Brain signals refer to electrical signals or metabolic changes that occur as a consequence of brain cell activity.Among the various non-invasive measurement methods,electroencephalogram(EEG)stands out as a widely employed technique,providing valuable insights into brain patterns.The deviations observed in EEG reading serve as indicators of abnormal brain activity,which is associated with neurological diseases.Brain?computer interface(BCI)systems enable the direct extraction and transmission of information from the human brain,facilitating interaction with external devices.Notably,the emergence of artificial intelligence(AI)has had a profound impact on the enhancement of precision and accuracy in BCI technology,thereby broadening the scope of research in this field.AI techniques,encompassing machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)models,have demonstrated remarkable success in classifying and predicting various brain diseases.This comprehensive review investigates the application of AI in EEG-based brain disease diagnosis,highlighting advancements in AI algorithms.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of olfactory three needle therapy on Parkinson's disease dementia(PDD)by observing its effects on expression of apolipoprotein E(ApoE)、glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)and related core pathology substrates in the hippocampus of PDD model mice. Method:Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups:control group(Control),sham opera-tion group(Sham),model group(Model)and acupuncture electrotherapy group(AE),with 10 mice in each group.The PD model was established by injecting 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain tract(MFB)and PDD mice were selected.After successful modeling and selection,the AE group received"olfactory three needle"electro acupuncture treatment.After 14 days of intervention,Morris water maze test and shuttle box test were used to evaluate the learning and memory ability of mice in each group.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to observe the pathological changes of hippocampal CA1 region.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of α-syn,Aβ and ApoE proteins in hippocampal CA1 region.The co-location rate of ApoE and GFAP in hippocampal CA1 region was observed by double immunofluorescence markers. Result:Compared with Model group,the AE group exhibited a shortened escape latency in water maze(P＜0.01),increased platform crossing(P＜0.05),increased active escape times of shuttle box(P＜0.05),and reduced the average total time of electric stimulation(P＜0.01).In the Model group,the neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area were sparsely arranged and showed signs of degeneration and necrosis;and cell nuclei were small,hyperchromatic and had unclear structures,indicating the appearance of nuclear pyrosis.In contrast,the AE group showed significant improvements in neuronal pathology,with most cells regularly arranged,round and large nuclei,lightly stained and clearly shaped.Compared with the Model group,the expression levels of α-syn,Aβ,ApoE protein and the co-localization rate of ApoE and GFAP in hippocampal CA1 region in AE group were decreased(P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P＜0.05). Conclusion:The"Olfactory three needle"acupuncture can improve the cognitive ability and restore the morpho-logical structure and function of neurons in PDD mice.The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of ApoE expression in astrocytes and the reduction of α-syn and Aβ deposition in hippocampal CA1 region.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) in patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) over 5 years post-drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation based on optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods:In this cross-sectional study, patients with DES-ISR who underwent OCT examination at PLA General Hospital between March 2010 and March 2022 were retrospectively included. All patients were divided into≤5 years DES-ISR group and>5 years DES-ISR group according to the time interval after DES implantation. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted on OCT images to compare the clinical data and lesion characteristics of two patient groups. Furthermore, the independent clinical predictive factors of in-stent neoatherosclerosis (ISNA) were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression.Results:A total of 230 DES-ISR patients with 249 lesions were included, with an age of (63.1±10.4) years and 188 males (81.7%). The median interval after DES implantation was 6 (2, 9) years. There were 117 patients (122 ISR lesions) in the≤5 years DES-ISR group, and 113 patients (127 ISR lesions) in the>5 years DES-ISR group. Compared with≤5 years DES-ISR,>5 years DES-ISR showed more heterogeneous patterns (65.4% (83/127) vs. 48.4% (59/122), P=0.007), diffuse patterns (46.5% (59/127) vs. 31.2% (38/122), P=0.013), macrophage accumulations (44.1% (56/127) vs. 31.2% (38/122), P=0.035) in NIH and higher prevalence of ISNA (83.5% (106/127) vs. 72.1% (88/122), P=0.031). According to multivariable logistic regression, the independent predictive factor for ISNA was female ( OR=0.44, 95% CI 0.21-0.90, P=0.026). Female ( OR=0.48, 95% CI 0.23-0.99, P=0.046) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level ( OR=1.62, 95% CI 1.01-2.59, P=0.046) were independent predictive factors, respectively, for lipid ISNA. Calcified ISNA was independently associated with time interval of post-DES implantation ( OR=1.18, 95% CI 1.07-1.29, P=0.001). Conclusion:DES-ISR patients with a time interval of>5 years after stent implantation have a higher prevalence of ISNA and more complex lesions. Gender, the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the time interval post-DES implantation are independently correlated with ISNA, lipid ISNA, and calcified ISNA.

