Tumor has become a major disease that seriously threatens human health and life. The incidence rate is increasing year by year， yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， a treasure of the Chinese nation and a wealth for people worldwide， plays an important role in the treatment of tumors and has been receiving increasing attention both in China and abroad. In earlier work， based on the symptoms and metastatic characteristics of tumors， and drawing on the TCM theory of Yin and Yang in combination with modern medical research on tumors， the ''Yin deficiency-cancer correlation'' hypothesis was proposed. This hypothesis holds that ''Yin deficiency'' of the body is a major cause of malignant tumors， and that nourishing Yin to eliminate the pathogenic factor of Yin deficiency can treat cancer. By using Yin-nourishing drugs to tonify Yin deficiency， the occurrence and development of malignant tumors can be effectively prevented. Common anti-tumor Yin-nourishing drugs include Glehniae Radix， Lilii Bulbus， Ophiopogonis Radix， Liriopes Radix， Asparagi Radix， Dendrobii Caulis， Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis， Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma， Polygonati Rhizoma， Lycii Fructus， Mori Fructus， Ligustri Lucidi Fructus， Ecliptae Herba， Rehmanniae Radix， and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma. These drugs are generally sweet in flavor， cold and cool in nature， and moist in texture. They have the functions of nourishing Yin fluids， generating body fluids， and moistening dryness， and can also clear heat， being primarily indicated for Yin deficiency with depletion of body fluids. In view of the potential advantages and value of treating malignant tumors by tonifying Yin deficiency with Chinese medicine， this paper reviews recent studies on the anti-tumor effects of active components of Yin-nourishing drugs. It further summarizes their mechanisms of action in inducing apoptosis of tumor cells， arresting tumor cell proliferation， inhibiting tumor invasion， metastasis， and angiogenesis， enhancing and regulating immune function， augmenting the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs， and reversing tumor drug resistance. This study provides an objective overview of research progress on Yin-nourishing drugs in tumor treatment and offers new ideas for cancer therapy.

Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ) is one of important kinases in inflammation to phosphorylate inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκBα) and then activate nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Inhibition of IKKβ has been a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Here we report that IKKβ is constitutively activated in healthy donors and healthy Ikkβ ^C46A (cysteine 46 mutated to alanine) knock-in mice although they possess intensive IKKβ-IκBα-NF-κB signaling activation. These indicate that IKKβ activation probably plays homeostatic role instead of causing inflammation. Compared to Ikkβ ^WT littermates, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) could induce high mortality rate in Ikkβ ^C46A mice which is correlated to breaking the homeostasis by intensively activating p-IκBα-NF-κB signaling and inhibiting phosphorylation of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) expression. We then demonstrated that IKKβ kinase domain (KD) phosphorylates AMPKα1 via interacting with residues Thr183, Ser184, and Thr388, while IKKβ helix-loop-helix motifs is essential to phosphorylate IκBα according to the previous reports. Kinase assay further demonstrated that IKKβ simultaneously catalyzes phosphorylation of AMPK and IκBα to mediate homeostasis. Accordingly, activation of AMPK rather than inhibition of IKKβ could substantially rescue LPS-induced mortality in Ikkβ ^C46A mice by rebuilding the homeostasis. We conclude that IKKβ activates AMPK to restrict inflammation and IKKβ mediates homeostatic function in inflammation via competitively phosphorylating AMPK and IκBα.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) refers to using the intestinal microorganisms present in the feces or processed feces from healthy people for treating various types of diseases, such as digestive and metabolic diseases. The rapid development of metagenomic and culturomic technologies in gut microbiome analysis provides powerful tools for the FMT research and its clinical applications. Metagenomics technologies comprehensively revealed the diversity and functions of gut microbiota under health and disease conditions, while culturomics technologies helped isolation and identification of "unculturable" bacteria in the human gut under conventional culture conditions. The combination of these two technologies not only enabled us better understand the FMT regularities of cause and effect in clinical practices, but also effectively promoted its applications. Considering the above advantages, this article summarized the applications of metagenomics and culturomics technologies in FMT and prospected its future development trend.
Humans ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Metagenomics ; Feces/microbiology* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Bacteria

