BACKGROUND:Hydrogels have become a research hotspot due to their unique advantages in the biomedical field due to their superior mechanical and biological properties.At present,related research involves tissue engineering,wound dressing and so on. OBJECTIVE:To review the advantages and properties of hydrogels and the research progress of their application in the repair of oral and maxillofacial defects,discuss the current limitations and challenges of hydrogels in application and promotion,and provide new ideas for future research directions. METHODS:Relevant literature was searched in PubMed,CNKI,and WanFang database by computer.The search terms were"hydrogel,oral and maxillofacial defects,mechanical properties,tissue engineering,wound dressing"in Chinese and"hydrogel,oral and maxillofacial defects,mechanical properties,guided tissue regeneration,wound dressing"in English.Preliminary screening was carried out by reading titles and abstracts,and articles not related to the topic of the article were excluded.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,108 articles were finally included for the result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The hydrogel has good biological activity,mechanical controllability,and stimulation response.(2)Polymer,metal,and ceramic hydrogel composites have appropriate mechanical properties,biodegradability,and controlled release rate,which are suitable for maxillofacial bone tissue engineering.(3)Fibrin-based hydrogel could fill the hollow nerve conduit through the nerve defect area and promote the regeneration and growth of axons to restore the function of maxillofacial nerve.(4)Controlling the interaction between nanomaterials and hydrogels can improve the formation of muscle fiber oriented structure to promote maxillofacial muscle tissue regeneration.(5)Polysaccharide hydrogel has gradually become the first choice for repairing irregular periodontal defects due to its ability to control drug delivery,carry bioactive molecules,and combine with other materials to produce the best scaffold matching the extracellular matrix.(6)Calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate-based hydrogels can be used to fill irregular or fine tissue defects and remineralize hard tissues.The self-assembled hydrogels are simple to prepare and have good biological activity.(7)Salivary gland-derived extracellular matrix-like gel is expected to participate in the treatment of many salivary gland diseases.(8)Hydrogels can be used as wound dressings in combination with biological adhesives,acellular biomaterials,antimicrobials,antioxidants,or stem cells to treat various wounds.(9)Fibrin-based hydrogel has the most potential in the repair of oral and maxillofacial defects.It has excellent biocompatibility,flexibility,and plasticity.It can combine with cells,extracellular matrix proteins,and various growth factors,and promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells,axon regeneration and growth,angiogenesis,myotube differentiation,salivary gland tissue regeneration,and periodontal tissue regeneration.It has a broad prospect in the repair of oral and maxillofacial defects.However,its therapeutic effect depends on the function of the substance carried.The complex preparation process,its safety and long-term efficacy,and the special anatomical oral and maxillofacial structure is the problem that hinders its promotion,which also provides directions for future research.

Objective To investigate the epidemiology of elderly respiratory tract infection (RTI) cases in a hospital in Xuzhou region from 2020 to 2022. Methods The cases of RTI patients in a hospital were screened from May 2020 to December 2022, and 548 cases that met the criteria were included in the study. Patient case data were analyzed for symptoms, pathogen distribution, and differences in patient distribution under different screening conditions (age, disease, and season). Results More than 90.00% of the included RTI patients presented with symptoms of cough, sputum, wet rales and pleural effusion was less common. The top three comorbidities were cardiovascular disease (153 patients, 27.92%), cerebrovascular disease (133 patients, 24.27%), and gastrointestinal disease (105 patients, 19.16%).All 548 elderly patients tested positive for respiratory pathogens (100.00%). There were 540 cases of single pathogen infection (98.54%) and 8 cases of mixed infection (1.46%). The top five single pathogen infections were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (92 cases, 16.76%), Escherichia coli (78 cases, 14.21%), drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (69 cases, 12.57%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (65 cases, 11.84%), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (46 cases, 8.38%). The highest detection rate of respiratory pathogens was found in patients >90 years old, whose main pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The next highest rates of pathogen detection were found in patients aged 86-91 and 81-85 years, unlike patients >90 years, who had a higher rate of Escherichia coli detection. Unlike other age groups, patients <75 years old had a higher percentage of influenza B virus detection. The highest incidence of pneumonia was found in 45.62% (250 cases). Escherichia coli had the highest detection rate in acute bronchitis/episodes and pneumonia, respiratory syncytial virus had the highest detection rate in wheezing bronchitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae had the highest detection rate in bronchopneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest detection rate in fever. The highest detection rate of pathogens was found in fall (36.50%), followed by spring (27.01%). The distribution of pathogen infections in all seasons was matched with the results of pathogenicity testing. Streptococcus oxysporus had the highest number of infections in the fall (χ²=20.33, P<0.001). Conclusion Elderly respiratory tract infections in this region are most common in patients over 90 years old, with the highest incidence of pneumonia and high incidence in fall, and the pathogens are mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Attention to distinguish the above characteristics can provide some support for early diagnosis and treatment of respiratory infections in the elderly in this region.

Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics of lung cancer in Quanshan District of Xuzhou cityand analyze the influencing factors, so as to provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of lung cancer in Quanshan District of Xuzhou City. Methods A total of 302 patients with lung cancer diagnosed in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were selected as case group from January 2019 to December 2023, and 300 healthy persons were selected as control group, a self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the general and clinical information of the patients, and Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors.Results There were a statistically difference in two groups for the smoking index （χ²=40.058，P<0.001)，Chemical occupational environment（χ²=28.153 , P<0.001), weekly exercise mode（χ²=11.021，P=0.004), emphysema score（χ²=142.812，P<0.001). In addition, the CA125 in the case group was (87.11 ± 13.09) U/ml, while the control group was (16.32 ± 5.61) U/ml, with a statistically difference (t=34.581, P<0.001). The logistic regression results showed that smoking index≥20 cigarettes per day (OR=3.448, P=0.021), chemical occupational environment (OR=4.091, P<0.001), emphysema score (OR=1.302, P<0.001) or severe (OR=1.461, P<0.001), and CA125 detection value ≥ 75U/ml (OR>1.6, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for lung cancer, while moderate weekly exercise (OR=0.821, P<0.001) was a protective factor for lung cancer. Conclusion Smoking, high CA125 index, chemical occupational environment, and long-term emphysema are risk factors for the occurrence of lung malignant tumors in Quanshan District of Xuzhou City, screening regularly of CA125 in people who have smoking, emphysema, and being chemical occupational environment should be strengthened, and appropriate health education in proper exerciseshould be provided to prevent and reduce the incidence of lung malignant tumors.

Fibrosis， a tumor-like lesion between benign tissue and malignant tumor， mostly occurs in the liver， kidney， heart， lung， bone marrow and other organs and tissues. It can affect almost every organ and eventually induce multiple organ failure and cancers， seriously endangering human life. It will be of great importance to prevent cancer if the disease can be opportunely blocked in the fibrotic stage. The pathogenesis of fibrosis is still not completely clear. It is of great clinical significance to study the occurrence， development， and mechanism of fibrosis as well as to screen new therapeutic targets. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 （EZH2） is mainly located in the nucleus and involved in the formation of the polycomb repressive complex 2. EZH2 is a methyltransferase which makes the lysine on position 27 of histone H3 （H3K27me3） undergo trimethyl modification induces gene silencing through classical or nonclassical actions， so as to inhibit or activate transcription. EZH2 plays a critical role in cell growth， proliferation， differentiation， and apoptosis， which is regulated by different targets and signaling pathways. EZH2 regulates the transformation of myofibroblasts and participates in the fibrosis of multiple organs. Recent studies have shown that EZH2 plays a role in fibrosis-related pathophysiological processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition， oxidative stress， and inflammation. EZH2 as the target of fibrosis， EZH2 inhibitors， and EZH2-related traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） formula and active compounds have gradually become hot research directions. EZH2 may be a powerful target for organ fibrosis. Exploring the structure， function， and distribution of EZH2， the role of EZH2 in fibrosis， the EZH2 inhibitors， and TCM formulas and active components targeting EZH2 has great meanings. This paper reviews the research progress in EZH2 and fibrosis， providing new ideas for the diagnosis， treatment， and drug development of fibrosis.

