Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Objective: To explore the relationship between processed food consumption and blood pressure level of students in a university in Yunnan Province, so as to provide the reference for preventing hypertension in university students. Methods: In October 2021, a cluster sampling method was used to select 4 781 freshmen from a university in Kunming, Yunnan Province. The frequency of processed food consumption of university students was assessed by using the dietary frequency questionnaire, and height, weight and blood pressure were measured. Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare the differences in blood pressure level of university students with different demographic variables, and the association between processed food consumption and blood pressure level was analyzed with a generalized linear model. Results: Among the students of a university in Yunnan Province, the detection rates of systolic prehypertension and hypertension were 33.86% and 1.23%, and the detection rates of diastolic prehypertension were 32.13% and hypertension 7.22%. The results of generalized linear model analysis showed that after controlling for demographic variables and other variables that might affect the blood pressure level of university students, the consumption of processed food (bread and cake: β =0.15, 95% CI =0.01-0.29) and ultra processed food (coffee beverage: β =-0.29, 95% CI =-0.54--0.03) were associated with systolic blood pressure level( P <0.05). The consumption of processed food (salted duck egg: β =0.21, 95% CI =0.01-0.41) was correlated with the diastolic blood pressure of college students ( P <0.05). Conclusions Processed food consumption in university students may increase the risk of high blood pressure.The education of healthy eating among college students should be strengthened to reduce the consumption of processed foods.

Objective:To evaluate the utility of CT perfusion (CTP) for assessment of effect of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) on moyamoya disease (MMD).Methods:Thirty-eight adult MMD patients, who underwent EDAS in our hospital from March 2014 to October 2019, were chosen in our study. All patients received CTP and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) before and after surgery; cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), mean transit time (MTT) and time to peak (TTP) in the operative cerebral cortices and their contralateral mirror areas, as well as brainstems were measured respectively; their relative parameter values (rCBF, rCBV, rMTT and rTTP) were calculated with the brainstem as the reference; perfusion changes of cerebral tissues were observed before and after surgery, and efficacies of these parameters in evaluating the surgical treatment effect were compared. According to the degrees of collateral formation detected by postoperative DSA, the 42 hemispheres of these patients were divided into group of good collateral formation and group of poor collateral formation, and the differences of perfusion changes in the two groups were further discussed.Results:CTP revealed that cerebral perfusion at surgical side after EDAS was significantly improved in all the 42 hemispheres; significantly increased rCBF, and significantly decreased rMTT and rTTP were noted as compared with those before surgery ( P<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the area under the curve of rTTP (0.897) was the largest among all parameters, with diagnostic sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 80.8%. Twenty-six patients (61.9%) were into the group of good collateral formation and 16 (38.1%) were into the group of poor collateral formation; changed values of rCBF and rMTT in the group of good collateral formation were significantly better than those in the group of poor collateral formation ( P<0.05). Conclusion:CTP can quantitatively evaluate cerebral hemodynamic changes after EDAS in moyamoya disease patients, and postoperative rTTP changes can reflect the degrees of collateral vessel formation.

Objective To identify the types of γ?aminobutyric acid type A ( GABAA ) receptors in neurons in brain tissues at the target of anesthetic action of isoflurane in mice. Methods Two mouse strains were developed that were either sensitive or resistant to isoflurane. One hundred isoflurane?sensitive ICR∕CD?1 mice ( 50 males, 50 females) and 100 isoflurane?resistant ICR∕CD?1 mice ( 50 males, 50 fe?males) , aged 65-70 days, were used in this study. Brain tissues were obtained, and total RNA was ex?tracted and then reverse transcribed to cDNA using AMV reverse transcriptase. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the cDNA sequences. Chi?square analysis was used to compare the cDNA sequence of each GABAA receptor subunit between two strains. Results The cDNA sequence of GABAA receptor sub?units α1?6 , β2,3 andγ1?3 in isoflurane?sensitive strain was completely consistent with that in isoflurane?resist?ant strain. A single nucleotide polymorphism at the nucleotide position 462 ( C∕G) in the β1 sequence was found. The allele C frequencies were 11.0% and 87.0% in isoflurane?sensitive strain and isoflurane?resistant strain, respectively. Compared with isoflurane?sensitive strain, the allele C frequency in cDNA sequences of β1 subunit was significantly increased in isoflurane?resistant strain ( P<0.01) . Conclusion β1 subunit?containing GABAA receptor in neurons in brain tissues is the target of anesthetic action of isoflurane in mice.

AIM:To explore whether histamine can regulate the expression of early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) in the cerebral cortex astrocytes.METHODS:Normal wild-type (WT) mice, histidine decarboxylase knockout ( HDC-KO) mice and histamine treated HDC-KO mice were sacrificed for extracting the total RNA of the cerebral cortex. Primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes were treated with histamine at concentrations of 10 -8 , 10 -7 , 10 -6 , 10 -5 or 10 -4 mol/L for 15, 30, 60, 120 or 240 min.H1 or H2 receptor antagonists were pretreated for 15 min before histamine treat-ment.After histamine treatment, the cell total RNA or protein was extracted.The expression of Egr-1 at mRNA and protein levels was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot.RESULTS:The mRNA level of Egr-1 in cerebral cortex of HDC-KO mice was significantly lower than that in WT mice, while exogenous histamine induced the mRNA expression of Egr-1 in HDC-KO mice.In cultured astrocytes, histamine induced the mRNA expression of Egr-1.The maximum increase in the mRNA level of Egr-1 was produced by histamine at concentration of 10 -5 mol/L.In addition, histamine-induced Egr-1 mRNA accumulation peaked at 30 min after commencing stimulation, while histamine significantly increased Egr-1 protein expression at 60 min.Furthermore, histamine-induced Egr-1 expression was inhibited by H1 receptor antagonist but not H2 receptor antagonist.CONCLUSION:Histamine up-regulates the Egr-1 expression in cerebral cortex and cultured astrocytes, which may attribute to H1 receptor activation.

Objective To analyse the clinicopathological characteristics of synovial sarcoma (SS) from histomorphology,immunohistochemical (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH),and to investigate the related factors influencing the prognosis of SS patients.Methods 94 cases were collected,including 60 SS cases and 34 in dined to SS cases.The expressions of common antibodies related to the diagnosis of SS Vimentin,CD99,AE1/AE3,EMA,CD34,Calponin,Ki-67 were detected by IHC,and the SYT-SSX fusion gene was detected by FISH.The clinical pathologic factors that affecting the prognosis of patients were analyzed through the statistical method.Results The positive rates of Vimentin,CD99,AE1/AE3,EMA,CD34,Calponin,Ki-67 were 100.00 ％,74.47 ％,36.17 ％,28.72 ％,17.02 ％,90.43 ％ and 60.64 ％ respectively.FISH results showed that 81 patients were tested with SYT gene translocation,including 54 cases who were considered as SS,and 27 cases who were suspected/inclined to SS,and the number of positive cells surpassed 80 ％.The gene translocation was not related with the patient' s age,sex,tumor position,histological type,differentiation of the cancer (all P ＞ 0.05).Single factor survival analysis showed that the degree of differentiation,tumor diameter,the recurrence and metastasis had certain influences on patients' survival time (all P ＜ 0.05).Multiple factors regression analysis showed that the degree of differentiation and tumor diameter were the risk factors influencing the prognosis of SS (risk coefficients ＞ 1,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions IHC combined with FISH SYT-SSX fusion gene detection have the vital significance in the diagnosis of SS.The degree of differentiation and tumor size are the risk factors influencing the prognosis of SS.