The rapid spread of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae(cpKP)poses seri-ous threats to public health;however,the underlying genetic basis for its dissemination is still unknown.We conducted a comprehensive genomic epidemiology analysis on 420 cpKP isolates col-lected from 70 hospitals in 24 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities of China during 2009-2017 by short-/long-read sequencing.The results showed that most cpKP isolates were categorized into clonal group 258(CG258),in which ST11 was the dominant clone.Phylogenetic analysis revealed three major clades including the top one of Clade 3 for CG258 cpKP isolates.Additionally,carbapenemase gene analysis indicated that blaKPC was dominant in the cpKP isolates,and most blaKPC genes were located in five major incompatibility(Inc)groups of blaKPC-harboring plasmids.Importantly,three advantageous combinations of host-blaKPC-carrying plasmid(Clade 3.1+3.2-IncFⅡpHN7A8,Clade 3.1+3.2-IncFⅡpHN7A8:IncR,and Clade 3.3-IncFⅡpHN7A8:InCpA1763-KPC)were identified to confer cpKP isolates the advantages in both genotypes(strong correlation/coevolution)and phenotypes(resistance/growth/competition)to facilitate the nationwide spread of ST11/CG258 cpKP.Intriguingly,Bayesian skyline analysis illustrated that the three advanta-geous combinations might be directly associated with the strong population expansion during 2007-2008 and subsequent maintenance of the population of ST11/CG258 cpKP after 2008.We then examined drug resistance profiles of these cpKP isolates and proposed combination treatment regimens for CG258/non-CG258 cpKP infections.Thus,the findings of our systematical analysis shed light on the molecular epidemiology and genetic basis for the dissemination of ST11/CG258 cpKP in China,and much emphasis should be given to the close monitoring of advantageous cpKP-plasmid combinations.

Objective　To investigate the role of FAM134B-mediated autophagy in endoplasmic reticulum stress and hippocampal neurons apoptosis induced by Mg2+-free solution.Methods　Hippocampal neurons from newborn SD rats were randomly divided into control group,AE group,Lenti-pGV group,Lenti-FAM134B group and Lenti-FAM134B-shRNA group.In addition,the selectively autophagy inhibitor (3-Methyladenine,3-MA) was used.LDH assay was used to assess hippocampal neuron activity.TUNEL assay was used to measure apoptotic neurons.The expression of GRP78,CHOP and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ were detected by Western blotting.Results　Compared with the control group,the release rate of LDH was increased,the hippocampal neuron activity was decreased,and neuronal apoptosis was significantly increased in AE group,while FAM134B Overexpression decreased the release rate of LDH,increased the hippocampal neuron activity and attenuated AE-induced neuronal apoptosis;the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ was significantly increased in the AE groups,while FAM134B Overexpression further increased the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ;the expression of GRP78 and CHOP were obviously increased in the AE groups,while FAM134B Overexpression decreased the expression of GRP78 and CHOP induced by AE;in addition,FAM134B down-expression all exerted the opposite effect.Compared with Lenti-FAM134B group,3-MA abolished the effects of FAM134B Overexpression on the expression of GRP78 and CHOP and the hippocampal neuron activity.In addition,3-MA significantly increased the expression of GRP78 and CHOP and the release rate of LDH.Conclusion　FAM134B-mediated autophagy may play a protective role in endoplasmic reticulum stress and hippocampal neurons apoptosis induced by Mg2+-free solution.