Objective By establishing a clinical decision reminder information system for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in hospitals,the aim is to improve the standardized prevention rate of VTE in hospitalized patients,thereby re-ducing the incidence of VTE in hospitals,reducing potential unexpected and perioperative deaths,improving medical quality,and ensuring patient safety.Methods Select high-risk patients with venous VTE and no bleeding who were hospitalized in a certain hospital in June 2023 and October 2023 as the control group and observation group,respectively.The observation group uses the hospital's venous VTE prevention clinical decision reminder system,which reminds physicians through information warning,clin-ical decision assistance,and standardized medical order sets,Integrate information technology between the risk assessment level of VTE for patients by nursing staff and the standardized prevention measures that physicians should provide,and compare the quality indicators of VTE prevention between the two groups through training,education,and other methods.Results By estab-lishing a clinical decision reminder system for the prevention of venous VTE in hospitals,the drug prevention execution rate in-creased from 18.01％to 56.10％,and the hospital related VTE incidence rate decreased from 2.42％to 1.75％,with statisti-cally significant differences.Conclusion The establishment of a clinical decision reminder system for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in hospitals can effectively improve the standardized prevention rate of VTE in hospitals and promote the im-provement of medical quality and safety management.

Syncope is a clinical symptom characterized by an inability to maintain posture due to transient cerebral hypoperfusion. According to the 2018 European Society of Cardiology guidelines，syncope is divided into four types，among which vasovagal syncope（VVS）is the most common cause of syncope in children and adolescents. Children with VVS may experience symptoms such as dizziness，nausea，chest discomfort，and loss of consciousness. Recurrent syncope poses significant distress to the physical and mental health and quality of life of children. Some affected children display symptoms of anxiety and depression，making it crucial to understand the pathogenesis of VVS. In past research，some progress has been made in the pathophysiology of VVS，mainly involving the Bezold-Jarisch reflex，autonomic nervous dysfunction，fluid regulation imbalance，endothelial system disorders，and genetic disorder. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the pathogenesis of VVS，facilitating clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of children with syncope of unknown cause.

Background Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic organic fluorides, which have adverse health effects on brain function, and limited research has been conducted on their effects on depression. Objective To assess potential correlation between serum PFAS and depression. Methods Using the 2015—2016 and 2017—2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) datasets, 2626 subjects with complete relevant information in people ≥20 years old were selected. Logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to analyze the association and dose-response relationship between serum PFAS concentration and depression. Subgroup analysis was performed on sex, age, race, education level, marital status, family income to poverty ratio, moderate exercise, body mass index, and drinking status. Results Among the 2626 subjects, there were 666 patients (25.4%) with mild or above depression. After adjusting for race, education level, marital status, body mass index, moderate exercise, drinking history, cotinine, and other types of PFAS, serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was positively associated with the risk of depression (OR=1.85, 95%CI: 1.14, 3.02), and showed a nonlinear dose-response relationship (χ²=6.37, P_nonlinear=0.012). Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was inversely associated with the risk of depression (OR=0.23, 95%CI: 0.14, 0.39), and showed a linear dose-response relationship (P_trend<0.001, χ²=35.13, P_overall<0.001). After subgroup analysis, it was found that males, 20-39 year-olds and 40-64 year-olds were more sensitive to PFNA exposure (OR=0.15, 95%CI: 0.06, 0.37; OR=0.16, 95%CI: 0.06, 0.40; OR=0.18, 95%CI: 0.08, 0.39). PFOS only showed a statistically significant health effect in people aged 20-39 years (OR=3.00, 95%CI: 1.14, 7.94). In addition, among subgroups of non-Hispanic blacks, cohabitants, current drinkers, high school graduates, and obese patients, exposure to PFAS was significantly associated with the risk of depression. Conclusion PFOS exposure may be associated with increased levels of depression, whereas PFNA exposure may be protective.

