Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiangtang （CGG）is a classic prescription in the Treatise on Cold Damage，which has the effects of clearing and relieving stagnation heat in Shaoyang，warming and dissolving water drink，and relieving the pivot mechanism. It is a classic prescription for treating spleen deficiency and liver depression and stopping internal stagnation caused by water drink. The formula is exquisite and well-matched and is often modified and used by ancient and modern medical practitioners to treat various miscellaneous diseases of internal and external medicine，with significant therapeutic effects. In recent years，with the rapid development of modern pharmacology，research on the micro mechanism of CGG has been continuously developed and deepened，providing new ideas for the treatment of diseases with CGG. Therefore，the authors systematically searched databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure，Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform，VIP Database， and PubMed for literature on the clinical application and pharmacological mechanism of CGG published by Chinese and foreign scholars in recent years. This article summarized the literature from two aspects：the modern clinical application and mechanism of action of CGG and elaborated on the diseases treated by CGG in modern literature，involving digestive system，respiratory system，nervous system，endocrine system，circulatory system，urinary system，gynecology，as well as its application in reducing the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy， gynecology， dermatology， ophthalmology， and orthopedics. At the same time，the mechanism of CGG in treating diseases may be related to anti-inflammatory，anti-oxidative stress， regulation of immunity， anti-fibrosis， anti-tumor， improvement of gastrointestinal flora and motility， protection of liver tissue， reduction of blood lipids and blood sugar， and regulation of hormone levels.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Huaban Jiedu Formulation （化斑解毒方， HJF） in treating psoriasis vulgaris with blood-heat syndrome. MethodsA randomized， double-blind， placebo-controlled study was conducted with 60 patients diagnosed with psoriasis vulgaris of blood-heat syndrome. Patients were randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a control group， with 30 cases in each. The treatment group received HJF granules orally， one dose a day， combined with topical Qingshi Zhiyang Ointment （青石止痒软膏）， while the control group received placebo granules， one dose a day， combined with the same topical ointment. Both groups were topically treated twice daily of 28 days treatment cours. Psoriasis area and severity index （PASI）， visual analogue scale for pruritus （VAS）， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores， dermatology life quality index （DLQI）， and psoriasis life stress inventory （PLSI） were assessed before treatment and on day 14 and day 28. Response rates for PASI 50 （≥50% reduction） and PASI 75 （≥75% reduction）， as well as overall clinical efficacy， were compared between groups. Serum levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6） and interleukin-17 （IL-17） were measured before and after 28 days of treatment. Adverse reactions during treatment were recorded. ResultsAfter 28 days of treatment， both groups showed significant reductions in PASI total score， lesion area score， erythema， scaling， and infiltration scores， pruritus VAS score， TCM syndrome score， DLQI， PLSI， and serum IL-6 and IL-17 levels （P＜0.05）. Compared to the control group， the treatment group had significantly greater improvements in PASI total score and erythema score， TCM syndrome score， serum IL-6 and IL-17 levels， and PASI 50 response rate after 28 days （P＜0.05）. Between-group comparisons of score differences before and after 28-day treatment revealed that the treatment group showed significantly better improvements in PASI total， lesion area score， erythema score， TCM syndrome score， DLQI， PLSI， and inflammatory markers （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The total effective rate on day 14 and day 28 was 40.00% （12/30） and 83.33% （25/30） in the treatment group， versus 6.90% （2/29） and 41.38% （12/29） in the control group， respectively. The clinical efficacy in the treatment group was significantly superior to that in the control group （P＜0.05）. Mild gastric discomfort occurred in 3 patients in the treatment group and 1 in the control group. ConclusionHJF can effectively improve skin lesions and TCM symptoms relieve pruritus， enhance quality of life， and reduce inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-17， in patients with blood-heat syndrome of psoriasis vulgaris， with a good safety profile.

Objective To study a method for determining the cumulative dose of low-energy neutrons ( < 100 keV) independently based on a CR-39 detector. Methods According to the theory of track etching kinetics, the differences in the tracks formed by low-energy neutrons or fast neutrons in a BN + CR-39 detector under broad-spectrum neutron irradiation were analyzed. A method was proposed to identify the tracks produced by low-energy neutrons under specific etching conditions while avoiding interference from fast neutron tracks. Results Experimental results demonstrated that the BN + CR-39 detector using TASTRAK PADC CR-39 track-detecting plastic could independently detect the tracks of low-energy neutrons when etched in a 6.25 mol/L NaOH solution for 1 h. The track density showed a good linear relationship with the ambient dose equivalent of low-energy neutrons, and the calibration coefficient was 0.0366 μSv·tr⁻¹·cm². Conclusion The BN + CR-39 detector proposed in this study demonstrated high sensitivity to low-energy neutrons. The track identification method can be used for effective and independent determination of the cumulative dose equivalent of low-energy neutrons.