BACKGROUND:Graphene is the thinnest,strongest,and toughest type of two-dimensional new crystal material,demonstrating significant advantages in biomedical applications.Angiogenesis and vascularization of bone are key factors in tissue repair and regeneration,and are effective ways to address vascular and osteogenic issues. OBJECTIVE:To review the characteristics and mechanisms of graphene and its derivatives in promoting angiogenesis activity and vascularizing bone,in order to provide a reference for their clinical application in vascular tissue repair and regeneration. METHODS:Using a computer to search for relevant literature included in PubMed,ScienceDirect,CNKI,and Wanfang databases,the Chinese search terms were"grapheme","angiogenesis,vascularization","vascularized bone",and"endothelial cells",while the English search terms were"graphene""angiogenesis OR vascularization""vascularized bone""endothelial cells".After excluding literature unrelated to the topic of the article,according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,62 articles were ultimately included for result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)At present,graphene oxide has been studied more and is the most widely used in graphene and its derivatives.(2)Graphene and its derivatives are suitable for heart,bone,nerve,and wound healing related diseases.(3)Graphene and its derivatives have excellent physical and chemical properties and biological properties,but they have potential cytotoxicity.We should pay attention to its biological safety in application.(4)The application of graphene and its derivatives requires further research to demonstrate the optimal size and concentration and measures to reduce toxicity.(5)On the cellular level,graphene and its derivatives can promote angiogenic activity by tip endothelial cell phenotype,mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and proliferation, and vascular smooth muscle cell growth.(6)On the molecular level,graphene and its derivatives can increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor,basic fibroblast growth factor,hepatocyte growth factor and activate reactive oxygen species/nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide signaling pathway,lysophosphatilate R6/Hippo-YAP pathway,stromal cell-derived factor-1/vascular endothelial growth factor and ZEB 1/Notch1 pathway.(7)Grapheme oxide and graphene oxide-copper phosphorylated extracellular regulatory protein kinase and activated hypoxia-inducible factor-1,thereby promoting the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression,and promoting angiogenesis and vascularized bone.(8)In summary,graphene and its derivatives,especially graphene oxide,have great application prospects in the repair and regeneration of vascularized tissues due to their excellent biological properties,good angiogenesis and vascularized bone ability.

Objective In this study,the diversity of the TCR β chain CDR3 in peripheral blood of patients with different typical Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndromes of liver cirrhosis was analyzed by immune repertoire sequencing,the material basis and regularity of the syndromes of liver cirrhosis was discussed.Methods 20 patients with cirrhosis,including liver and gallbladder damp heat(LGHD),liver depression and spleen deficiency(LDSD),and liver and kidney yin deficiency(LKYD)were enrolled into case group,and 10 healthy patients were used as the healthy control group.DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples,and multiplex PCR amplification of TCR β chain CDR3 was performed,followed by high-throughput sequencing of the products to analyze the diversity of the TCR β chain CDR3.Results The nt sequence numbers unique to CDR3 and aa sequence numbers unique to CDR3 of LDSD between liver cirrhosis syndromes were less than LKYD(P<0.05).Clonality,Pielous,Shannon.Index and DE50 of LGHD and LKYD had significant differences(P<0.05)between two groups,as well as the frequency of multiple fragments in V and J regions and V-J gene recombination of LGHD vs.LDSD,LGHD vs.LKYD,and LKYD vs.LDSD,respectively(P<0.05).LGHD vs.LDSD,TRBV21-1,TRBV12-4,TRBV11-1 subtype and 7 pairs of V-J recombination have statistical differences(P<0.05).LGHD vs.LKYD,TRBV10-2,TRBV7-6,TRBV5-8 subtypes and 30 pairs of V-J recombination were statistically different(P<0.05).LDSD vs.LKYD,there were statistical differences between TRBJ1-5 subtype and 18 pairs of V-J recombination(P<0.05).Conclusions The present study was conducted to find that the diversity of TCR CDR3 in liver cirrhosis syndrome is significantly different and conforms to the regularity of syndrome from excess to deficiency by explore the immunological characteristics of different TCM syndromes of liver cirrhosis,and to provide new support for the objective basis of"combination of disease and TCM syndrome"and"diagnosis and treatment".We explored the different expression patterns and specificity of adaptive immune gene rearrangement in patients with different TCM syndromes to identify different expression patterns and specific markers of adaptive immune gene rearrangements of typical TCM syndromes in liver cirrhosis.

Objective:To translate the Nurse Delirium Care Competency Scale (NDCCS) into Chinese and test the validity and reliability of Chinese version of NDCCS among ICU nurses.Methods:According to Brislin translation model, the Chinese version of NDCCS was developed by forward translation, back translation, cross-cultural adaptation and pre-survey. From October to December of 2023, 338 ICU nurses from Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine were selected by cross-sectional survey to test the reliability and validity of Chinese version of NDCCS.Results:A total of 329 valid questionnaires were collected. There were 50 males and 279 females, aged 20-53 years old. The Chinese version of NDCCS included 6 dimensions and 27 items. The scale-level content validity value was 0.985, and the item-level content validity value was 0.800-1.000. Exploratory factor analysis showed a six-factor structure, the cumulative variance contribution rate was 75.700%, the Cronbach′s α coefficients of the scale amount table were 0.952, and the Cronbach′s α coefficients of the dimensions were 0.811- 0.936,and the retest reliability was 0.932.Conclusions:The Chinese version of the NDCCS has good reliability and validity, and it is suitable for assessing the delirium care competence of ICU nurses in China.

