Objective To evaluate the effect of precision anesthesia strategy on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing hip replacement.Methods Seventy elderly patients of both sexes,aged 65-85 yr,weighing 50-75 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective unilateral hip replacement under general anesthesia,with years of education＞6 yr,were divided into 2 groups (n =35 each) using a random number table:precision anesthesia group (group P) and routine anesthesia group (group R).Anesthetic protocol and perioperative management were optimized using precision anesthesia strategy in group P.Routine anesthetic protocol and perioperative management were performed in group R.Peripheral venous blood samples were collected at 1 day before operation (T0) and 1,6,12 and 24 h after operation (T1-4) for determination of serum S100β protein,neuronspecific enolase (NSE),interleukin-1beta (IL-1β),IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Creactive protein (CRP) concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The patient's cognitive function was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at T0 and 3 and 7 days after operation (T5,6).Results Compared with the baseline at T0,the serum S100β protein and NSE concentrations were significantly increased at T1-3,the serum IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were increased at T1-4,the CRP concentrations were increased at T2,3,MMSE scores were decreased at T5 in group R,and the serum S100β protein,IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations were significantly increased at T1-3,the serum NSE and CRP concentrations were increased at T2,the serum TNF-α concentrations were increased at T1-4,and MMSE cores were decreased at T5 in group P (P＜0.05).Compared with group R,the serum S100β protein and IL-1β concentrations were significantly decreased at T1,2,the serum NSE and TNF-α concentrations were decreased at T1-3,the serum IL-6 concentrations were decreased at T2,3,and MMSE scores were increased at T5 in group P (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Precision anesthesia strategy can improve postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing hip replacement,which is related to inhibiting inflammatory responses.

Objective To evalute the combination of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in sedation during awake nasotracheal fiberoptic intubation. Methods One hundred and twenty ASAⅠ or Ⅱ patients scheduled to receive general anesthesia were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 40 in each group). Patients in group L received an infusion of 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine,patients in group H received an infusion of 2 μg/kg dexmedeto-midine ,and patients in group DF received an infusion of 1 μ g/kg dexmedetomidine added to 1 μ g/kg fentanyl. Nasotracheal intubation was performed after complete topical anesthesia. HR and MAP were recorded before anes-thesia(baseline,T0),before intubation(T1)and immediately after intubation(T2),respectively. The intubation score(vocal cord movement,coughing and limb movement),fiberoptic intubation score,nasotracheal intubation score and airway obstraction score were assessed in all aptients. On the first post-operative day,recall,adverse events and satisfaction score were also assessed. Results HR and MAP at T1 in three groups were significantly lower than those at T0(P < 0.05,respectively ). HR and MAP at T2 in group L were significantly higher than those in group H and DF(P<0.05,respectively). More incidence of vocal cord closed,severe cough,severe limb movement,heavy grimacing,defensive movement of head and hands after nasotracheal intubation were observed in group L than those in the other two groups. The incidence of airway obstraction and bradycardia in group H were higher than those in group L and DF. Patients in group L had lower postoperative satisfaction scores. Conclusion Adding 1 μg/kg fentanyl to 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine is a good method for awake nasotracheal fiberoptic intuba-tion,which can prevent the risk of airway obstruction associated with the increase of dexmedetomidine dose,with the achievement of the same favorable sedation.

