Objective:To explore the mechanism of Mito-TEMPO inhibiting the activation of BV2 microglia induced by lead(Pb)exposure.Methods:Mouse microglia BV2 were cultured in vitro.The effects of different concentrations of lead exposure on the viability of BV2 cells were determined by MTT colorimetric method,and a model of lead expo-sure was developed and intervened with Mito-TEMPO antioxidant.Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of M1 activation marker CD86 protein.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the expression of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin-1 β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6).Mito-chondrial superoxide indicator(MitoSOX)staining was used to detect the level of mitochondrial oxidative stress.JC-1 staining was used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential.The respiratory ability of mitochondria was detected by cell energy metabolism analysis system(O2k).Results:Compared with the control group,the expression of CD86 protein,the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β,TNF-α and IL-6 in BV2 cells increased significantly,the level of oxidative stress in mitochondria increased significantly,and the mitochondrial membrane potential and respiratory ability decreased significantly in lead exposed group.Mito-TEMPO treatment significantly reduced the oxidative stress and functional damage of mitochondria in BV2 cells,and significantly inhibited the M1 activation level of BV2 cells.Conclusion:The results show that Mito-TEMPO treatment can reverse the M1 activation of BV2 cells induced by lead exposure,and the specific mechanism may be related to the reduction of mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction by Mito-TEMPO.

Objective:To investigate the changing trend of mortality rate and death cause spectrum among household-registered residents aged 60 and above in Beijing from 2007 to 2020.Methods:The mortality data was collected from the Beijing Death Information Registration and Management System. We calculated the mortality rates and constituent ratios by gender, age groups, and death causes and estimated the changing trend of mortality rate and average annual percent change (AAPC) by Joinpoint 4.3.1.Results:The crude mortality rate decreased from 27.62‰ in 2007 to 23.55‰ in 2020 (AAPC=-1.18%, P<0.001), and the standard rate also decreased from 25.39‰ in 2007 to 19.85‰ in 2020 (AAPC=-1.68%, P<0.001) among registered residents aged 60 and above in Beijing. The top 5 causes of death were heart diseases, malignant tumors, cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and endocrine and nutritional metabolic diseases, accounting for 87.1% of the total deaths. The mortality rates of heart diseases (AAPC=-1.08%, P=0.024), cerebrovascular diseases (AAPC=-3.79%, P<0.001), malignant tumors (AAPC=-0.31%, P=0.006) and respiratory diseases (AAPC=-5.56%, P=0.007) showed a decreasing trend. The rate of injury and poisoning showed an increasing trend (AAPC=1.54%, P=0.001), while no statistically significant change was found in endocrine and nutritional metabolic diseases mortality rates (AAPC=-1.46%, P=0.054). Conclusions:The mortality rate of registered residents aged 60 years and over in Beijing showed a downward trend from 2007 to 2020. Heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, malignant tumors, and respiratory diseases should be treated as the key diseases for prevention and control, and targeted measures should be taken to improve the health level of the elderly population.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of c.109G>A (p.V37I) variant of the GJB2 gene and its types with the risk of deafness. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP database were searched for cases with GJB2 gene c.109G>A (p.V37I) variant and its compounds with variants of other sites from case-control studies, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies. The search time was from the establishment of database to April 2021. Two researchers have independently screened the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted the data, and evaluated the included studies according to the criteria. Stata 12.0 software was used for the meta-analysis and publication bias analysis, and a sensitivity analysis was also carried out when necessary. RESULTS: A total of 22 articles (17 in English and 5 in Chinese) were included. There were 7455 cases in the deafness group and 10 464 cases in the control group. The results of meta-analysis showed the c.109G>A (p.V37I) variant to be strongly associated with the risk of deafness (OR: 3.56, 95%CI: 2.31-5.47, P < 0.001). Analysis based on the mutational type also suggested c.109G>A (p.V37I) homozygosity (OR: 11.36, 95%CI: 5.93-21.74, P < 0.001) and compound loss of heterozygosity mutations (OR: 9.27, 95%CI: 3.97-21.64, P < 0.001) to be strongly associated with the risk of deafness. By contrast, heterozygous c.109G>A (p.V37I) variant (OR: 1.20, 95%CI: 0.72-2.00, P = 0.478) and compound heterozygous missense mutation (OR: 1.54, 95%CI: 0.98-2.44, P = 0.063) are not strongly associated with the risk. CONCLUSION The homozygous c.109G>A (p.V37I) variants of the GJB2 gene and its compound deletional mutation with another GJB2 allele can significantly increase the risk of deafness. Heterozygous c.109G>A (p.V37I) variant of the GJB2 gene or its compound with a missense mutation of another GJB2 allele do not increase the risk.
Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Alleles ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Deafness/genetics*

