OBJECTIVE To analyze the occurrence characteristics and risk factors of adverse drug reactions （ADR） of gemcitabine for injection in national centralized volume-based procurement （hereinafter referred to as “centralized procurement”）， and provide reference for clinical safe drug use. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to collect the relevant case reports of gemcitabine for injection reported to the National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring System by Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from January 2022 to December 2023； basic information of patients， drug use status， patient outcomes， rational drug use and other information were collected， and the occurrence characteristics of ADRs with leukopenia， myelosuppression， neutropenia， thrombocytopenia and liver dysfunction were analyzed. Univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the correlation of gender， age， combination of antitumor drugs， original malignant tumor and drug dose with ADR. RESULTS A total of 315 cases reports （315 patients） of gemcitabine-induced ADR were included in this study， with a male-to-female ratio of 1.42∶1 and age of （61.17±9.13） years. The primary malignant tumor was pancreatic cancer （73 cases， 23.17%）. Leukopenia， myelosuppression and nausea were the most common ADR， followed by neutropenia， thrombocytopenia， liver dysfunction and so on. The severity grade of ADR was mainly 1-2， and the outcome of most ADR was good. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that combination of antitumor drugs was a risk factor for myelosuppression and neutropenia （RR＝2.154， 95%CI： 1.218- 3.807， P＝0.008； RR＝3.099， 95%CI： 1.240-7.744， P＝0.016）； gender （female） was a risk factor for leukopenia and liver dysfunction （RR＝0.508， 95%CI： 0.302-0.853， P＝0.010； RR＝0.301， 95%CI： 0.102-0.887， P＝0.029）. In terms of drug use rationality， there were 143 cases （45.40%） of drug 126.com use in accordance with the indications of the label， and 172 cases （54.60%） of off-label drug use. Among them， the primary malignant tumors were bladder cancer， bile duct cancer and ovarian cancer， which ranked the top three off-label drug use. CONCLUSIONS The ADR caused by gemcitabine in Inner Mongolia is mainly in the blood and digestive systems. The severity of ADRs is mainly classified as 1-2 levels， and most ADRs have good outcomes. Gender （female） and combination medication are risk factors for gemcitabine-induced ADR. Appropriate chemotherapy regimen should be selected according to the patient’s condition and physical condition， and ADR monitoring in blood and digestive systems should be strengthened during medication of gemcitabine.

Objective To explore the dietary nutrition status and nutritional intervention strategy of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Among the 1 332 patients with AD diagnosed at Xijing Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023 were enrolled as the study subjects. The dietary intake data of patients were collected through questionnaire surveys and dietary reviews. During the study period, 30 patients did not complete the intervention due to withdrawal or loss of follow-up. Based on the actual number of people who completed the intervention, AD patients were randomly divided into intervention group (n=651, individualized nutritional intervention strategy) and control group (n=651, routine nutritional intervention), and both groups were intervened for 3 months. The cognitive function (MMSE score and MoCA score), nutritional status (MNA scale, NRS-2002 scale), and quality of life (GQOL-74) of the two groups of AD patients were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention strategies. Results A total of 1 332 questionnaires were distributed, and 1 302 valid questionnaires were finally recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 97.75% (1 302/1 332). The survey results showed that there were no statistical differences in baseline characteristics and dietary nutrition status between the two groups of AD patients before intervention (P>0.05). After nutritional intervention, the cognitive function, quality of life, and nutritional status of patients in the intervention group were significantly improved. The MMSE score, MoCA score, MNA score, and GQOL-74 score of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group, while the NRS-2002 score was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Nutritional intervention strategy has a significant effect on improving nutritional status, cognitive function, and quality of life of AD patients.

