OBJECTIVE To analyze the types and control measures of major microorganisms in pharmaceutical water systems, so as to provide guidance for effective control of pharmaceutical water systems. METHODS The main microbial species, abundance and harmfulness of drinking water, purified water and water for injection were reviewed, and the control measures on microorganisms in pharmaceutical water were discussed. RESULTS There were differences in the main microbial types in pharmaceutical water. Burkholderia cepacia complex and Ralstonia pickettii were conditioned pathogens in pharmaceutical water, thus causing certain biological safety hazards. CONCLUSION Pharmaceutical companies can strengthen the control of microorganisms in the water system by establishing microbial databases and common microbial strain banks at all levels. Trend analysis should to be conducted based on alert limits and action limits, so as to strengthen the control of microorganisms in the water system.

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of sodium hydrosulfide(NaHS)on cerebral cortical injury in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.Methods A total of 80 male SD rats were divided into a sham operation group,an NaHS group,an ischemia-reperfusion group,and an ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group using a random number table method,with 20 rats in each group.The rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group and ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group were used to prepare ischemia-reperfusion models.The rats in the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group were given 50 μmol·kg-1 NaHS intraperitoneally after cerebral ischemia,while the rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group were given an equal volume of physiological saline intraperitoneally after cerebral ischemia.The rats in the sham operation group and NaHS group only had vessels isolated but not occluded with threads.The rats in the NaHS group were given 50 μmol·kg-1 NaHS intraperitoneally after vascular detachment,while the rats in the sham operation group were given an equal volume of physiological saline intraperitoneally after vascular detachment.Twenty-four hours after modeling,the neurological deficits of rats in the four groups were evaluated by using the modified neurological severity score(mNSS),the cerebral infarction of rats in the four groups was observed aftertriphenyltetrazolium chloride staining,the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and interleukin-18(IL-18)in theischemiccerebralcortical tissues of rats in the four groups were detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)in the ischemic cerebral cortical tissues of rats in the four groups was detected by using Western blot,and the activity of microglia in the ischemic cerebral cortical tissues of rats in the four groups was detected by using immunofluorescence.Results The brain tissues of rats in the sham operation group and the NaHS group showed uniform orange red color,while the rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group and the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group had pale infarcted areas in the ischemic cerebral cortex and striatum.The cerebral infarction area of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group and the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group were significantly larger than that in the sham operation group and the NaHS group,while the cerebral infarction area of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group was significantly smaller than that in the ischemia-reperfusion group(P＜0.05).The mNSS scores of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group and the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group and the NaHS group,while the mNSS score of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group was significantly lower than that in the ischemia-reperfusion group(P＜0.05).The relative expression levels of NLRP3 protein in the ischemic cerebral cortex of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group and the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group and the NaHS group,while the relative expression level of NLRP3 protein in the ischemic cerebral cortex of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group was significantly lower than that in the ischemia-reperfusion group(P＜0.05).The levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the ischemic cerebral cortex of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group and the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group and the NaHS group,while the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the ischemic cerebral cortex of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group were significantly lower than those in the ischemia-reperfusion group(P＜0.05).The rats in both sham operation group and NaHS group showed normal morphology of microglia in the ischemic cerebral cortical area.Compared with the sham operation group and the NaHS group,the rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group showed a significant reduction in the protrusion of microglia in the ischemic cerebral cortical area and a significant increase in the brightness of microglial cell bodies,and the cells appeared as clumps,losing their normal morphology,with a higher proportion of activated microglia.Compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group,the rats in the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group showed an increase in the number of microglial processes in the ischemic cerebral cortex,with fewer activated microglia and significantly improved morphology.The total numbers of microglia in the ischemic cerebral cortex of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group and theischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group were significantly lower than those in the sham operation group and the NaHS group,while the total number of microglia in the ischemic cerebral cortex of rats in the ischemia-reperfusion+NaHS group was significantly higher than that in the ischemia-reperfusion group(P＜0.05).Conclusion NaHS can significantly improve brain injury in ischemia-reperfusion rats by inhibiting the inflammatory response and microglial activation induced by NLRP3 and reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18.

Malnutrition is relatively common in patients with cardiovascular diseases and is closely related to the poor prognosis of the disease. This article reviewed the main contents and application status, advantages and disadvantages of various nutritional assessment tools for the patients with cardiovascular diseases to provide the basis for healthcare professionals to select the appropriate nutritional assessment method of patients with cardiovascular diseases, identify their malnutrition as early as possible, and implement targeted nutritional interventions.

