Objective:To analyze the trends in refractive error and ocular biological parameters in elementary school students over 5 years, and to investigate the patterns of change before and after myopia onset.Methods:A cohort study was adopted.A total of 1 986 first-grade students from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study were enrolled in this cohort study and their right eye data were taken for analysis, including 1 126 boys and 860 girls.Every year, cycloplegic autorefraction was performed with 1% cyclopentolate eyedrops to obtain the spherical equivalent (SE).The axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, mean corneal curvature (Km) and other parameters were obtained by ocular biometry.The lens refractive power (LP) was calculated using the Bennett formula.The subjects were assigned to persistent myopia group, non-myopia group and new onset myopia group.According to the age of myopia onset, the new onset myopia group was subdivided into the 8-, 9-, 10-, 11- and 12-year-old myopia groups to compare the differences in refractive error and ocular bioparameters among groups at different time points of follow-up.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (No.TRECKY2018-030).Written informed consent form was obtained from the guardians of each subject.Results:All children had a gradual SE drift toward myopia and a gradual increase in the AL with age, and there were significant differences in SE and AL between adjacent follow-up ages within the three groups (all at P<0.05).The earlier the onset of myopia, the higher the myopia SE and the longer the AL of the eye at the same follow-up age, the differences in SE between adjacent groups were statistically significant (all at P<0.05), and the differences in AL between adjacent groups at the follow-up age of 8 to 12 years were statistically significant (all at P<0.05).In the nonmyopia group, SE drifted toward emmetropia at a slow and steady rate of (-0.23±0.27)D/year, and AL also increased slowly and steadily at (0.18±0.13)mm/year.In the new onset myopia group, the changes in SE in the third, second, and first years before myopia onset were (-0.32±0.25), (-0.45±0.33), and (-0.98±0.44)D, and the increases in AL were (0.25±0.12), (0.32±0.15), and (0.48±0.19)mm, respectively.Both SE and AL change rates began to accelerate before myopia onset and slowed down after myopia onset, with statistically significant differences in the overall comparison of SE and AL change rates at different time intervals before and after myopia onset (all at P<0.001).The AL at myopia onset in boys was (24.11±0.70)mm, which was longer than (23.60±0.66)mm in girls ( t=159.71, P<0.01).LP decreased with age in all groups, with a faster rate before the age of 9 years and a slower rate after the age of 9 years.The mean decrease rate in LP was (-0.48±0.19), (-0.44±0.20), (-0.49±0.16), (-0.51±0.18), and (-0.48±0.19)D/year in the persistent myopia group and 8~11-year-old myopia group, respectively, which were significantly faster than -0.42±0.17 D/year in 12-year-old myopia group and (0.37±0.15)D/year in nonmyopia group (all at P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in Km among groups at different follow-up ages (all at P>0.05). Conclusions:The AL begins to grow at an accelerated rate 3 years before myopia onset, and the increase rate of the AL slows down after the onset of myopia, but it is still significantly faster than that of non-myopic children.In this process, the decrease in LP plays a compensatory role; there is no significant change in corneal curvature.The AL of males at the onset of myopia is longer than that of females at the same age.AL is an important indicator for the prevention and control of myopia.It is important to consider gender differences and to pay more attention to the growth rate when assessing AL.

Objective To evaluate the association between preoperative serum thyroglobulin concentration and aggressive behavior of papillary thyroid cancer(PTC).Methods A total of 334 PTC patients diagnosed by surgical pathology treated in our hospital from Jan.2013 to Dec.2017 were retrospectively reviewed.Patients were divided into two groups according to Tg levels and clinicopathological characteristics between the two groups were compared.Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the factors influencing extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis of PTC.Results High level of preoperative serum Tg was signifcantly associated with old age,multifocality,larger maximum tumor size,more frequent extrathyroidal extension,lymph node metastasis,and advanced T and TNM stage(P＜0.05).Maximum tumor diameter ＞2 cm(P=0.031) and preoperative serum Tg level ＞17.21 ng/ml(P=0.028) were independent risk factors for extrathyroidal extension.Maximum tumor diameter ＞2 cm(P=0.007) and preoperative serum Tg levels ＞25.40 ng/ml (P=0.016) were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis,whereas female was a significant protective predictive factor(P＜0.001).Conclusion Preoperative serum Tg levels may serve as an independent risk marker for extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis of PTC,and partly contributes to predict aggressive behavior of PTC.

