ObjectiveTo clarify the anti-inflammatory and lung-protective effects of Yantiao prescription on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced acute lung injury （ALI）， and to explore the impact of Yantiao prescription on the metabolic pathways of arachidonic acid （AA） in vivo. MethodsThirty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the following groups based on body weight： normal group， model group， dexamethasone group （2 mg·kg^-1）， low-dose Yantiao prescription group （18 g·kg^-1）， and high-dose Yantiao prescription group （36 g·kg^-1）， with 6 mice in each group. The ALI mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The treatment groups received oral gavage once a day for 7 consecutive days， and serum and lung tissue were collected at the end of the experiment. The content of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in serum was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to assess lung tissue pathology. The wet/dry weight ratio （W/D） and myeloperoxidase （MPO） activity in lung tissue were measured. The content of AA metabolites in serum and lung tissue was measured by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）. ResultsCompared with the conditions in the normal group， the content of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α， IL-1β， and IL-6 in the model group was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The alveolar structure in mice was severely damaged， with markedly thickened alveolar walls and extensive inflammatory cell infiltration. The W/D ratio and MPO activity in lung tissue were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The content of AA metabolites， including prostaglandin D₂ （PGD₂）， prostaglandin E₂ （PGE₂）， 11（S）-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid ［11（S）-HETE］， and 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid （5-HETE） in serum and lung tissue was significantly increased （P<0.05）， while the content of 11，12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid （11，12-EET） and 14，15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid （14，15-EET） in serum was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the results in the model group， the content of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α， IL-1β， and IL-6 in the dexamethasone group， low-dose Yantiao prescription group， and high-dose Yantiao prescription group was significantly reduced （P<0.05）. Mild thickening of alveolar walls， scattered inflammatory cell infiltration， and relatively intact tissue structure with improved alveolar architecture were observed. The W/D ratio and MPO activity in lung tissue were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. The content of AA metabolites PGD₂， PGE₂， 11（S）-HETE， and 5-HETE in serum from the dexamethasone group was significantly decreased （P<0.05）， while the content of 14，15-EET in serum significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the content of 5-HETE in lung tissue significantly decreased （P<0.01）. In the low-dose and high-dose Yantiao prescription groups， the content of AA metabolites PGD₂， PGE₂， 11（S）-HETE， and 5-HETE in serum and lung tissue was significantly decreased （P<0.05）， while the content of 11，12-EET in both serum and lung tissue was significantly increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionYantiao prescription has significant protective effects against LPS-induced ALI， which are related to its regulation of AA metabolic pathways in vivo.

ObjectiveBased on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS）， the chemical constituents of Qili Qiangxin capsules was identified， and their distribution in vivo was analyzed. MethodsUPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS was used to detect the sample solution of Qili Qiangxin capsules， as well as the serum， brain， heart， lung， spleen， liver and kidney tissues of mice after oral administration. Using the Thermo Xcalibur 2.2 software， the compound information database was constructed， and the molecular formulas of compounds corresponding to the quasi-molecular ions were fitted. Based on the information of retention time， accurate relative molecular mass and fragments， the compounds and their distribution in vivo were analyzed by comparing with the data of reference substances and literature. ResultsA total of 233 compounds， including 70 terpenoids， 60 flavonoids， 23 organic acids， 17 alkaloids， 20 steroids， 7 coumarins and 36 others， were identified or predicted from Qili Qiangxin capsules， 73 of which were identified matching with standard substances. Tissue distribution results showed that 71， 17， 38， 33， 32， 58 and 43 migrating components were detected in blood， brain， heart， lung， spleen， liver and kidney， respectively. Thirty-seven components were absorbed into the blood and heart， including quinic acid， benzoylaconitine benzoylmesaconine and so on. Fourteen components were absorbed into the blood and six tissues， including calycosin， methylnissolin， formononetin， alisol B， alisol A and so on. ConclusionThis study comprehensively analyzes the chemical components of Qili Qiangxin capsules and their distribution in vivo. Among them， astragaloside Ⅳ， salvianolic