Background::Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by excessive proliferation of small pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), endothelial dysfunction, and extracellular matrix remodeling. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) plays an important role in the maintenance of vascular tone and blood flow. However, the role of GRK2 in the pathogenesis of PAH is unknown.Methods::GRK2 levels were detected in lung tissues from healthy people and PAH patients. C57BL/6 mice, vascular smooth muscle cell-specific Grk2-knockout mice ( Grk2?SM22), and littermate controls ( Grk2flox/flox) were grouped into control and hypoxia mice ( n = 8). Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was induced by exposure to chronic hypoxia (10%) combined with injection of the SU5416 (cHx/SU). The expression levels of GRK2 and Yes-associated protein (YAP) in pulmonary arteries and PASMCs were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA expression levels of Grk2 and Yes-associated protein ( YAP) in PASMCs were quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Wound-healing assay, 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay, and 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining were performed to evaluate the proliferation and migration of PASMCs. Meanwhile, the interaction among proteins was detected by immunoprecipitation assays. Results::The expression levels of GRK2 were upregulated in the pulmonary arteries of patients with PAH and the lungs of PH mice. Moreover, cHx/SU-induced PH was attenuated in Grk2?SM22 mice compared with littermate controls. The amelioration of PH in Grk2?SM22 mice was accompanied by reduced pulmonary vascular remodeling. In vitro study further confirmed that GRK2 knock-down significantly altered hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation and migration, whereas this effect was severely intensified by overexpression of GRK2. We also identified that GRK2 promoted YAP expression and nuclear translocation in PASMCs, resulting in excessive PASMCs proliferation and migration. Furthermore, GRK2 is stabilized by inhibiting phosphorylating GRK2 on Tyr86 and subsequently activating ubiquitylation under hypoxic conditions. Conclusion::Our findings suggest that GRK2 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PAH, via regulating YAP expression and nuclear translocation. Therefore, GRK2 serves as a novel therapeutic target for PAH treatment.

Objective     To investigate the risk factors for postoperative complications Clavien-Dindo classification≥grade Ⅱ after lung cancer surgery. Methods     The patients who underwent lung cancer surgery in a multicenter observational study from November 2017 to January 2020 were included. The Clavien-Dindo classification of postoperative complications was analyzed. Logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors for complications≥ gradeⅡ. Results     A total of 388 patients were enrolled, including 203 males and 185 females with a mean age of 56.14±10.36 years. The incidence of postoperative complications was 25.52% (99/388) after lung cancer surgery and the incidence of complications≥gradeⅡ was 20.10% (78/388). The five most common postoperative complications were pneumonia (6.96%), prolonged pulmonary air leak (>7 days, 5.67%), incision dehiscence (4.64%), arrhythmia (3.87%), and postoperative pleural effusion (3.35%). Multivariate analysis showed that open surgery [reference: uniportal thoracoscopic surgery, OR=2.18, 95%CI (1.01, 4.70), P=0.047], extended resection [reference: sublobar resection, OR=2.86, 95%CI (1.11, 7.19), P=0.030; reference: lobectomy, OR=2.20, 95%CI (1.10, 4.40), P=0.026] and operative time≥3 h [OR=2.07, 95%CI (1.12, 3.85), P=0.021] were independent risk factors for postoperative complications≥gradeⅡ after lung cancer surgery. Conclusion     Surgical approach, extent of resection and operative time are independent influencing factors for postoperative complications≥gradeⅡ after lung cancer surgery.

Our understanding of facial anatomy has changed significantly over the past decade. With the emergence of numerous minimally invasive facial rejuvenation techniques, facial anatomy theory witnesses continuous development. Nowadays, temporal region-related surgeries are developing towards being with less trauma and higher safety, and further in-depth anatomical studies are conducted on the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Familiarity with the course direction, branch distribution, and position of body surface projection of the temporal branch of the facial nerve is of great importance to protect the temporal branch of the facial nerve and its branches from injury. This article summarizes and analyzes the current relevant literature thus provides critical morphological data for head and neck plastic surgery and aesthetic surgery, along with some guidance in clinical application.

Our understanding of facial anatomy has changed significantly over the past decade. With the emergence of numerous minimally invasive facial rejuvenation techniques, facial anatomy theory witnesses continuous development. Nowadays, temporal region-related surgeries are developing with trends of less trauma and higher safety, and further in-depth anatomical studies are conducted on the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Familiarity with the course direction, branch distribution, and position of body surface projection regarding the temporal branch of the facial nerve is crucial to protect these branches from injury. This article summarizes and analyzes the current relevant literatures thus provides critical morphological data for head and neck plastic surgery and aesthetic surgery, along with some guidance in clinical application.

Our understanding of facial anatomy has changed significantly over the past decade. With the emergence of numerous minimally invasive facial rejuvenation techniques, facial anatomy theory witnesses continuous development. Nowadays, temporal region-related surgeries are developing towards being with less trauma and higher safety, and further in-depth anatomical studies are conducted on the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Familiarity with the course direction, branch distribution, and position of body surface projection of the temporal branch of the facial nerve is of great importance to protect the temporal branch of the facial nerve and its branches from injury. This article summarizes and analyzes the current relevant literature thus provides critical morphological data for head and neck plastic surgery and aesthetic surgery, along with some guidance in clinical application.

Our understanding of facial anatomy has changed significantly over the past decade. With the emergence of numerous minimally invasive facial rejuvenation techniques, facial anatomy theory witnesses continuous development. Nowadays, temporal region-related surgeries are developing with trends of less trauma and higher safety, and further in-depth anatomical studies are conducted on the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Familiarity with the course direction, branch distribution, and position of body surface projection regarding the temporal branch of the facial nerve is crucial to protect these branches from injury. This article summarizes and analyzes the current relevant literatures thus provides critical morphological data for head and neck plastic surgery and aesthetic surgery, along with some guidance in clinical application.

Innovation education was introduced in medical microbiology teaching practice,including updating the innovative education concept,reforming teaching methods and means,constructing the teaching content system and practice platform adapting to innovation education.