Objective To investigate the effect of mycophenolate mofetil combined with small dose of glucocorticoids on the serum ions and β2-GPI/ox-LDL of patients with IgA nephropathy.Methods A total of 68 patients with IgA nephropathy were randomly divided into two groups, 34 cases in each group.Control group was treated with small dose of glucocorticoid, while the study group was treated with mycophenolate mofetil on the basis of control group.Serum markers and adverse reactions were recorded during the treatment.Results After treatment, levels of serum phosphorus and β2-GPI/ox-LDL decreased significantly in both groups, levels of serum calcium increased significantly, Scr, BUN, CysC and 24 h urine protein decreased significantly, levels of serum TGF-β1, IL-4 decreased significantly, IFN-γ increased significantly, levels of serum VEGF, ET-1 and MMP-9 decreased significantly (P<0.05).Compared with the control group, levels of serum phosphorus and β2-GPI/ox-LDL in the study group were significantly lower, levels of blood calcium were significantly higher, levels of Scr, BUN, CysC and 24 h urine protein were significantly lower, levels of serum TGF-β1, IL-4 were significantly lower, IFN-γ were significantly higher, and levels of serum VEGF, ET-1 and MMP-9 were significantly lower (P<0.05).Conclusion Mycophenolate mofetil combined with small dose of glucocorticoids is effective in the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy, and it can reduce the levels of serum ions and β2-GPI/ox-LDL.

Objective To investigate the effect of mycophenolate mofetil combined with small dose of glucocorticoids on the serum ions and β2-GPI/ox-LDL of patients with IgA nephropathy.Methods A total of 68 patients with IgA nephropathy were randomly divided into two groups, 34 cases in each group.Control group was treated with small dose of glucocorticoid, while the study group was treated with mycophenolate mofetil on the basis of control group.Serum markers and adverse reactions were recorded during the treatment.Results After treatment, levels of serum phosphorus and β2-GPI/ox-LDL decreased significantly in both groups, levels of serum calcium increased significantly, Scr, BUN, CysC and 24 h urine protein decreased significantly, levels of serum TGF-β1, IL-4 decreased significantly, IFN-γ increased significantly, levels of serum VEGF, ET-1 and MMP-9 decreased significantly (P<0.05).Compared with the control group, levels of serum phosphorus and β2-GPI/ox-LDL in the study group were significantly lower, levels of blood calcium were significantly higher, levels of Scr, BUN, CysC and 24 h urine protein were significantly lower, levels of serum TGF-β1, IL-4 were significantly lower, IFN-γ were significantly higher, and levels of serum VEGF, ET-1 and MMP-9 were significantly lower (P<0.05).Conclusion Mycophenolate mofetil combined with small dose of glucocorticoids is effective in the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy, and it can reduce the levels of serum ions and β2-GPI/ox-LDL.

ObjectiveTo investigate comprehensive treatment and obstruction in adherence of the patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer,and to provide the theoretical basis for improving the comprehensive treatment adherence.Methods A total of 22 patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer received semi-structured interview by phenomenological research approach of qualitative research. Colaizzi′s data analysis method was performed to analyze and conclude the theme.Results Eight themes of the application were obtained from the experience of 22 patients:economic difficulties,weak family support,serious treatment side effects,tortile religious faith,incorrect internet information,indifference in combined treatment,complex formalities and complications. Conclusions The affecting factors,such as economic difficulties,are the most frequently endorsed barrier to combined treatment compliance. The management of affecting factors is critically significant to increase patients′ compliance to comprehensive treatment. Medical staff should offer individual economic and medical information as well as emotion supports,and encourage breast cancer patients to actively complete the comprehensive treatment.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of mammography,3.0T MR and the combination for benign and malignant breast lesions.Methods Sixty-one patients with breast lesion proved by postoperative pathology included 47 malignant cases and 14 benign cases.Imaging indexes were recorded and analyzed for all cases,including TIC type,ADC value and whether the Choline peak was detected on MRS.SPSS 17.0 statistical software package was used for analysis.Chisquare test was used for count data and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results The accuracy were 45.9% and 62.3% respectively for mammography or MR as a sole method for the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast disease.When combining the two techniques,the diagnostic accordance rate was 80.3%.The rate based on the combination of mammography and MR were higher than on basis of either kind of examination along, with a statistically significant difference (χ2=4.08,P<0.05).Conclusion MR examination was superior to mammography for the diagnosis value of benign and malignant breast lesions.When combining mammography with MR examination,it could not only obviously improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of breast cancer but also provide the theoretical basis for the early diagnosis and the prognosis.