Objective To evaluate the role of p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway in dexmedetomidine against neurotoxicity induced by bupivacaine.Methods Seventy-two adult male SD rats,successfully implanted with intrathecal catheter without complications,were randomly divided into 6 groups: control group (group C);p38MAPK inhibitor group(group SB);dexmedetomidine group (group D);bupivacaine group (group B);dexmedetomidine and bupivacaine group (group DB);p38MAPK inhibitor and bupivacaine group (group SBB).DMSO 20 μl were injected intrathecally in group C;p38MAPK inhibitor 30 μg and 5% bupivacaine were respectively injected intrathecally in group SB and B;group DB and SBB were respectivel pretreated with dexmedetomidine 75 μg/kg intraperitoneally and p38MAPK inhibitor 30 μg intrathecal injection 20 min before intrathecally injected 5% bupivacaine.Dexmedetomidine 75 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally in group D.Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured before intrathecal catheter was implanted (T0),before intrathecal administration (T1) and at 4,8 and 12 h and on 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 days after intrathecal administration (T2-T10).At 24 h after intrathecal administration,6 rats were randomly chosen from each group and sacrificed.The lumbar segment (L4-5) of the spinal cord was removed for detecting neuronal apoptosis (by TUNEL) and phosporylated p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK) expression (by Western blot).Results Compared with T0,MWT was significantly increased and TWL was prolonged at T2-T9 in group B,MWT at T2-T7 was significantly increased and TWL at T2-T6 was prolonged in group DB,MWT was significantly increased and TWL was prolonged at T2-T5 in group SBB (P<0.05).Compared with group C,no significant difference was found in MWT,TWL,the apoptotic index and expression of p-p38MAPK in groups D and SB.MWT was significantly increased and TWL was prolonged at T2-T9 in group B,the apoptotic index and expression of p-p38MAPK were significantly increased in group B (P<0.05).Compared with group B,MWT and TWL at T2-T9,the apoptotic index and expression of p-p38MAPK were significantly decreased in groups DB and SBB (P<0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can inhibit spinal neurotoxicity induced by bupivacaine in rats via inhibiting apoptosis in spinal cord,and inhibition of p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway may be involved in the underlying mechanism.

Objective To discuss the effects and related mechanisms of rapamycin preconditioning on lung injury induced by limb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats.Methods Sixty healthy male SD rats, aged 4-5 months, weighing 250-300 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=12 each) using a random number table: sham operation group (group S);limb ischemia-reperfusion group (group IR);rapamycin 1, 5, 10 mg/kg pretreatment groups (groups R1, R5 and R10).Ischemia-reperfusion of limb was produced by occlusion of bilateral femoral arteries for 2 h followed by 3 h reperfusion.Blood samples were collected to determine serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations,1ungs were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of wet/dry lung weight ratio.Results The activity of SOD in groups IR, R1 and R5 was significantly lower than that in group S (P＜0.05).The activity of SOD in groups R1, R5 and R10 was significantly higher than that in group IR, that in groups R5 and R10 was significantly higher than that in group R1, that in group R10 was significantly higher than that in the group R5 (P＜0.05).Serum MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α concentrations and wet/dry lung weight ratio were significantly increased in groups IR, R1 and R5 (P＜0.05).Serum MDA, IL-1β, IL-6,TNF-α concentrations and wet/dry lung weight ratio were lower in groups R1, R5 and R10, those in groups R5 and R10 were significantly lower than those in group R1, those in group R10 was significantly lower than those in group R5 (P＜0.05).Compared with group S, the lung tissue injured more significantly in group IR.Compared with group IR, the lung tissue injury gradually reduced in groups R1,R5 and R10.Conclusion Rapamycin pretreatment can reduce lung injury caused by limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats in a dose-dependent manner, the greater the dose, the stronger the effect of reducing lung injury caused by limb ischemia-reperfusion injury.The mechanisms may involve attenuating oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammatory response.