acid B， ginsenoside Rb₁， ginsenoside Rb₃， ginsenoside Rd， ginsenoside Rg₃， calycosin-7-glucoside， and sinapine may be the important components for the treatment of heart failure， which can provide useful reference for its quality control and research on pharmacodynamic material basis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the analgesic effect of Tuina at the "Weizhong （BL 40）" on neuropathic pain in a rat model of chronic constriction injury （CCI） of the sciatic nerve and its potential central spinal mechanisms. MethodsThirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups （8 rats in each group）， sham-operated group， model group， Tuina group， and blockade group. The CCI model was established in the model group， Tuina group， and the blockade group by ligating the sciatic nerve with catgut， while the sham-operated group underwent only sciatic nerve exposure without ligation. From postoperative day 4 to day 14， rats in the Tuina group and the blockade group received Tuina manipulation at the "Weizhong （BL 40）" using a dynamic pressure distribution measurement system （5 N pressure， 2 Hz frequency， 10 min per session， once daily）. The blockade group also received intraperitoneal injections of the microglial inhibitor minocycline （10 mg/kg） once daily. The sham-operated and the model group underwent the same handling and fixation as the Tuina group without actual Tuina. Mechanical withdrawal threshold （MWT） and paw withdrawal latency （PWL） were measured before surgery and on day 3， 7， 10， and 14 post-surgery. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate sciatic nerve injury and repair， measuring axon diameter and total myelinated fiber diameter to calculate the g-ratio. Western Blotting was performed to detect the protein levels of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 （Iba-1）， CD206， CD68， interleukin-10 （IL-10）， and β-endorphin （β-EP） precursor pro-opiomelanocortin （POMC） in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn. ResultsCompared with the sham-operated group， the model group showed significantly reduced MWT and PWL on day 3， 7， 10， and 14 （P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Tuina group and the blockade group showed increased MWT and PWL on day 10 and 14 （P＜0.05）. Compared with the Tuina group， the blockade group exhibited higher MWT on day 7， 10， and 14， and higher PWL on day 10 （P＜0.05）. Sciatic nerve pathological morphology revealed intact and well-structured myelin in the sham-operated group， while the model group exhibited myelin collapse， distortion， and myelin ovoid formation. The Tuina group displayed partially irregular myelin with occasional myelin collapse， whereas the blockade group exhibited partial myelin irregularities and phospholipid shedding. Compared with the sham-operated group， the model group showed a decreased g-ratio and increased levels of Iba-1 and CD68 in the spinal dorsal horn （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Tuina group and the blockade group exhibited an increased g-ratio and reduced Iba-1 and CD68 levels. Additionally， the Tuina group showed elevated levels of CD206， IL-10， and POMC， whereas the blockade group had decreased CD206 levels （P＜0.05）. ConclusionTuina at "Weizhong （BL 40）" alleviates neuropathic pain in CCI rats， potentially by regulating microglial activation in the spinal cord， inhibiting M1 polarization while promoting M2 polarization， and activating the IL-10/β-EP pathway to exert analgesic effects.

It is believed that the basic mechanism of cough associated with interstitial lung disease is collaterals deficiency with latent wind： the deficiency of the lung organs and lung collaterals is the basis of its pathogenesis， and latent wind in lung collaterals is the key mechanism of the cough which is difficult to cure. Treatment is based on the principle of supplementing deficiency and treating wind， dispelling the pathogens and unblocking the collaterals. Supplementing deficiency should supplement lungs， boost kidneys， and strengthen spleens to consolidate the root and banking up the origin， and regulate and tonify the lung collaterals； dispelling the pathogens should treat the internal and external winds at the same time， and taking into account the combined pathogens of phlegm， stasis and dampness to clear the stagnation of the lung collaterals.

To summarise clinical experience of Professor FANG Min in treating chronic spinal disease with tuina therapy based on the principle of "focusing on sinews and fine-regulating bones". It is believed that the key mechanism of chronic spinal disease lies in the imbalance of sinews and bones， with sinews being the first， accordingly， the basic treatment principle of "focusing on sinews and fine-regulating bones" is put forward. Combining with the modern anatomical science and the theory of traditional Chinese medicine acupoints and meridians， the treatment of chronic spinal disease adopts the principles of "causing instability in the first， making adjustments in the reverse direction， then recovering and standing up" and "layering tuina， and combining points， lines and surfaces organically"， which can often achieve a more satisfactory therapeutic effect.

Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）， as the sixth most common malignant tumor worldwide， poses a serious threat to human health due to its insidious onset and high mortality rate. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms and intervention strategies of gut microbiota （GM） homeostasis in the development and progression of HCC， in order to provide new ideas for the intervention and treatment of HCC. Studies have shown that GM dysbiosis， intestinal leakage， microbial-associated molecular pattern， bacterial translocation， and metabolic products play key roles in the progression of HCC. GM imbalance may lead to immune escape， thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. This article elaborates on the association between GM and HCC， deeply analyzes the mechanism of action of GM in the development and progression of HCC， investigates the role of bile acid-related metabolites， short-chain fatty acid-related metabolites， and other metabolites in HCC， and explores the strategies for targeting GM in the treatment of HCC， including probiotics， prebiotics， antibiotics， Toll-like receptor 4 antagonists， and fecal microbiota transplantation. This article emphasizes that maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier and GM homeostasis is of great significance in the prevention and treatment of HCC， which provides a direction for developing new diagnosis and treatment strategies.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect and mechanism of Qizhu prescription on liver lipid anabolism and oxidative stress in mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH） based on adenylate activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway. MethodA total of 60 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a normal group （n = 10） and a modeling group （n = 50）. The modeling group was fed by high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 16 weeks to establish the NASH mice model and was randomly divided into model group， low-， medium， and high-dose groups of Qizhu prescription， and Yishanfu group， with 10 mice in each group. Qizhu prescription was administered intragastrically once a day at a dose of 4.75， 9.50， and 19.00 g·kg^-1 in each group and 228 mg·kg^-1 in Yishanfu group. The normal group and model group were given equal volumes of pure water for eight weeks. Serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， and glucose （GLU） levels were detected. The pathological changes of liver tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and oil red O staining. Serum levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， free fatty acids （FFA）， reduced glutathione （GSH）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， catalase （CAT）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The mRNA expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase （ACC）， carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A（CPT1A）， and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 （UCP2） were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. Protein expression levels of AMPK， p-AMPK， ACC， CPT1A， and UCP2 in liver tissue were detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the normal group， the liver steatosis of the model group was obvious， with multiple inflammatory clusters and large amounts of intracellular lipid deposition. The activity of serum AST， ALT， as well as levels of IL-6， IL-1β， TNF-α， FFA， and MDA were significantly increased， the activity of CAT and SOD was significantly decreased， and the mRNA and protein expressions of ACC were significantly increased. The mRNA and protein expressions of CPT1 and UCP2 were significantly decreased， and the protein expression of p-AMPK was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the degree of liver steatosis in the Qizhu prescription and Yishanfu groups was reduced， the activity of AST and ALT， as well as the levels of IL-6， IL-1β， TNF-α， FFA， and MDA was significantly decreased， and the activity of CAT and SOD was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expressions of ACC in liver tissue of mice in medium- and high-dose groups of Qizhu prescription were significantly decreased， while the mRNA and protein expressions of CPT1A and UCP2， as well as p-AMPK protein were significantly increased （P<0.01）. ConclusionQizhu prescription can improve liver lipid metabolism， reduce oxidative stress， and promote liver cell repair in NASH mice by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo qualitatively analyze the chemical constituents and their tissue distribution in Lujiao formula based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS）. MethodThe separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC^® BEH C₁₈ column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（A）-methanol（B） in a gradient elution（0-2 min， 4%B； 2-6 min 4%-12%B； 6-38 min， 12%-70%B； 38-38.5 min， 70%B； 38.5-39 min， 70%-95%B； 39-43 min， 95%B； 43-43.1 min， 95%-4%B； 43.1-45 min， 4%B）， the flow rate was 0.3 mL·min^-1 with the column temperature of 40 ℃ and the injection volume of 5 µL. The data were acquired by an electrospray ionization（ESI） in the full scanning mode of positive and negative ions， the scanning rang was set at m/z 100-1 500， the collision energies were 10， 20， 40 eV. Retention time， precise relative molecular mass and secondary mass spectrometry fragment ions were used to identify the compounds in Lujiao formula and analyze their tissue distribution， combing with self-established database and comparing with standard substances and published literature data. ResultA total of 260 compounds， including 156 flavonoids， 43 terpenoids， 18 coumarins， 13 organic acids， 7 phenylethanoids， 7 alkaloids and 16 others， were identified or hypothesized from Lujiao formula， 68 of which were identified by comparison with standard substances. And the results of tissue distribution showed that 100， 143， 129 and 126 prototype components were detected in blood， heart， liver and kidney， respectively. ConclusionThe chemical composition of Lujiao formula and their tissue distribution were systematic analyzed， which can provide reference for the quality control， clinical application， pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic material basis of Lujiao formula and its medicinal materials.