Objective:To analyze genioglossus (GG) activation responses to the negative pressure of upper airway cavity during awake and different sleep stages in patients with different obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) graduation.Methods:This prospective cohort study started from August 2019 to January 2021, recruited 42 male OSA patients aged from 21 to 59 (38.77±8.42) years. After completing whole night polysomnography (PSG) and upper airway CT, each subject underwent drug-induced sleep with simultaneous monitoring of genioglossal electromyography (GGEMG) and pressure of epiglottis (P epi). Subjects were divided into three groups of mild OSA(7 males), moderate OSA(12 males), and severe OSA(23 males). The differences in upper airway CT measurements, parameters of GGEMG and P epi during awake and induced sleep were compared. Statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS 21.0. Results:There was no significant difference in the GGEMG parameters between the mild and moderate groups. In wakefulness, the peak phasic GGEMG of the severe group was higher than the mild group ( t=1.249, P=0.025), with no statistically difference in the corresponding P epi. In the sleep onset, the GGEMG parameters and P epi in severe group were higher than the other two groups. Linear regression analysis of the maximum GGEMG and maximum P epi at the end of obstructive apnea (OA) in all moderate plus severe patients ( n=35) was shown nonlinear correlation ( r=0.28, P=0.694). The airway length of the glossopharyngeal cavity was linearly correlated with the maximum P epi of OA ( r=0.468, R2=0.219, P=0.005). Conclusions:The individual difference of GG activation in OSA patients is related to the severity of the disease (frequency of respiratory events) and negative pressure stimulation. In moderate and severe OSA patients, GG activity is not in harmony with the corresponding negative pressure stimulation, which may be one of the mechanisms leading to the aggravation of OSA.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of functional limitation and associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods:Consecutive patients with RA were recruited from August 2015 to June 2019 at Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital. Demographic and clinical characteristics including age, gender, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, clinical disease activity index (CDAI), modified total Sharp score were collected. Physical function was assessed by the Stanford health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI).Ordered logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of HAQ-DI.Results:A total of 643 RA patients were finally recruited including 114 males and 529 females with mean age (49.7±12.9) years. There were 399 (62.1%) patients having different degrees of functional limitation, who were classified as mild (293, 45.6%), moderate (73, 11.4%) and severe (33, 5.1%). The prevalence of functional limitation was positively correlated with age and disease activity. The most restricted activity was walking [43.5% (280/643)], followed by gripping [36.1% (232/643)], reaching [35.5% (228/643)], daily activities [33.4% (215/643)], hygiene [33.0% (212/643)], dressing and grooming [29.7% (191/643)] and arising [29.1% (187/643)], and the last eating [18.4% (118/643)]. Multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis showed that age ( OR=1.019, 95% CI 1.004-1.035),pain VAS ( OR=1.820, 95% CI 1.616-2.050), ESR ( OR=1.009, 95% CI 1.001-1.017), CDAI ( OR=1.080, 95% CI 1.059-1.102) and modified total Sharp score ( OR=1.010, 95% CI 1.004-1.015) were associated factors of functional limitation. Conclusion:The majority RA patients have functional limitation. Age, pain and active disease are independent associated factors. Therefore, target treatment and control of pain should be emphasized in RA patients.

Objective: To compare the changes of genioglossus electromyography (GGEMG) with and without continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation in moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. Methods: Each of subjects, including male snorers and non-snorers, underwent polysomnography (PSG) with synchronous GGEMG recording with intra-oral bipolar silver ball electrodes at the Sleep Center of Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital from August 2016 to Sepember 2017. Manual CPAP pressure titration and with GGEMG were performed in patients diagnosed moderate to severe OSA. T-test was used to compare the changes of GGEMG in OSA group (n=12, AHI (65.90+23.67) events/h) and control group (n=6, AHI(2.30+1.93) events/h) before and after CPAP treatment. Results: Variables of GGEMG (including tonic, peak and phasic GGEMG) were higher in OSA group than in control group during both wakefulness and non rapid eye movement(NREM) sleep. However, with CPAP treatment, the GGEMG variables were significantly decreased in OSA group during NREM sleep(tonic GGEMG: 1.23%±0.73% vs. 2.54%±1.12%, t=4.024, P=0.002; peak GGEMG: 12.37%±13.19% vs. 26.98%±15.52%, t=2.795, P=0.017; phasic GGEMG: 3.81%±2.47% vs. 8.82%±3.84%, t=5.113, P<0.001). Conclusions CPAP treatment can eliminate respiratory events and maintain airway patency. It is helpful to normalize the excessive GGEMG response in OSA patients during sleep, which has therapeutic significance to alleviate and prevent genioglossal neuromuscular lesions.

Objective? To explore the effects of bladder management on urinary tract infection and recovery of bladder function among stroke patients with neurogenic bladder. Methods? From January 2017 to June 2018, we selected 90 stroke inpatients with neurogenic bladder in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. According to admission time, a total of 43 patients admitted between January and September 2017 were set in control group, and 47 patients admitted between October 2017 to June 2018 were set in observation group. Control group carried out routine nursing model. On the basis of routine nursing, observation group implemented bladder management. Finally, we compared the urinary tract infection and recovery of bladder function of patients between two groups. Results? The incidence of urinary tract infection of patients in observation group was 31.91% lower than that in control group; the rate of effective establishment of balanced bladder in observation group was 61.70% higher than that in control group; the differences were all statistical (P＜ 0.05). Conclusions? The application of bladder management nursing in stroke patients with neurogenic bladder can effectively reduce the incidence of urinary tract infection and promote the recovery of bladder function, which is worth to be widely used in clinical application.