Objective: To evaluate comprehensive health status of 31 provinces in China and compare with other countries (regions). Methods: Social-demographic index, life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in 134 countries (regions) and 31 provinces in China were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. K-means clustering method was used to classify comprehensive health status of various countries (regions) in the world. HemI 1.0.3 software was applied to draw distribution heat maps of social-demographic index, life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in different provinces of Mainland China. Discriminant analysis was used to evaluate comprehensive health status of different provinces in Mainland China. Results: Comprehensive health status of 134 countries (regions) was grouped into category 1-8 from good to poor, and Mainland China was in the category 4. The comprehensive health status of provinces in Mainland China is better in the east coast and poorer in the west inland, among which Shanghai and Beijing were grouped into the category 1, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong and Tianjin into the category 2, Fujian, Liaoning and Shandong into the category 3, Yunnan, Guangxi, Xinjiang and Guizhou into the category 5, Qinghai and Tibet into the category 6, and the rest 16 provinces into the category 4. Conclusion Comprehensive health status of Mainland China ranked middle to upper level in the world, and health status disparities were observed among different provinces in Mainland China.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the incidence and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in pediatric patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD).

METHODClinical data of totally 577 pediatric patients with AAD seen from January 2012 to January 2014 were collected; those children were divided according to age into 4 groups, 0.25 -1 year, >1 -4 years, >4 -12 years and >12 -18 years old groups, and 220 healthy children were enrolled as controls. CDI was tested by C. Diff Quik Chek Complete (QCC) and BD GeneOhm™ C. Diff Assay (BD-PCR) in all children, and the CDI incidence of four groups was added up. All pediatric patients with AAD were divided into mild, general and severe type according to different symptoms of diarrhea, and grading treatment, the general type and severe type of CDI children were treated with metronidazole and (or) vancomycin, afterwards, the results of grading treatment were analyzed.

RESULTThe number of pediatric patients with AAD were 178, 177, 132 and 90 in 0. 25 - 1 year, > 1 -4 years, > 4 - 12 years and > 12 - 18 years old group, respectively. The positive rate of CDI (22. 0% (39/177)) in > 1 -4 years old AAD patients was very significantly higher compared to the controls (4% (4/91), P < 0. 001), the rate of CDI (21. 2% (28/132)) in > 4 - 12 years old AAD pediatric patients was significantly higher compared to the controls (4% (2/53), P = 0. 004), the rates of CDI in 0. 25 - 1 year and > 12 - 18years old AAD groups were not significantly different from that of the controls (P >0. 05). There were 285 mild type AAD children (no CDI children), 176 general type AAD children (including 47 CDI children), and 116 severe type AAD children (including 81 CDI children). After grading and symptomatic treatment, there were 16 recurrent diarrhea in 128 CDI patients (severe type AAD), and the rest recovered. Two cases were transferred for referral treatment, 2 cases died, and the rest 12 recurrent diarrhea children fully recovered after administration of metronidazole, vancomycin, probiotics and symptomatic treatment.

CONCLUSIONThe > 1 -12 years old AAD children had higher CDI rate than healthy children; administration of metronidazole and (or) vancomycin was effective for CD infection.