Objective To evaluate the effect of perioperative administration of dexmedetomidine on postoperative ileus after laparocolectomy.Methods Sixty patients scheduled for abdominal surgery were randomly divided into two groups,30 in each group.Group D received dexme-detomidine administeration at a loading dose of 0.6 μg/kg for 10 minutes before induction,followed by an infusion rate of 0.5 μg·kg-1 ·h-1 to 30 min before the end of surgery.The control group re-ceived saline instead of Dex.After the surgery,Group C received intravenous sufentanyl 2 μg/kg, while group D sufentanyl 2 μg/kg combined with Dex 2 μg/kg.Heart rate variability (HRV)were detected before Dex infusion (T0 ),10 minutes after intubation (T1 ), 10 minutes after CO 2 insufflation (T2 ),1 hour after CO 2 insufflation (T3 ),10 minutes after CO 2 desufflation (T4 ),and 10 minutes after extubation(T5 ).The plasma concentrations of epinephrine(E)and norepinephrine (NE)were determined at T0 ,T3 ,T5 ,T7 and T1 0.The recovery of bowel function was evaluated in terms of the first time to fart and intake food.Results Compared with T0 ,HRV of power (TP), high-frequency (HF)power,low-frequency (LF)power and the ratio of LF/HF power were signifi-cantly decreased at T1-T4 in group C and at T1-T5 in group D.The plasma concentrations of E and NE were higher at T3 ,T5 ,T7 and T1 0 in both group C and group D (P <0.05).Compared with T1 ,TP, LF and the ratio of LF/HF were increased at T2-T4 (P <0.05).Compared with group C,TP,LF and the ratio of LF/HF were decreased at T2-T5 ,The plasma concentrations of E and NE were decreased at T3 ,T5 ,T7 and T10 and the time of first flatus was earlier(P <0.05).Conclusion The perioperative ad-ministration of dexmedetomidine during laparocolectomy facilitated the early recovery of bowel func-tion after surgery and decreasede the time of postoperative ileus.

Objective To study the effects of Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix ET Rhizoma extracts on sexual behavior of male mice.Methods 50 healthy male mice were randomly divided into the low dose, middle dose and the high dose Rhodiola group, theNanbao capsules group and the normal control group, 10 mice per group. The low dose, middle dose and high dose group were drenched with 0.05, 0.20 and 0.80 g/kg Rhodiola diluent respectively. TheNanbao capsules group mice were drenched with 2.00 g/kg turbid liquid. The normal control group were drenched with saline in the same volume. Liquid is drenched two times each day for 21 days. After 21 days, 50 female mice were matched with to the ratio of 1:1. The number of free movement and swimming test were observed before execution. After the execution, the organ indexes were calculated, and then the contents of SOD and MDA in the testis and liver were measured.Results Compared with the normal control group, capturing latency period of low dose group and middle dose group (20.88 ± 19.94 s, 35.40 ± 22.02 svs.78.11 ± 43.33 s) significantly decreased (P<0.05 orP<0.01). Testicular coefficient of the middle dose group (0.72% ± 0.10 %vs. 0.64% ± 0.08%) was significantly increased (P<0.05); the content of SOD in testicular of the middle dose group, the high dose groups and theNanbao capsules group (152.71 ± 38.10 U/mg, 122.32 ± 52.76 U/mg, 94.38 ± 22.20 U/mgvs. 25.30 ± 14.21 U/mg) increased (P<0.01); the content of SOD in liver of the middle dose group and theNanbaocapsules group (77.71 ± 26.35 U/mg, 74.10 ± 26.04 U/mgvs. 57.92 ± 17.17 U/mg) significantly increased (P<0.05).Conclusion Rhodiola extract can improve the ability of sexual behavior of male mice, and improve the antioxidant capacity of testis and liver.

Objective To investigate the effects of Saikosaponin A (SSA)on cognitive function and cAMP/CREB signaling pathway and expression of BDNF in mice after traumatic brain injury. Methods Sixty SD male mice were randomized into three groups:shame operation group (group S, n =20),trauma group (group T,n =20)and SSA treatment group (group A,n =20).Mice received an administration of SSA 5 mg/kg (group A)or equal volume saline (group S,group T)immediately and once daily for 5 consecutive days after trauma.The cognitive function was detected by Morris wa-ter maze test on day 1,3,7 and 14 after trauma.The hippocampal tissues were harvested after be-havioral tests and homogenized for measuring the levels of brain derived neurophic factor (BDNF)and cyclic AMP (cAMP)by ELISA as well as the levels of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)and phosphorylation-cAMP-response element binding protein (pCREB)by western bolt. Results Compared with group S,the escape latency and swimming distance were significantly pro-longed in group T on day 1,3,7 and 14 and group A on day 1,3 after trauma (P <0.05 );while compared with group T,they were significantly shorter in group A on day 7,14 after trauma (P <0.05).Compared with group S,the levels of BDNF,cAMP,CREB and pCREB were significantly de-creased in group T(P < 0.05 ).Compared with group T,the levels of BDNF,cAMP,CREB and pCREB were significantly increased in group A (P <0.05).Conclusion SSA can significantly improve cognitive dysfunction in mice after traumatic brain injury,and the mechanism may be related to the activation of cAMP/CREB signaling pathway and up-regulation of BDNF.