ObjectiveTo characterize the seasonal patterns of influenza in Kunming City, Yunnan Province before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and provide scientific evidence for optimizing influenza prevention and control strategies. MethodsInfluenza-like illness (ILI) and etiological surveillance data for influenza from the 14^th week of 2010 to the 13^th week of 2024 in Kunming City of Yunnan Province were collected. Harmonic regression models were constructed to analyze the epidemic characteristics and seasonal patterns of influenza before (2010/2011‒2019/2020 influenza seasons), during (2020/2021‒2022/2023 influenza seasons), and after (2023/2024 influenza season) the COVID-19 pandemic. ResultsBefore the COVID-19 pandemic, influenza in Kunming City mainly exhibited an annual cyclic pattern without a significant semi-annual periodicity, peaking from December to February of the next year, with an epidemic duration of 20‒30 weeks. During the pandemic, influenza seasonality shifted, with an increase in semi-annual periodicity and an approximate one month delay in annual peaks. However, after the pandemic, the annual amplitude of influenza increased compared with that before the pandemic, and the epidemic duration extended by about one month. Although the annual peak largely reverted to the pre-pandemic levels, the annual peaks for different influenza subtypes/lineages had not fully recovered. ConclusionInfluenza seasonality in Kunming City underwent substantial alterations following the COVID-19 pandemic and has not yet fully reverted to pre-pandemic levels. Continuous surveillance on different subtypes/lineages of influenza viruses remains essential, and prevention and control strategies should be adjusted and optimized in a timely manner based on current epidemic trends.

ObjectiveTo investigate the intervention effects and mechanisms of the flavonoid hyperoside （Hyp） on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced inflammation in the zebrafish model. MethodsZebrafish larvae were either microinjected with 0.5 g·L^-1 LPS or immersed in 1 g·L^-1 LPS for the modeling of inflammation. The larvae were then treated with Hyp at 25， 50， and 100 mg·L^-1 through immersion for four consecutive days. The inflammatory phenotypes were assessed by analyzing the mortality rate， malformation rate， body length， and yolk sac area ratio. Behavioral tests were conducted to evaluate the inflammatory stress responses， and macrophage migration was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Additionally， the mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes， including interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 （CCL2）， chemokine C-X3-C motif receptor 1 （CX3CR1）， chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 （CCR2）， and genes associated with the Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）/myeloid differentiation factor 88 （MyD88）/nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB） signaling pathway， were measured by Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR）. ResultsCompared with the pure water injection group， the model group exhibited increased mortality， malformation rates and yolk sac area ratio （P0.01）， reduced body length （P0.01）， increased total swimming distance and high-speed swimming duration （P0.01）， and up-regulated mRNA levels of TLR4， MyD88， NF-κB， IL-1β， IL-6， CCL2， CX3CR1， and CCR2 （P0.01）. Hyp at low， medium and high doses， as well as aspirin， reduced the mortality and malformation rates （P0.05，P0.01）， increased the body length （P0.05，P0.01）， decreased the yolk sac area ratio （P0.01）， reduced the high-speed swimming duration （P0.01）， and down-regulated the mRNA levels of TLR4， MyD88， NF-κB， IL-1β， IL-6， CCL2， CX3CR1， and CCR2 （P0.05，P0.01） compared with the model group. ConclusionHyp may modulate the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway to ameliorate inflammatory phenotypes and alleviate stress conditions in zebrafish， thereby exerting the anti-inflammatory effect.