Objective:To study the dosimetry effects of differently selected values of control point(CP)in Monaco radiotherapy planning system on dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy(dIMRT)for esophageal cancer of middle and lower segment.Methods:Thirteen patients with esophageal cancer at middle and lower segment who received dIMRT in Shangluo Central Hospital from January to June 2023 were selected.In the Monaco radiotherapy planning system,nine groups of dIMRT plans were designed for each patient according to the 9 kinds of CP limit values(10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80 and 90).There were not changes in other optimized parameters except CP parameter.The differences of the dosimetry between target region and organs at risk(OAR)included lung,heart and spinal cord were analyzed.Results:With the increase of the CP limit value,the maximum dose of the target region which was radiation dose(D2%)of 2%volume of target region,the mean dose,which was radiation dose(D50%)of 50%volume of target region,and the homogeneity index(HI)appeared a trend of gradual stability after reduction,and the radiation dose(D98%)of 98%volume of target region which was the minimum dose of target region and the conformance index(CI)appeared a trend of gradual stability after increase.There was not significant in each dose indicator of OAR(P>0.05).The variation ranges of lung at 5,10,20,30 Gy dose(V5,V10,V20 and V30)were respectively 1.13%,0.75%,0.29%and 0.19%,and the maximum deviation of mean dose(Vmean)of lung was 18.7 cGy.The variation ranges of V10,V20,V30 and V40 in the heart were respectively 2.2%,1.23%,1.39%and 1.12%,and the maximum deviation of Vmean in the heart was 63.85 cGy,and the maximum deviation of Dmax in the spinal-cord was 70.78 cGy.There were statistically significant differences in the actual CP number(CPs),execution time(DT)of plan,and ratio value of machine unit(MU)of the complexity of plan to CPs(MU/CPs)among the plans of 9 groups(F=2.857,25.145,135.467,P<0.05),respectively.Conclusion:In the dIMRT plan of esophageal cancer of middle and lower segment,the maximum CP value is set at between 40-50,which can reduce the optimization time of the plan,the number of subfields and the treatment time of patients under the premise of meeting the dose of the target region and the OAR.

Low dose radiation (LDR) is a relatively low dose, but it is important in the fields of occupational health, medical radiation protection and environmental protection. Therefore, the effects of LDR on DNA damage repair and its potential mechanisms have attracted increasing attention. LDR mainly acts on DNA molecules in direct or indirect ways, leading to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), which then triggers DNA damage, forms cluster damage, and induces DNA damage repair, which has a potential impact on organisms. However, long-term LDR exposure may lead to dysfunction of the DNA repair system and increase the risk of accumulating DNA damage. LDR-induced DNA damage response is an adaptive response, with DNA damage repair being one of its main mechanisms. The repair of DSBs is particularly important, with the main repair methods including homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. LDR may also trigger adaptive responses by activating immune cells, enhancing cellular antioxidant capacities, and through varies of specific biological mechanisms such as immune/inflammatory response and antioxidant responses. The biological effects of LDR mainly include cell stress response, cell cycle regulation and bystander effect. In the future, it is necessary to further explore the molecular mechanism of LDR's impact on organism health and evaluate its impact on radiation risk assessment and individualized protective measures, to better understand the basic principles of radiation biology and provide scientific basis for radiation protection, risk assessment and injury treatment.

Objective:In order to explore the impact of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)on the hospitalization of children with bronchiolitis and to improve clinicians′ understanding of the characteristics of bronchiolitis during the COVID-19 epidemic.Methods:This was a multicenter clinical study, and the data have been collected from 23 children′s medical centers in China.All the clinical data were retrospectively collected from children with bronchiolitis who were hospitalized at each study center from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021.The results included gender, age at hospitalization, length of stay, respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) test results, severity rating, ICU treatment, and the total number of children hospitalized with respiratory tract infection during the same period.The clinical data of children with bronchiolitis in 2019 before COVID-19 epidemic and in 2020、2021 during COVID-19 epidemic were statistically analyzed and compared.Results:According to a summary of data provided by 23 children′s medical centers, there were 4 909 cases of bronchiolitis in 2019, 2 654 cases in 2020, and 3 500 cases in 2021.Compared with 2019, the number of bronchiolitis cases decreased by 45.94% in 2020 and 28.70% in 2021.In 2019, 2020 and 2021, there were no significant differences in gender ratio, age, and duration of hospitalization.Compared with 2019, the ratio of bronchiolitis to the total number of hospitalizations for respiratory tract infection decreased significantly in 2020 and 2021( χ2=12.762, P<0.05; χ2=84.845, P<0.05).The proportion of moderate to severe bronchiolitis cases in both 2020 and 2021 was lower than that in 2019, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=4.054, P<0.05; χ2=8.109, P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of bronchiolitis cases requiring ICU treatment between 2019, 2020, and 2021 ( χ2=1.914, P>0.05).In 2019, a total of 52.60%(2 582/4 909) of children with bronchiolitis underwent RSV pathogen testing, and among them, there were 708 cases with RSV positive, accounting for 28.00%.In 2020, 54.14%(1 437/2 654) of children with bronchiolitis underwent RSV pathogen testing, and there were 403 cases with RSV positive, accounting for 28.04%.In 2021, 66.80%(2 238/3 500) of children with bronchiolitis underwent RSV pathogen testing, and there were 935 cases with RSV positive, accounting for 41.78%.Compared with 2019 and 2020, the RSV positive rate in 2021 showed a significant increase( χ2=99.673, P<0.05; χ2=71.292, P<0.05). Conclusion:During the COVID-19 epidemic, the implementation of epidemic prevention and control measures reduced the hospitalization rate and severity of bronchiolitis, but did not reduce the positive rate of RSV detection.