Adolescent ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Clostridium Infections ; drug therapy ; Clostridium difficile ; Diarrhea ; microbiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Metronidazole ; therapeutic use ; Probiotics ; therapeutic use ; Vancomycin ; therapeutic use

Objective To investigate the intestinal pathogens in pneumonia children with antibioticassociated diarrhea (AAD).Methods The etiological data of 208 pneumonia children with AAD were analyzed retrospectively.Results The results dictated there were 46 A and/or B toxin-positive samples of Clostridium difficile(CD),and after culturing there were 122 Candida,107 Escherichia coli,42 Staphyloccocus aureus,28 Clostridiurn perfringens,21 Klebsiella oxytoca,18 Enterobacter cloacae,12 Klebsiella pneumoniae,8 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the fecal specimens of 208 pneumonia children with AAD.Conclusions The pathogens are complicated in pneumonia children with AAD,the highest detection rate are Candida and Escherichia coli.The antibiotic use time of treatment of CD infection AAD and the hospital stay time are the longest,AAD treatment should be made according to different pathogens situation.

Objective To analyze catheter-related bloodstream infections due to Rhizobium radiation (R.radiobacter) in pediatric patients.Methods Clinical data of 1 014 pediatric patients with intravascular catheterization were collected from February 2012 to February 2014,including age,length of time a catheter remained in place,laboratory findings and outcome of R.radiobacter bloodstream infection in order to explore the factors for R.radiobacter infection.Results There were 26 children contracting R.radiobacter bloodstream infection children,and of them,21 were under 2 years old (80.77％),and the length of time for catheter dwelt in vessel longer than 5 days in 20 children (76.92％).There were significant differences in age under 2 years old,length of time longer than 5 days for catheter remained in place,CD4 and CD4/ CD8 between 26 children with R.radiobacter infection and uninfected children (P ＜ 0.01).The re-infection with different varieties of bacterial strains was found in 12 of all R.radiobacter infection children (46.15％) after treatment,and of them,R.radiobacter bloodstream infection was detected twice in 2 children,and 2 died (7.69％).Conclusions Age under 2 years old,the length of time for intra-vascular catheter remained in place longer than 5 days,and weakened immunity are the important risk factors of R.radiobacter bloodstream infection,and the improper medical care may be the cause of re-infections in pediatric patients with prolonged intra-vascular catheter-dwelling.

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence and risk factors of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) of pediatric patients with severe bacterial pneumonia.MethodsClinical data of 1086 pediatric patients with severe bacterial pneumonia from January 2010 through January 2014 were recruited. The incidence and risk factors of AAD were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsThe incidence of AAD in 1086 pediatric patients with severe bacterial pneumonia was 36.74%. The incidence of AAD in patients younger than 2 years old were higher than that in those older than 2 years, once or more times of mechanical venti-lation history were higher than that with no arrangements of this treatment, administering of combined antibiotics therapy were higher than that with single antibiotics, and the incidence of AAD due to amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefo- perazone/sulbactam in pediatric patients were 43.55%, 43.75%, and 45.03%, respectively. Three β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors above were risk factors of AAD through multivariate Logistic regression analysis.ConclusionThe high incidence of AAD in pediatric patients with severe bacterial pneumonia was associated with some risk factors, including younger than 2 years old, me-chanical ventilation, combined antibiotics therapy and administration of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor (amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam).

Objective To explore the emergent nursing care of peritonsillar abscess in an infant. Methods The process of observation, treatment and nursing care of an infant with peritonsillar abscess were reviewed, and the nursing experiences were summarized. Results Through close observation of the rate, rhythm and depth of the respiration, the early signs of airway obstruction, guide parents with children right, keep the children quiet, open the airway, at the same time to prepare relevant emergency use objects to be prepared for emergency surgery, we saved time for the operation. Postoperative management of the airway and observation for the signs of bleeding in the area of incision were provided. The infant recovered well and was discharged after the treatment and nursing. Conclusions This case reminds nurses to pay attention to the airway obstruction while caring for the infants with peritonsillar abscess. The key points of nursing are observation and management of the airway obstruction, emergent preoperative preparation, postoperative monitoring, management of the airway and observation for the bleeding of the incision area.

(P > 0. 05). Conclusions:Metronidazole-containing triple therapy may reduce the CD infection secondary to eradication of Hp infection in pediatric patients,and has no negative impact on efficacy of Hp eradication.