ObjectiveTo explore the possible action mechanism of Qingshi Anti-itch Ointment （青石止痒软膏， QAO） in the treatment of psoriasis. MethodsForty mice were randomly divided into four groups， blank group， model group， calcipotriol group and QAO group， with 10 mice in each group. Except for the blank group， psoriasis was induced by applying imiquimod cream to the dorsal skin. After modeling for 6 hours daily， the calcipotriol group and QAO group were treated with 0.5 g of calcipotriol ointment or 0.5 g of QAO， respectively， applied to the treated dorsal skin. The blank group and the model group received no treatment. The skin lesions were observed， and the psoriasis area and severity index （PASI） score was assessed every other day. After 7 days， Hematoxylin and Eosin （HE） staining was performed on dorsal skin tissue to observe pathological changes. The levels of interleukin 1β （IL-1β） and interleukin 18 （IL-18） were determined by enzym-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The protein levels of Caspase-1，Pro-Caspase-1， gasdermin D （GSDMD） and gasdermin-D-N （GSDMD-N） were detected by Western Blot （WB）. The protein levels of GSDMD were observed by immunohistochemistry. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group mice showed redness， erythema， and white scales on their skin， with histological observations indicating epidermal thickening， elongated spines， and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The PASI scores of the skin tissue on days 1， 3， 5， and 7 were elevated； the IOD and AOD values of GSDMD protein increased； the protein levels of Caspase-1， Pro-Caspase-1，GSDMD， GSDMD-N， and IL-1β and IL-18 were significantly elevated （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， the QAO group and calcipotriol group showed lighter skin lesions； the PASI scores on day 5 and day 7 in the QAO group， and on day 3， 5， and 7 in the calcipotriol group， were reduced； the IOD and AOD values of GSDMD protein， and the protein level of Caspase-1， GSDMD， and GSDMD-N， as well as level of IL-18 and IL-1β decreased in both groups； in the calcipotriol group， Pro-Caspase-1 protein level also decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the calcipotriol group， the QAO group showed slightly redder skin， more obvious thickening of the stratum corneum， and less capillary dilation； the PASI scores on day 3 and day 7 increased， while the score on day 5 was reduced； the protein level of Pro-Caspase-1， GSDMD， GSDMD-N， and the level of IL-18 and IL-1β were increased in the QAO group （P＜0.05）. ConclusionQAO can effectively relieve psoriasis dermatitis in mice. Its potential mechanism may be related to the regulation of the Caspase-1/GSDMD protein pathway， down-regulation of IL-18 and IL-1β levels， and alleviation of pyroptosis.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with profound impact on patients’ quality of life and long-term health, and early detection and intervention are particularly critical. In recent years, the search for precise and reliable biomarkers has become one of the key strategies to effectively address the clinical challenges of PD. In this paper, we systematically evaluated potential biomarkers, including proteins, metabolites, epigenetic markers, and exosomes, in the peripheral blood of PD patients. Protein markers are one of the main directions of biomarker research in PD. In particular, α‑synuclein and its phosphorylated form play a key role in the pathological process of PD. It has been shown that aggregation of α-synuclein may be associated with pathologic protein deposition in PD and may be a potential marker for early diagnosis of PD. In terms of metabolites, uric acid, as a metabolite, plays an important role in oxidative stress and neuroprotection in PD. It has been found that changes in uric acid levels may be associated with the onset and progression of PD, showing its potential as an early diagnostic marker. Epigenetic markers, such as DNA methylation modifications and miRNAs, have also attracted much attention in Parkinson’s disease research. Changes in these markers may affect the expression of PD-related genes and have an important impact on the onset and progression of the disease, providing new research perspectives for the early diagnosis of PD. In addition, exosomes, as a potential biomarker carrier for PD, are able to carry a variety of biomolecules involved in intercellular communication and pathological regulation. Studies have shown that exosomes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD, and their detection in blood may provide a new breakthrough for early diagnosis. It has been shown that exosomes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD, and their detection in blood may provide new breakthroughs in early diagnosis. In summary, through in-depth evaluation of biomarkers in the peripheral blood of PD patients, this paper demonstrates the important potential of these markers in the early diagnosis of PD and in the study of pathological mechanisms. Future studies will continue to explore the clinical application value of these biomarkers to promote the early detection of PD and individualized treatment strategies.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Dingzhi Xiaowan （DZXW） in post-stroke cognitive impairment （PSCI） model mice. MethodsThe cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model of mice was established by using the middle cerebral artery occlusion method. Forty C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into the sham operation group， model group， low-dose DZXW group （1.43 g·kg^-1）， and high-dose DZXW group （2.56 g·kg^-1）， with 10 mice in each group. Both the sham operation group and the model group were treated with equal amounts of normal saline by gavage， and the above four groups of mice were gavaged once a day for 30 consecutive days. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the learning memory ability of mice. Serum levels of amyloid precursor protein （APP）， amyloid 42 （Aβ₄₂）， acetylcholinesterase （AChE）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Deoxyribonucleotide end transferase-mediated nick end labelling （TUNEL） assay was applied to detect the degree of apoptosis in the mouse's hippocampal neurons. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of phosphoinositol-3 kinase （PI3K）， protein kinase B （Akt）， mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha （HIF-1α）， B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2） homologous structural domain protein （Beclin1）， sequestosome 1 （p62）， microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 （LC3）， Bcl-2， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） in hippocampal tissue. Prussian blue staining was used to detect iron deposition in hippocampal tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was taken to observe the ultrastructure of the mouse's hippocampal neurons. ResultsCompared with the sham operation group， the latency， APP， Aβ₄₂， AChE， TUNEL positivity， ferric ion deposition， HIF-1α， Beclin1， Bax， and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ were significantly increased in the model group （P<0.01）， while the number of crossing platforms， SOD， p-PI3K， p-Akt， p-mTOR， p62， and Bcl-2 were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the latency， APP， Aβ₄₂， AChE， TUNEL positivity rate， ferric ion deposition， HIF-1α， Beclin1， Bax， and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ were significantly reduced in the DZXW groups （P<0.05）， while the number of crossing platforms， SOD， p-PI3K， p-Akt， p-mTOR， p62， and Bcl-2 were significantly higher （P<0.05）. ConclusionDZXW can alleviate cognitive impairment induced by oxidative stress-aggravated hippocampal neuronal damage in PSCI model mice by modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α autophagy signalling pathway.

OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of Modified shaoyao gancao decoction on intestinal transit function， intestinal flora and the contents of metabolites [γ aminobutyric acid （GABA） and 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）] in slow transit constipation （STC） rats. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank group （10 rats） and modeling group （30 rats）， with half male and half female. The STC model was established by intragastric administration of Compound diphenoxylate tablets in the modeling group. The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into model group， Modified shaoyao gancao decoction group [56 g/（kg·d）， calculated by crude drug] and positive control group [lactulose 2.09 g/（kg·d）]， with 10 rats in each group. Each administration group was given relevant medicine intragastrically， the blank group and model group received an equivalent volume of normal saline， once a day， for 14 consecutive days. During the experiment， the general situation of rats was observed in each group. After the last medication， the body weight was measured， and the Bristol score was used to evaluate the fecal characteristics. The fecal moisture content， intestinal propulsion rate， and the contents of GABA and 5-HT in intestinal content were detected； the diversity of intestinal flora in intestinal contents was investigated， and the correlation between the contents of GABA， 5-HT and relative abundance of microbiota was analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the model group， general conditions such as small body shape， sparse and rough fur， and slow movement were all improved in Modified shaoyao gancao decoction body weight， Bristol score， fecal moisture content，intestinal propulsion rate， 5-HT content， Chao1 index and Shannon index were increased significantly， while GABA content and Simpson index were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. The intestinal flora of rats in the Modified shaoyao gancao decoction group could be classified as the same as the blank group， but was far from the model group； the relative abundances of Desulfobacterota， Firmicutes and Bacteroidota in this group showed a tendency of pull back， but the differences were not statistically significant compared to model group （P＞0.05）. Desulfobacterota was an intergroup differential factor （P＜0.05）. The content of GABA was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Bacteroidota， Cyanobacteria， Patescibacteria and Actinobacteriota （P＜0.05）. The content of 5-HT was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Campilobacterota （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Modified shaoyao gancao decoction can improve the fecal properties and intestinal motility of STC rats. Its mechanism may be related to improving intestinal flora and then affecting the contents of GABA and 5-HT in intestinal contents. In addition， the contents of GABA and 5-HT may be significantly correlated with the relative abundance of specific bacterial phyla such as Bacteroidota and Campilobacterota.

OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of Modified shaoyao gancao decoction on intestinal transit function， intestinal flora and the contents of metabolites [γ aminobutyric acid （GABA） and 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）] in slow transit constipation （STC） rats. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank group （10 rats） and modeling group （30 rats）， with half male and half female. The STC model was established by intragastric administration of Compound diphenoxylate tablets in the modeling group. The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into model group， Modified shaoyao gancao decoction group [56 g/（kg·d）， calculated by crude drug] and positive control group [lactulose 2.09 g/（kg·d）]， with 10 rats in each group. Each administration group was given relevant medicine intragastrically， the blank group and model group received an equivalent volume of normal saline， once a day， for 14 consecutive days. During the experiment， the general situation of rats was observed in each group. After the last medication， the body weight was measured， and the Bristol score was used to evaluate the fecal characteristics. The fecal moisture content， intestinal propulsion rate， and the contents of GABA and 5-HT in intestinal content were detected； the diversity of intestinal flora in intestinal contents was investigated， and the correlation between the contents of GABA， 5-HT and relative abundance of microbiota was analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the model group， general conditions such as small body shape， sparse and rough fur， and slow movement were all improved in Modified shaoyao gancao decoction body weight， Bristol score， fecal moisture content，intestinal propulsion rate， 5-HT content， Chao1 index and Shannon index were increased significantly， while GABA content and Simpson index were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. The intestinal flora of rats in the Modified shaoyao gancao decoction group could be classified as the same as the blank group， but was far from the model group； the relative abundances of Desulfobacterota， Firmicutes and Bacteroidota in this group showed a tendency of pull back， but the differences were not statistically significant compared to model group （P＞0.05）. Desulfobacterota was an intergroup differential factor （P＜0.05）. The content of GABA was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Bacteroidota， Cyanobacteria， Patescibacteria and Actinobacteriota （P＜0.05）. The content of 5-HT was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Campilobacterota （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Modified shaoyao gancao decoction can improve the fecal properties and intestinal motility of STC rats. Its mechanism may be related to improving intestinal flora and then affecting the contents of GABA and 5-HT in intestinal contents. In addition， the contents of GABA and 5-HT may be significantly correlated with the relative abundance of specific bacterial phyla such as Bacteroidota and Campilobacterota.