minute incremental load exercise on treadmill(Method 3),with an interval of one week.The indepen-dent and dependent variable were the three VO2max test methods and the VO2max,respectively.Results Significant differences were found in the average VO2max of the three test results,with the value mea-sured by Method 1 ranking the first,followed by that assessed by Method 3 and Method 2(P<0.05).Moreover,the frequency of individual differences in the results of the three methods showed that the VO2max of Method 1 was about 6 and 3 ml/min·kg higher than that measured by Method 2 and 3.However,at the same treadmill speed,the average blood lactate evaluated using Method 3 was higher than Method 1,and the speed reached aerobic and anaerobic thresholds about one speed unit(1 km/h)lower than Method 1.Meanwhile,linear regression analyses of the test results between Method 1 and 2,as well as Method 1 and 3 showed that both the regression models and coefficients were statis-tically significant(P<0.001),with the R-squared values of 9.25 and 9.05,respectively.Conclusion The Bruce protocol performs best in assessing the maximum value of the athlete's VO2max phase,whose results have linear regression relationships with the other two methods,and can be used for pre-dicting their results.Moreover,athletes of different events and levels can choose different VO2max test methods accordingly.Lastly,the speed and heart rate ranges corresponding to the aerobic and anaero-bic thresholds can serve as an effective and convenient method to control the training intensity.

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the immunomodulatory and protumorigenic microenviron-ment of colorectal cancer(CRC).However,the effect of ginsenoside Rk3(Rk3)on CRC and gut microbiota remains unclear.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to explore the potential effect of Rk3 on CRC from the perspective of gut microbiota and immune regulation.Our results reveal that treatment with Rk3 significantly suppresses the formation of colon tumors,repairs intestinal barrier damage,and regulates the gut microbiota imbalance caused by CRC,including enrichment of probiotics such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Barnesiella intestinihominis,and clearance of pathogenic Desulfovibrio.Subsequent metabolomics data demonstrate that Rk3 can modulate the metabolism of amino acids and bile acids,particularly by upregulating glutamine,which has the potential to regulate the immune response.Furthermore,we elucidate the regulatory effects of Rk3 on chemokines and inflammatory factors associated with group 3 innate lymphoid cells(ILC3s)and T helper 17(Th17)signaling pathways,which inhibits the hyperactivation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(JAK-STAT3)signaling pathway.These results indicate that Rk3 modulates gut microbiota,regulates ILC3s immune response,and inhibits the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway to suppress the development of colon tumors.More importantly,the results of fecal microbiota transplantation suggest that the inhibitory effect of Rk3 on colon tumors and its regulation of ILC3 immune responses are mediated by the gut microbiota.In summary,these findings emphasize that Rk3 can be utilized as a regulator of the gut microbiota for the prevention and treatment of CRC.

The complexity of the development history, culture and system of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) deeply affect its inheritance, innovation and development. From the perspective of complexity, and based on the framework of "situation-theory-tool", this paper analyzed the complexity and dilemma of TCM governance. The complexity of TCM governance requires continuous adjustment of the governance system. On the one hand, the optimization of the government governance system should clarify the relationship between power and responsibility, and stimulate the endogenous power of local governments. On the other hand, the concept of "collaborative governance" should be used to realize the resource integration and functional synergy of different subjects in the horizontal structure of TCM governance, and enhance the capability of joint action.

Objective To investigate the microRNA ( miRNA ) expression level of peripheral blood mononuclear cell ( PBMC) in autoimmune diabetes mellitus ( ADM) which includes type 1 diabetes mellitus ( T1DM) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults ( LADA ) , T2DM patients, and matched healthy individuals. Methods Patients of T1DM, LADA, and T2DM were recruited in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2015 to December 2016. The subjects were divided into two groups. The first group was used for high-throughput screening of differentially expressed microRNAs. The second group was used to validate the expression of miR-142-5p and miR-143-3p by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results (1)The different miRNA expression patterns of PBMC were found among T1DM patients, LADA patients, T2DM patients, and health individuals. ( 2) Compared with T2DM patients and healthy controls, LADA and T1DM patients had down-regulated PBMC miR-142-5p expression, and up-regulated miR-143-3p expression. (3)RT-qPCR validation showed that the expression of miR-142-5p in LADA patients was significantly lower than that in T2DM patients (0.30±0.24 vs 1.33 ± 1.29, P<0.05) . The expression of miR-143-3p in T1DM and LADA was higher than that in T2DM and health individuals. However, no significant differences were found. Conclusion The miRNA expression patterns are different in the PBMC of T1DM patients, LADA patients, T2DM patients, and healthy individuals; the abnormal expressions of miR-142-5p and miR-143-3p may participate in the development of ADM by affecting apoptosis and immune cell differentiation.

Objective: To present the evolutionary path of Chinese Medical Ethics, analyze the development vein of periodical, explore the journal' s research focuses, and provide reference for related personnel to understand the development of the current research status in the field through visualization technology. Methods:Using biblio-metric method,taking "China National Knowledge Infrastructure" as source of data collection, we used the visual-ization software CiteSpace to draw scientific knowledge maps and analyzed literatures published from 1990 to 2014 in Chinese Medical Ethics. Results:The annualvolume of journal articles fluctuated upwards,with peaks in 1992, 2000 and 2009, and of which the most was in 2009, with 393 articles. "Medical Ethics" and "Doctor-patient Relationship" were hotwords in this field. The publications of domestic and foreign scholars promoted the interna-tional exchange and the development of Chinese medical ethics, and the most productive institutions were often col-leges or universities. Conclusion:Chinese Medical Ethics has effectively promoted the development of bioethics in China, more and more scholars are involved in the relative research of medical ethics, and the old, middle and young scientists and research teams inherit, cooperate and develop with each other. The cross-regional, inter-a-gency and interdisciplinary collaboration remains very limited, whichwill become the important factorinfluencingthe development of the field of Chinese medical ethics in the future.