Standardized reporting is a crucial factor affecting the use of patient guidelines （PGs）， particularly in the reporting and presentation of recommendations. This paper introduced the current status of PG reporting， including the research on PG content and presentation formats， and provided comprehensive recommendations for PG reporting from aspects such as overall framework， recommendations， presentation format， and readability. First， the presentation of PG recommendations should include clearly defined clinical questions， recommendations and their rationale， and guidance on how patients should implement the interventions； for specific content in the PG， such as level of evidence， level of recommendation， it is recommended to explain in text the reasons for giving different levels of recommendation， i.e.， to present the logic behind giving the level of recommendation to the patient； additional information needed in the recommendation framework should be supplemented by tracing references or authoritative textbooks and literature that support the recommendations. Subsequently， the PG text should be written based on the Reporting Checklist for Public Versions of Guidelines （RIGHT-PVG） reporting framework. Finally， to enhance readability and comprehension， it is recommended to refer to the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool （PEMAT） for translating PG content. To enhance the readability of PGs， it is suggested to present the PG content in a persona-lized and layered manner.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of grain-sized moxibustion at "Zhongwan （RN12）" "Tianshu （ST25）" and "Shangjuxu （ST37）" on the colon tissue of mice with ulcerative colitis （UC）， and to analyze the potential mechanism. MethodsForty C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into blank group， model group， moxibustion group and mesalazine group， with 10 mice in each group. In all the groups except for the blank group， UC mouse model was prepared by freely drinking 3% sodium dextran sulfate solution. After successful modeling， the moxibustion group was treated with grain-sized moxibustion at Zhongwan， Tianshu and Shangjuxu ， 3 cones per acupoint， 30 s of each cone. The mesalazine group was given 300 mg/kg of mesalazine enteric-coated tablet solution by gavage. The blank group and the model group were only fixed by grasping without any intervention. Each group was intervened once a day for 7 consecutive days. The general condition of mice in each group was observed， and the disease activity index （DAI） score was evaluated. The colon length， intestinal weight and colon mucosal injury score were detected. The contents of serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1）， interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） were detected by ELISA. The pathological changes of colon tissue were observed by HE staining. The mRNA and protein expressions of non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase 2 （JAK2）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3） and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 （SOCS3） in colon tissue of mice were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry， respectively. The mean fluorescence intensity of JAK2 and SOCS3 in colon tissue of mice was detected by immunofluorescence double staining. ResultsCompared to the blank group， the mice in the model group had unclean perianal area， unformed stool， destroyed colonic mucosal morphology， shortened body weight and colon length， increased DAI score， intestinal weight index， colonic mucosal injury and pathological score， serum ICAM-1， IL-6 and TNF-α levels， increased mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3 in colon tissue， and decreased mRNA and protein expression of SOCS3 （P＜0.01）. Compared to those in the model group， the perianal area of mice in the moxibustion group and the mesalazine group was improved， and the colonic mucosal morphology was more complete； body weight and colon length increased， while DAI score， intestinal weight index， colonic mucosal injury and pathological score， serum ICAM-1， IL-6 and TNF-α levels decreased， with decreased mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3 in colon tissue， and increased SOCS3 mRNA and protein expression （ P＜0.01 or P＜0.05 ）. There was no significant difference in any index between the moxibustion group and the mesalazine group. ConclusionGrain-sized moxibustion at "Zhongwan"， "Tianshu" and "Shangjuxu" can improve the damage of colon mucosa in UC model mice， and the mechanism may be related to the key factors regulating JAK2 / STAT3 signaling pathway based on SOCS3.

Since the concept of patient versions of guidelines （PVGs） was introduced into China， several PVGs have been published in China， but we found that there is a big difference between the concept of PVG at home and abroad， and the reason for this difference has not been reasonably explained， which has led to ambiguity and even misapplication of the PVG concept by guideline developers. By analyzing the background and purpose of PVGs， and the understanding of the PVG concept by domestic scholars， we proposed the term patient guidelines （PGs）. This refers to guidelines developed under the principles of evidence-based medicine， centered on health issues that concern patients， and based on the best available evidence， intended for patient use. Except for the general attribute of providing information or education， which is typical of common health education materials， PGs also provide recommendations and assist in decision-making， so PGs include both the patient versions of guidelines （PVG） as defined by the Guidelines International Network （GIN） and "patient-directed guidelines"， i.e. clinical practice guidelines resulting from the adaptation or reformulation of recommendations through clinical practice guidelines.

At present， the process and methodology of patient guidelines （PGs） development varies greatly and lacks systematic and standardised guidance. In addition to the interviews with PG developers， we have sorted out the relevant methodology for the adaptation and development of existing clinical practice guideline recommendations and facilitated expert deliberations to achieve a consensus， so as to finally put forward a proposal for guidance on the process and methodology for the development of PGs. The development of PGs can be divided into the preparation stage， the construction stage， and the completion stage in general， but the specific steps vary according to the different modes of development of PGs. The development process of Model 1 is basically the same as the patient version of the guideline development process provided by the International Guidelines Network， i.e.， team formation， screening of recommendations， guideline drafing， user testing and feedback， approval and dissemination. The developer should also first determine the need for and scope of translating the clinical practice guideline into a patient version during the preparation phase. Model 2 adds user experience and feedback to the conventional clinical practice guideline development process （forming a team， determining the scope of the PG， searching， evaluating and integrating evidence， forming recommendations， writing the guideline， and expert review）. Based on the different models， we sort out the process and methods of PG development and introduce the specific methods of PG development， including how to identify the clinical problem and how to form recommendations based on the existing clinical practice guidelines， with a view to providing reference for guideline developers and related researchers.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the use of children’s drugs in public medical institutions in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， and provide some reference for the rational use of children’s drugs and the improvement of children’s drug list in the whole region. METHODS The generic names， specifications， and dosage forms of children’s drugs were collected from all levels of public medical institutions in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2023. The method of defined daily dose （DDD） and ranking ratio （B/A） were used to explore the frequency of drug use， daily average cost and cost-effectiveness of children’s drugs in this region， and the dosage forms， category， and drug use convergence of children’s drugs in medical institutions in the whole region. RESULTS In 2023， 1 751 public medical and health institutions in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were equipped with 267 kinds of children’s drugs， including 12 drug categories. The main dosage forms were granules， oral solutions， and syrups. The drugs that were frequently used in medical institutions at all levels were mainly antipyretic， analgesic， anti-inflammatory drugs （mostly Chinese patent medicines）， and respiratory drugs. The daily average cost of children’s drugs with the highest DDDs in tertiary， secondary， and primary public medical institutions was low， and the B/A value of most drugs with higher DDDs was around 1. However， the B/A value of some drugs was high， which may lead to overuse. The drug use convergence between primary public medical institutions and secondary/tertiary public medical institutions was less than 50%. CONCLUSIONS The types of drugs involved in children’s drugs in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are comprehensive and the social and economic benefits are in good synchronization， but the dosage form is single and there are few special rules and dosage forms for children. The proportions of Chinese patent medicines in primary and secondary public medical institutions are high， and the risk of drug use should be paid attention. The cohesion between children’s drugs in primary public medical institutions and higher public medical institutions is slightly poor.