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and surgical results of patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) in different age groups. Methods: 150 CSDH patients admitted to our hospital from January 2014 to January 2019 were selected as the research objects, and their clinical data were reviewed and collected. According to different age , they were divided into three groups: the <55 year old group (n=46), the 55-70 year old group (n=62), and the >70 year old group (n=42). The imaging examination results and clinical manifestations of three groups of patients in different age groups were compared. Combined with patients' wishes and surgical indications, 150 patients were treated with traditional burr hole and drainage and modified operation. The results of different operation methods in three groups were compared. Results: The incidence of headache/dizziness in the 55-70 year old group was higher than that in >70 year old group (P<0.05). The incidence of language disorder in the 55-70 year old group and >70 year old group was higher than that in <55 year old group , with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The incidence of limb paralysis in the 55-70 year old group and the >70 year old group was higher than that in <55 years old group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The incidence of mental disorders in the >70 year old group was higher than that in 55-70 year old group and <55 year old group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The incidence of fecal incontinence in the >70 year old group was higher than that in 55-70 year old group and <55 years old group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The imaging examination results of the three groups showed significant differences (P<0.05). According to the estimation of the amount of hematoma by the Dutian (DOTA) formula, the amount of hematoma in the group of >70 years old was significantly higher than that in the group of <55 years old and 55-70 years old, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Among the three groups, the proportion of patients with good prognosis after modified operation was higher than that of traditional operation, and the recurrence rate was lower than that of traditional operation, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The proportion of good prognosis and recurrence rate in group >70 years old were lower than those in the group of <55 years old and 55-70 years old (P<0.05). Conclusions CSDH patients of different ages have different characteristics in imaging examination results and clinical manifestations. Traditional burr hole drainage and modified operation can achieve certain results, but modified operation is more effective and can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, which is worth popularizing.

Objective To study on NGF positive cells changes by the action of Danshen and explore the correlation between time and amount of NGF after traumatic brain injury (TBI)in rat.Methods72 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,including sham group,brain injury and Danshen therapy group.TBI rat models were made by fluid percussion.NGF was determined on the 3rd,7th and 14th day after TBI.ResultsNGF positive cells after traumatic brain injury in brain reached the maximum level at the 3rd day(1.29±0.61),and it decreased since the 7th day(2.03±0.42),and it decreased to the lowest level on the 14th day (0.87±0.23).NGF positive cells after traumatic brain injury treated by Danshen were more than those patients who were treated without Danshen(1.77±0.54,3.35±0.37,0.65±0.21 vs 0.75±0.31,1.58±0.52,0.49±0.36,P＜0.05～0.01).ConclusionsThe expression of NGF was significantly increased in brain damaged tissues.This may be served as a useful marker of diagnosis in time-course of brain leison.Danshen injection can be used to protect brain after traumatic brain injury.

 This cross-sectional study examined cigarette smoking knowledge, attitudes, and practices among medical students in a southwestern region of China. The subjects included 557 and 223 first and fourth year Chinese medical students, respectively. Comparison data were collected from 74 Japanese and 90 Vietnamese fourth year medical students. The smoking rate among the fourth year medical students in China (7.0%) was significantly higher than among the first year medical students (2.8%), and higher than among the medical students from Vietnam, but lower than the medical students from Japan. The fourth year Chinese students had a more permissive attitude toward cigarette smoking by physicians compared with the first year students, and the lowest knowledge base on cigarette smoking-related diseases among the students from all three countries. Based on a multivariate analysis, the factors associated with cigarette smoking were male gender, having friends who smoked, and exhibiting a permissive attitude toward smoking. Implementations aimed at improving tobacco education and addressing the gender differences and peer influences related to cigarette smoking are needed to improve Chinese medical students’ knowledge and attitudes about cigarette smoking, and to prevent students from starting to smoke cigarettes.

Objective To observe the effect of acupuncture on expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in brain of neonatal rats injured by intrauterine infection. Methods 43 pregnant Wistar rats were divided into two groups: lipopolysaccharide (LPS, n=35) and normal saline (n=8, as control), which were consecutively injected intraperitoneally with LPS (450 μg/kg) or saline on the 17th and 18th day of gestation. LPS group was randomly divided into the acupuncture group and model group. Acupuncture group was given acupuncture 7～21 d after being born. bFGF expression was assayed with immunohistochemistry. Results The number of bFGF positive neurons in the cerebral white matter was large in the acupuncture group, medium in the model group and little in the control group. Conclusion Acupuncture may be used to treat brain injury caused by intrauterine infection at the early stage, which may result from its up-regulating the expression of bFGF in the cerebral white matter.