Objective To explore the similarities and differences between finger photoplethysmogram (PPG) and CSI in monitoring the depth of anaesthesia in Chinese adults under general anaesthesia. Methods Ninety-three patients, ASA ⅠorⅡ, aged 20-67, under general anaesthesia were enrolled. Anaesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol. The initial TCI concentration of propofol was set at 0.5 mg·L-1 followed by increments of 0.5 mg·L-1 at 3-min interval until the score of Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAAS)reached 0. PPG and CSI were continuously monitored and their values were recorded every 2-4 seconds. MOAAS was recorded every 30 seconds to evaluate the sedation level in the study period. ResultsFor the periodfrom pre-induction to pre-intubation, the difference of photoplethysmogram amplitudevalues had statistical significance between level 4 and level 3, level 3 and level 2 of MOAAS (P<0.05). CSIvalues declined along with the decrease of MOAAS levels and were statistically different between every two neighboring levels of MOAAS (P < 0.05). Photoplethysmogram amplitude (PPGA) and pulse beat interval (PBI) values showed significant differences before and after intubation, pre- and post-incision (P < 0.05). Conclusions PPGA and PBI appear to be suitable to monitor the nociceptive component of balanced general anesthesia , while the CSI exhibits a good performance in monitoring the sedation or hypnotic component of balanced general anesthesia , thusthe combination of PPGA and CSI would benefit the monitoring of the adequacy of depth of anaesthesia.

Objective To evaluate the role of C-Jun N-Terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of spinal neurotoxicity induced by lidocaine in rats.Methods Seventy-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 280-320 g, in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted without complications, were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table: control group (group C);SP600125 (JNK signaling pathway blocker) group (group SP);dexmedetomidine group (group D);lidocaine group (group L);dexmedetomidine + lidocaine group (group DL);SP600125+lidocaine group (group SPL).Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 20 μl was injected intrathecally in group C.SP600125 30 μg and 10％ lidocaine 20 μl were injected intrathecally in SP and L groups, respectively.At 20 min after intrathecal injection of 10％ lidocaine, dexmedetomidine 75 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally in group DL, and SP600125 30 μg was injected intrathecally in group SPL.Dexmedetomidine 75 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally in group D.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured before intrathecal catheters were implanted (T0), before intrathecal administration (T1), and at 4, 8 and 12 h and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days after intrathecal administration (T2-10).At 24 h after intrathecal administration, 6 rats randomly selected from each group were sacrificed.The lumbar segment (L4-5) of the spinal cord was removed for detection of cell apoptosis (by TUNEL) and phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) expression (by Western blot).The apoptotic index was calculated.Results Compared with group C, no significant change was found in the MWT, TWL, apoptotic index and expression of p-JNK in SP and D groups (P＞0.05), the MWT at T2-8 in group L, at T2-6 in group DL and at T2-5 in group SPL were significantly increased, the TWL at T2-8 in group L, at T2-5 in group DL and at T2-4 in group SPL were prolonged, and the apoptotic index and expression of p-JNK were increased in DL, SPL and L groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group L, the MWT was significantly decreased, and the TWL was shortened at T2-8, and the apoptotic index and expression of p-JNK were decreased in DL and SPL groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine mitigates spinal neurotoxicity induced by lidocaine is related to inhibited activation of JNK signaling pathway in rats.

Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase(HCT) is an key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid in Lonicera japonica. In this study, eight putative HCT genes were cloned with RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) technology based on the analysis of transcriptome in L. japonica. Among them, one was suggested as HCT gene (LjHCT) in L. japonica through analysis of sequence similarity, physical and chemical properties, and domain conservation of the proptein. LjHCT gene containing 1 275 bp encodes a protein with the molecular weight of 47 kDa. These results will provide foundation for exploring the function of LjHCT in Lonicera japonica.