Objective To summarise and analyse the qualitative studies on the factors that influence patient involvement in decision-making for the initial administration of insulin for the patients with Type II diabetes,from the perspectives of patients and healthcare staff in order to provide a reference to promote patient involvement in decision-making.Methods Systematic searches were conducted across databases,such as CINAHL,Cochrane Library,EMBASE,PubMed,Web of Science,PsycINFO,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data,VIP,and SinoMed,for qualitative studies on the factors that affect patient involvement in initial insulin decision-making for the patients with Type II diabetes.The search was limited to articles from the inception of the databases to 30th September,2023.Quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)evidence-based healthcare centre for qualitative research quality assessment tool.The results were integrated using a synthesising integration method.Results A total of 19 articles were included,yielding 20 study results,which were categorised into 7 themes of patient decision-making related values,patient role preferences in decision-making,condition of patient,the role of healthcare staff in patient participation in decision-making,professional quality of healthcare staff,relationship between patient and healthcare staff,and the support from a medical institution.The data were ultimately integrated into 4 overarching themes of patient personal factors,healthcare staff factors,patient-staff interaction factors and medical institution factors.Conclusion The involvement of the patients with Type II diabetes in the decision-making for the initial administration of insulin is influenced by patients themselves,healthcare staff and medical institutions.It requires efforts of multiple parties:not only with the patients actively participate in decision-making,but also with the healthcare staff and institutions who provide effective decision supports.

Objective:To comprehensively and systematically retrieve domestic and international research on nurse-initiated protocolized weaning in adult mechanically ventilated patients, clarify its outcome indicators and effectiveness in clinical practice, and identify influencing factors in its implementation.Methods:Employing the scoping review methodology of Arksey and O'Malley, databases in both English and Chinese were systematically searched. Literature was selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, with two researchers independently screening, organizing, and analyzing the articles.Results:Eighteen publications were included: seven interventional studies, four qualitative studies, two cross-sectional studies, two on instrument development, and three reviews. Nurse-initiated protocolized weaning was found to be safe and effective, with common clinical outcome indicators including mechanical ventilation duration, weaning time, and ICU length of stay. Significant barriers included the professional knowledge level of nurses, team cooperation, nurses' personal characteristics, and the healthcare providers' underestimation of patients' clinical symptoms. Continuous care, patient involvement, a supportive nursing culture, and recognition of the nurse's role were facilitators of this treatment.Conclusions:Future research efforts should standardize and refine the intervention measures of nurse-initiated protocolized weaning and conduct large-sample, high-quality studies to provide references for the implementation of nurse-initiated protocolized weaning in China.

Objective:To construct an evaluation index system for the core competence of emergency medical dispatchers, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the training, assessment and ability evaluation of emergency medical dispatchers.Methods:In September 2022, a research group was established to compile the first draft of the evaluation index system for the core competencies of emergency medical dispatchers through literature review, semi-structured interviews and group discussions. From October to November 2022, a total of 27 experts in related fields from nine provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government in China were consulted by Delphi expert letters, items were screened and amended, and an evaluation index system for the core competence of emergency medical dispatchers was formed.Results:A total of two rounds of correspondence were conducted. The effective recovery rate of the questionnaire was 100%, and the authority coefficient of the experts was 0.856. Kendall's coordination coefficients were 0.402 and 0.414 ( P<0.01), respectively. Finally, a core competency evaluation index system for emergency medical dispatchers was constructed, which included seven primary indicators, 16 secondary indicators and 75 tertiary indicators. Conclusions:The core competence evaluation index system for emergency medical dispatchers is scientific, reliable and comprehensive, which can provide a theoretical basis for the training, assessment and ability evaluation of emergency medical dispatchers.