Hepatic steatosis can be observed in chronic liver diseases of different etiologies. The main predisposing factors for hepatic steatosis include chronic viral hepatitis， cholestatic liver disease， alcoholic liver disease， and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Simple fatty liver disease is the initial manifestation of hepatic steatosis， followed by steatohepatitis， liver fibrosis， liver cirrhosis， and even hepatocellular carcinoma. With the development of medical imaging technology， magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction （MRI-PDFF） has been widely used in the diagnosis of fatty liver disease （FLD） in clinical practice. MRI-PDFF is gradually becoming the gold standard for the noninvasive diagnosis of FLD due to its high accuracy and good repeatability. This article reviews the clinical application of MRI-PDFF in liver fat quantification and related research advances.

ObjectiveTo establish a rapid and stable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（LC-MS） for simultaneous analysis of 17 chemical components in Gnaphalium affine aboveground parts with flowers， so as to provide experimental basis for improving the quality standard of this herb. MethodUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS） was used for the quantitative analysis of 17 constituents in 15 batches of G. affine from different origins， the separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC^® BEH C₁₈ column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） with the mobile phase of methanol（A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution（0-1.0 min， 8%A； 1.0-4.0 min， 8%-26%A； 4.0-9.0 min， 26%A； 9.0-14.0 min， 26%-34%A； 14.0-14.5 min， 34%-45%A； 14.5-15.0 min， 45%-60%A； 15.0-18.0 min， 60%-90%A； 18.0-19.0 min， 90%A； 19.0-19.01 min， 90%-8%A； 19.01-20.0 min， 8%A）， the flow rate was 0.3 mL·min^-1， the column temperature was 40 ℃ and the injection volume was 2 μL. And the electrospray ionization was used with full scanning in both positive and negative ion modes， and the scanning range was m/z 100-1 000. ResultThe established method has been verified by the methodology and could be used for the simultaneous quantification of 17 components in G. affine. The content ranges of the 17 components（quinic acid， gallic acid， protocatechuic acid， neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， caffeic acid， 1，3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid， isochlorogenic acid A， isoquercitrin， 1，5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid， apigenin-7-O-glucoside， astragalin， isochlorogenic acid C， luteolin， apigenin and hispidulin） in 15 batches of G. affine samples was 39.60-179.12， 0.17-0.84， 2.41-8.38， 4.33-31.50， 13.63-180.38， 2.43-14.75， 1.16-19.68， 0.49-5.63， 55.77-445.16， 0.23-10.26， 62.04-530.10， 1.11-18.01， 11.36-90.61， 12.22-65.98， 7.22-69.84， 3.37-45.65， 0.30-2.59 μg·g^-1， respectively. The content of organic acids was higher than that of flavonoids in G. affine， and the contents of 1，5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid， isochlorogenic acid A， quinic acid and chlorogenic acid were higher. Meanwhile， the content of flavonoids in the samples from Guizhou was higher than that from Jiangsu， while the content of organic acids in the samples from Jiangsu was higher than that from Guizhou. ConclusionThe established method can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of 17 components in G. affine， which clarifies the content range of the main components in this herb， and can provide a reference for the selection of quality control markers of G. affine.