Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of gene testing in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in patients with premature myocardial infarction(PMI).Methods:This study was a single center cross-sectional study. A retrospective analysis was made on PMI patients who visited the People′s Hospital of Peking University from May 1, 2015 to March 31, 2017. Clinical data of patients was collected and gene testing of FH related genes low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), apolipoprotein B(APOB) and low density lipoprotein receptor adaptor protein 1(LDLRAP1) was carried out. Clinical diagnosis of FH patients was performed using Simon Broome criteria, DLCN criteria, and FH Chinese expert consensus.Results:There were 188 males (83.6%) among 225 PMI patients, and the age of the first myocardial infarction was (46.6±7.2) years old. Ten patients carried FH pathogenic or possibly pathogenic mutations (4.4%). Compared with Simon Broome standard, DLCN standard and FH Chinese expert consensus, gene testing increased the diagnostic rate of FH by 53.3%, 33.3% and 42.1% respectively.Conclusion:Gene testing is helpful to improve the diagnosis of FH, and it is important to start the standard treatment of FH as early as possible in patients with premature myocardial infarction.

Allergen specific immunotherapy（AIT）is currently the only recognized treatment for the cause of allergic diseases.With the gradual increase in the dose of allergens，AIT can induce the body to establish immune tolerance，prevent the aggravation of allergic symptoms，reduce patients' emergency medication，and block the development of allergic diseases.AIT effectiveness and safety have been affirmed by scholars at home and abroad.Successful AIT can inhibit early and late anaphylaxis，but not all patients respond to AIT.The overall response rate ranges from 50% to 80%，and the course of treatment is long and the cost is high.Therefore，it is particularly important to identify biomarkers that can predict and evaluate the efficacy.This article mainly reviews the research progress on the correlation between the changes of biomarkers（immunoglobulin and cytokines）and the efficacy of AIT，in order to provide reference for pediatricians.

Objective·To investigate the intervention effect of oral motor training combined with pediatric tui-na on feeding intolerance in preterm infants to provide new treatment options and improve the quality of care.Methods·By using a non-simultaneous controlled clinical trial method,75 eligible preterm infants from the neonatal unit of a tertiary care hospital in Jinan were selected as the experimental group to implement oral training combined with pediatric massage therapy.Another 60 preterm infants admitted in 2020 were selected as the control group,who had already received oral motor training but had not received pediatric massage.The experimental group was treated for 7 d and the efficacy of the two groups was compared.Comparisons between the two groups included signs of feeding intolerance such as vomiting,gastric remnants and other outcome indicators such as first oral feeding time,gastric tube retention time,increased milk volume at day 3 and increased milk volume at day 7,feeding initiation time,increased weight at day 3 and increased weight at day 7,recovery time of birth weight,and days of hospitalization in both groups.Results·The differences in gender,age,birth weight,and Apgar score between the two groups before treatment were not statistically significant(P>0.05)indicating comparability.After treatment,preterm infants in the experimental group showed significant improvement in feeding performance,first oral feeding time,gastric tube retention time,increased milk volume at day 3 and increased milk volume at day 7,increased weight at day 3 and increased weight at day 7,hospitalization days and other observed indexes compared with the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the feeding initiation time and recovery time of birth weight between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion·The combined application of oral motor training and pediatric tui-na is significantly more effective than single oral motor training in the short-term treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants.This combination therapy helps preterm infants to increase milk intake and accelerate weight gain,helps the children to recover intestinal function,establishes early nutritional support,promotes growth and development,and reduces the risk of long-term complications.This treatment is simple,safe and efficient,and has the value of popularization.

Objective To develop"a guideline for pressure injury risk assessment and prevention of neonates in NICU",and to provide guidance and references for clinical staff in the implementation of pressure injury assessment and prevention for neonates in NICU.Methods Based on the World Health 0rganization Guideline Development Manual and the results of systematic search for identified clinical problems,the GRADE method was used to evaluate the evidence and grade the recommendations,and the RIGHT report specifications were referred to for writing,and the guideline was developed and revised according to the results and recommendations of the expert review,so as to form the official guideline.Results The guideline included 2 aspects of pressure injury risk assessment and prevention,resulting in 12 clinical questions and 19 recommendations.Conclusion The guideline for risk assessment and prevention of pressure injury of neonates in NICU is an evidence-based guideline based on the best available evidence,clinical practice,and professional judgment,and it can provide a practical basis for scientific decision-making by clinical staff and managers.

China has classified the Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) as a statutory category B infectious disease and managed it according to Category B since January 8, 2023.In view that Omicron variant is currently the main epidemic strain in China, in order to guide the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infection in children with the times, refer to the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Infection (Trial 10 th Edition), Expert Consensus on Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fourth Edition) and the Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy for Pediatric Related Viral Infections.The Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fifth Edition) has been formulated and updated accordingly on related etiology, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis and treatment, and added key points for the treatment of COVID-19 related encephalopathy, fulminating myocarditis and other serious complications for clinical reference.

Humans ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Smoke/adverse effects* ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) plays an important role in the body′s immune response and inflammatory response.High levels of IL-17 are associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases, acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood.Recent clinical and experimental studies have linked maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy to the risk of ASD in offspring.Significantly increased IL-17 level is found in MIA-induced progeny ASD, which is the key factor leading to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in progeny mice.This article reviews the latest research progress on the relationship between IL-17 and progeny ASD, and provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of ASD.

In recent years, the management of respiratory diseases related to preterm birth has received extensive attention.In 2021, the American Thoracic Society brought together multidisciplinary experts in respiratory, neonato-logy, otolaryngology, sleep medicine, radiology and nursing specialties to develop Guidelines for outpatient respiratory management in infants, children, and adolescents with post-preterm respiratory disease (hereinafter referred to as the " Guideline" ), aiming to provide evidence-based medical evidence for standardized outpatient management of respiratory diseases associated with preterm birth at different ages.The Guideline was interpreted and summarized so that pediatric clinicians could correctly diagnose and treat these diseases, and understand and implement standardized outpatient management on the basis of evidence.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease.Previous studies have shown that children are vulnerable to monkeypox and are also at high risk for severe disease or complications.In order to improve pediatricians′ understanding of monkeypox and achieve early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment and early disposal, the committee composed of more than 40 experts in the related fields of infectious diseases, pediatrics, infection control and public health formulate this expert consensus, on the basis of the latest clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox released by the World Health Organization (WHO), the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox (version 2022) issued by National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China and other relevant documents.During the development of this consensus, multidisciplinary experts have repeatedly demonstrated the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, discharge criteria, prevention, case management process and key points of prevention and control about monkeypox.

Bronchial asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood.In clinical diagnosis and treatment, it is found that some children with asthma often have neuropsychiatric disorders of different severity, such as autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders, panic disorders and anxiety, which render the prognosis and treatment of asthma difficult.Some reports suggest that the " lung-brain axis" of bronchial asthma is related to the outbreak of inflammation-related mechanisms.A new idea to improve bronchial asthma with neuropsychiatric diseases may be inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors and blocking lung-brain inflammation communication.As one of the more thoroughly studied inflammasome family members, NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is widely involved in the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and bronchial asthma attacks.In this article, the role of NLRP3 in the " lung-brain axis" immune inflammation mechanism of bronchial asthma is reported, which may provide new ideas for the diagnosis, treatment and research of bronchial asthma and neuropsychiatric comorbidities.