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of the M receptor antagonist Bencycloquidium bromide nasal spray in treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with runny nose as the main symptom. Methods:From August 2021 to September 2021, 134 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were enrolled in the otolaryngology Outpatient Department of Peking University Third Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University and China-Japanese Friendship Hospital of Jilin University, including 71 males and 63 females, with a median age of 38 years. TNSS score and visual analogue scale（VAS） of total nasal symptoms were observed during 2 weeks of treatment with Bencycloquidium bromide nasal spray. Results:TNSS score decreased from （8.89±3.31） on day 0 to （3.71±2.51） on day 14（P<0.001）, VAS score of nasal symptoms decreased from （24.86±7.40） on day 0 to （6.84±5.94） on day 14（P<0.001）, VAS score of rhinorrhoea decreased from （6.88±2.06） on day 0 to （1.91±1.81） on day 14（P<0.001）. Rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire（RQLQ） score decreased from （94.63±33.35） on day 0 to （44.95±32.28） on day 14（P<0.001）. The incidence of adverse reaction was low and no serious adverse events occurred during the whole experiment. Conclusion:Bencycloquidium bromide nasal spray has significant efficacy and good safety in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy* ; Nasal Sprays ; Quality of Life ; Administration, Intranasal ; Rhinorrhea ; Double-Blind Method ; Treatment Outcome ; Rhinitis, Allergic/drug therapy*

Using chemoproteomic techniques, we first identified EIF2AK2, eEF1A1, PRDX3 and VPS4B as direct targets of berberine (BBR) for its synergistically anti-inflammatory effects. Of them, BBR has the strongest affinity with EIF2AK2 via two ionic bonds, and regulates several key inflammatory pathways through EIF2AK2, indicating the dominant role of EIF2AK2. Also, BBR could subtly inhibit the dimerization of EIF2AK2, rather than its enzyme activity, to selectively modulate its downstream pathways including JNK, NF-κB, AKT and NLRP3, with an advantage of good safety profile. In EIF2AK2 gene knockdown mice, the inhibitory IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α secretion of BBR was obviously attenuated, confirming an EIF2AK2-dependent anti-inflammatory efficacy. The results highlight the BBR's network mechanism on anti-inflammatory effects in which EIF2AK2 is a key target, and inhibition of EIF2AK2 dimerization has a potential to be a therapeutic strategy against inflammation-related disorders.

A series of new monobactam sulfonates is continuously synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacies against Gram-negative bacteria. Compound 33a (IMBZ18G) is highly effective in vitro and in vivo against clinically intractable multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative strains, with a highly druglike nature. The checkerboard assay reveals its significant synergistic effect with β-lactamase inhibitor avibactam, and the MIC values against MDR enterobacteria were reduced up to 4-512 folds. X-ray co-crystal and chemoproteomic assays indicate that the anti-MDR bacteria effect of 33a results from the dual inhibition of the common PBP3 and some class A and C β-lactamases. Accordingly, preclinical studies of 33a alone and 33a‒avibactam combination as potential innovative candidates are actively going on, in the treatment of β-lactamase-producing MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Metabolomics, which mainly studies the metabolite components of organisms, tissues, cells and their dynamic changes, is an emerging omics technology following genomics and proteomics. Metabolites are the final products of cellular regulation, and the concentration of metabolites is considered to be the ultimate response of a biological system to genetic or environmental changes. Secondary metabolites with chemical diversity are widely present in living organisms, thus accurate quantification of secondary metabolites through appropriate analytical platforms is an important task of metabolomics. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the most commonly used method for the detection of metabolites, providing a basis for the wide application of plant secondary metabolites. This review summarizes the advances of using LC-MS/MS techniques for the detection of phytohormone, folic acid, flavonoids and other secondary metabolites.
Chromatography, Liquid/methods* ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Metabolomics/methods* ; Plants ; Proteomics