Nursing information security is an essential component of providing high-quality nursing services and is an important guarantee for the construction of large-scale health care data application systems. This article reviewed the concept, assessment tools, and influencing factors of nursing information security, aiming to provide references for hospital nursing managers to effectively assess information security and improve nurses′ information literacy.

Ligand-gated ion channels are a large category of essential ion channels,modulating their state by binding to specific ligands to allow ions to pass through the cell membrane.Purinergic ligand-gated ion channel receptors(P2XRs)and acid-sensitive ion channels(ASICs)are representative members of trimeric ligand-gated ion channel.Recent studies have shown that structural differences in the intracellular domain of P2XRs may determine the desensitization process.The lateral fenestrations of P2XRs potentially serve as a pathway for ion conductance and play a decisive role in ion selectivity.Phosphorylation of numerous amino acid residues in the P2XRs are involved in regulating the activity of ion channels.Additionally,the P2XRs interact with other ligand-gated ion channels including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors,γ-aminobutyric acid receptors,5-hydroxytryptamin receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,mediating physiological processes such as synaptic plasticity.Conformational changes in the intracellular domain of the ASICs expose binding sites of intracellular signal partners,facilitating metabolic signal transduction.Amino acids such as Val16,Ser17,Ile18,Gln19 and Ala20 in the ASICs participate in channel opening and membrane expression.ASICs can also bind to intracellular proteins,such as CIPP and p11,to regulate channel function.Many phosphorylation sites at the C-terminus and N-terminus of ASICs are involved in the regulation of receptors.Furthermore,ASICs are involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes,which include pain,ischemic stroke,psychiatric disorders,and neurodegenerative disease.In this article,we review the roles of the intracellular domains of these trimeric ligand-gated ion channels in channel gating as well as their physiological and pathological functions,in order to provide new insights into the discovery of related drugs.

Methods: CHB patients and healthy volunteers were enrolled from Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between August 21, 2018 and December 31, 2020. They were divided into three groups: healthy group, LGDHS group, and latent syndrome (LP) group. Proteomic analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Metabolomic profiling via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was applied to serum samples to detect differentially regulated metabolites (DMs). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment were employed to explore dysregulated pathways. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were utilized to visualize group separation and identify key metabolites and proteins contributing to LGDHS differentiation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis evaluated the diagnostic performance of key biomarkers, while logistic regression models assessed their predictive accuracy. P values were corrected for multiple tests using the Benjamini-Hochberg method to control the false discovery rate (FDR). Validation of potential biomarkers was conducted using independent microarray data and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: A total of 150 participants were enrolled, including healthy group (n = 45), LGDHS group (n = 60), and LP group (n = 45). 254 DEPs from proteomics data and 72 DMs from metabolomic profiling were identified by PCA and OPLS-DA. DEPs were mainly enriched in immune and complement pathways, while DMs involved in amino acid and energy metabolism. The integrated analysis identified seven key biomarkers: α1-acid glycoprotein (ORM1), asparagine synthetase (ASNS), solute carrier family 27 member 5 (SLC27A5), glucosidase II alpha subunit (GANAB), hexokinase 2 (HK2), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), and maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM). Microarray validation confirmed the diagnostic potential of these genes, with area under the curve (AUC) values for ROC analysis ranging from 0.536 to 0.759. Among these, ORM1, ASNS, and SLC27A5 showed significant differential ability in differentiating LGDHS patients (P = 0.016, P = 0.035, and P < 0.001, respectively), with corresponding AUC of 0.749, 0.743, and 0.759, respectively. A logistic regression model incorporating these three genes demonstrated an AUC of 0.939, indicating a high discriminatory power for LGDHS. RT-qPCR further validated the differential expression of ORM1 and SLC27A5 between LGDHS and LP groups (P = 0.011 and P = 0.034, respectively), with ASNS showing a consistent trend in expression (P = 0.928). Conclusion This study integrates multi-omics approaches to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying LGDHS in CHB. The identification of biomarkers ORM1, ASNS, and SLC27A5 offers a solid basis for the objective diagnosis of LGDHS, contributing to the standardization and modernization of TCM diagnostic practices.