BACKGROUND:Bisphosphonates that can increase bone density and inhibit bone resorption have been clinical y confirmed, but the structure of the bone matrix has been less studied.
OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of alendronate on bone structure and bone matrix metabolism, and then to investigate the control ing mechanism by which alendronate improves bone mass and increase bone intensity.
METHODS:An ovariectomized rat model was prepared and intervened with alendronate as treatment group. Model and sham-surgery groups were set as controls. Alendronate effects on bone mineral density, bone metabolism, bone biomechanics, and bone structure were observed in bone loss rats using bone imaging, bone tissue pathology and biomechanical test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Alendronate intervention could fight against bone loss as compared with model group at weeks 4, 8, and 12 after treatment (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of urinary deoxypyridinoline and serum carboxyterminal propeptide of type Ⅰ procol agen was decreased significantly after alendronate intervention (P<0.05);the maximal load, maximal pressure and modelus on the lumbar vertebrae and femur were increased as wel as ratio of urinary pyridinoline/deoxypyridinoline of type Ⅰ procol agen (P<0.05). These findings suggest that alendronate intervention can inhibit bone loss in rats induced by estrogen deficiency, increase biomechanical properties, improve bone matrix structure, and meanwhile, recover the Ⅰ col agen crosslinking component due to ovariectomy.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between the status of vitamin A and the level of AntiHBs in infants.Methods One hundred and ninty eight infants met the criteria were recruited into an investigation through local vaccination service.Two milliter venous blood was drawn from each studied child,and the infants' feeding information of successive 72 hours was collected through the 24-hour dietary recall method and 2-day diet records method.The nutrients intakes were analyzed with a NCCW software for calculation.The concentration of serum vitamin A and Anti-HBs was analyzed by HPLC and ECLIA,respectively.The logarithm of anti-HBs concentrations was compared among sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency (87 cases ),suspicious subclinical vitamin A deficient group (51 cases )and normal group (60 cases )and the relationship between the logarithm of anti-HBs concentrations and vitamin A were analyzed.ResultsThere were only 19.7％ of children whose average daily intake of vitamin A reached the 80％ of recommended nutrient intakes(RNI).The incidence rate of vitamin A malnutrition was 67.2％.The serum Anti-HBs GMC was 402.8 U/L The positive rate was 98.0％.There were significant differences on Anti-HBs Ig GMC between Sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency (SVAD) group,suspicious SVAD group and normal group( F =15.88,P ＜ 0.001 ).The correlation coefficient between the level of serum vitamin A and Anti-HBs lg GMC was 0.441 ( P =0.01 ).ConclusionThe results show that the level of serum vitamin A may have influence on the maintenance of an effective anti-HBs level against hepatitis B virus.

Objective To assess the anti-arrhythmic activity and cardioprotective effects of Wenxin Granula, a traditional Chinese formula (consisting of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Polygonati Rhizoma, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, and Succinum), on heart in ischemic-induced myocardial infarction (MI) rats and compare with those of Amiodarone which have been demonstrated in clinic. Methods Rats were randomly divided into Sham-operated (control), Ml + Amiodarone [5 mg/(kg·d)] (MI), and MI + Wenxin Granula [10 mg/(kg·d)] groups and left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in each group. After left anterior descending for 12 h, standard lead Ⅱ of administration electrocardiogram was recorded in order to analyze the occurrence of arrhythmia. After one month, the size of the infarct area of heart was evaluated by TTC staining method and haemodynamic function was assessed to detect the heart function. Laser scanning confocal microscope and the technique of patch clamp were used to detect the intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]j) and L-type calcium current (ICa-L), respectively. Results Both Wenxin Granula [10 mg/(kg·d)] and Amiodarone [5 mg/(kg·d)] could markedly decrease the incidence of arrhythmia in heart of rats which were subjected to ischemic injury. After one month, Wenxin Granula could significantly decrease mortality to 22.22% and reduce the infarct area (P < 0.05), but Amiodarone did not. The mechanism may involve that Wenxin Granula attenuated [Ca2+]j decreasing in MI rats. Additionally, Wenxin Granula could obviously ameliorate the impaired heart function of MI rats by decreasing the elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and increasing the attenuated maximum change velocity of left ventricular pressure in the isovolumic contraction or relaxation period. On the other hand, electrophysiological experiment results revealed that Wenxin Granula administration one month later also increased the reduced ICa-L density in rat ventricular myocytes in MI rats. The results of LSCM showed that Wenxin Granula could recover the amplitude of [Ca2+]j decreased by heart failure during long term. Conclusion Wenxin Granula could not only inhibit the incidence of arrhythmia but also decrease the mortality, which was accompanied by recovering the amplitude of [Ca2+]j. This protective effect of Wenxin Granula may partially be mediated through changing ICa-L.as well as increasing [Ca2+]j.

Objective: To observe the effect of ovariectomized rat serum containing Bushen Yijing decoction (BYD) on the absorption function of osteoclast. Method: Fourty 10 - month - old female SD rats were randomly allocated to four groups, among which 30 rats were subjected to ovariectomy to establish the osteoporosis model, and 10 rats only received mimic operation. After 3 months, the model rats were given saline, BYD and estrogen respectively. Three months later, all the rats were killed to obtain the sera. Osteoclasts were isolated from the extremities of 1 - day SD rats and incultured on the ivory slices. The lacunar number formed after bone absorption was observed. Results: Compared with the mimic operation group, the number of lacurae of ovariectomized groups increased by 74. 1 % ,while that of the BYD group and estrogen group decreased by 65.7% and 59.3% respectively, showing significant differences with the mimic group (P