To improve collagen production by recombinant Pichia pastoris, we applied Placket-Burman and Box-Behnken design to optimize the fermentation medium. Through Placket-Burman design, three variables in the medium (concentration of yeast extract, peptone and glycerol) were selected for having significant effect on cell dry weight. Through Box-Behnken design regression coefficients analysis, a secondary degree polynomial equation was established, and the optimum levels of the three variables were yeast extract 1.13%, peptone 1.61% and glycerol 0.86%. During the growth period, an average cell dry weight of 4.41 g/L was obtained after 12 h fermentation, increased by 26%. Through high density fermentation, the production of recombinant human collagen (Ⅲ) was up to 4.71 g/L in 22 L fermentor. The recombinant human collagen (Ⅲ) exhibited good results to repair acetic acid induced gastric ulcer in rats.

Objective To provide theoretical basis for researchers and institutions to conduct research in stroke according the multiple dimension analysis of stroke research paper cooperation nationally.Methods Using the scientometrics and social network analysis for data mining of 95883 stroke literature collected.Results The result show that quantity of paper publishing are increasing annually,the most common cooperation was co-authorship of 2～3 people,cooperation among institutions mainly focused in big cities like Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou at its core has taken shape,regional cooperation formed a scattering cooperation with Beijing as the center,research topics has shifted from cognition and treatment to prognosis,rehabilitation and related chronic disease gradually.Conclusions It is necessary to expand the scale of coopreation in stroke study,policies encouraging cooperation should be adopted,strengthen regional cooperation between west China and middle-east,establish a multi-stage stroke unit and strengthen stroke treatment from the multi-level and multi-angle,pay more attention to the occurrence and development of chronic diseases associated with stroke.And finally,contribute to the further development of stroke research.

Objective To investigate genotyps of Treponema pallidum (Tp) in several cities in Guangxi province. Methods A total of 300 patients with suspected early syphilis were enrolled from STD clinics in Guangxi between January 2012 and July 2016, and tissue fluid samples were collected from skin lesions. Silver staining was performed to detect Tp, and PCR to amplify the Tp polA gene for the diagnosis of early syphilis. Positive samples were subjected to PCR amplification of a 60-bp tandem repeat region within the arp gene, restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)analysis of the tpr Ⅱgene after digestion with Mse Ⅰ enzyme and tp0548 genotyping. Results Finally, 215 patients were diagnosed with early syphilis, including 210(97.7%)patients positive for PCR and 105(48.8%)patients positive for silver staining, and the positive rate significantly differed between the two methods (χ2 = 103.01, P < 0.05). Among the PCR-positive samples, 190 could be genotyped by analysis of three target genes, and 17 genotypes were identified. The genotype 14d/f was predominant (45.3%, 86/190), followed by 15d/f (13.7%, 26/190), 16d/f(11.6%, 22/190), 17d/f(7.4%, 14/190), 13d/f(6.8%, 13/190), 10d/f(4.2%, 8/190), 18d/f(1.6%, 3/190), 16a/f(1.6%, 3/190), 5d/f(1.1%, 2/190), 7d/f(1.1%, 2/190), 12d/f(1.1%, 2/190), 16d/e(1.1%, 2/190), 14a/f(1.1%, 2/190), 9h/c(1.1%, 2/190), 15l/f(0.5%, 1/190), 25a/e(0.5%, 1/190), 15i/f(0.5%, 1/190). Conclusion Tp genotypes are diversified in patients with early syphilis in Guangxi, and the genotype 14 d/f is predominant.

Objective To learn research cooperation and evolution process in the field of health management in China so as to provide evidence for decision-making.Methods A total of 2180 literatures were selected to investigate author affiliation,high output author,research cooperation,high frequency keywords,and research hotspot through information visualization tool CiteSpace Ⅱ.Results Domestic health management research literature had showed an increasing trend since 2007 and leveled off during recent 3 years (average annual output 446.7).A total of 4 216 authors contributed to 2 180 publications,resulting in an average number of authors per paper of 1.93.Researchers from all autonomous regions and municipalities in China had their health management research published (top five:Beijing,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Shanghai and Sichuan),expect for Qinghai,Tibet,Guizhou and Hainan.Forty-six authors had an occurrence frequency of ≥5.Forty-four keywords showed an occurrence frequency of ≥15 and centrality degree＞0,including health check-up,health education,hypertension,diabetes,life behavior intervention and student health management.Conclusions Health management research have made a rapid progress in China during recent years.Increasing number of research institutions and teams have involved in health management research.However,scientific research cooperation in the field of health management is relatively loose,and interdisciplinary,cross-reginal and interagency cooperation is insufficient.

Objective To know about the current status and developing trends of the nurse drug prescription of foreign countries.In order to Provide reference for China.Methods All literatures related to nurse drug prescription in 1981-2011,were searched in the PubMed database.then use Microsoft Excel to sort and analyze the database.Including the database's Annual distribution,SCI publication status,Journal distribution and main content.Results From 1981 t0 2011,515 articles related to nurse drug prescription were collected totally.The number of publications and the collaboration status increased in recent years approximately.The main content include status in quo,laws and regulations,Policy support as well as education and training and so on.Conclusion The foreign countries have implemented nurse drug prescription for a long time,laying emphasis on the Policy,management,education and practice every aspect of nurse drug prescription,and its development degree Is increasing year by year.So that they can Provide a good reference for China.