Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), intricate reticular structures released by activated neutrophils, play a pivotal regulatory role in the pathogenesis of malignant tumors. Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies globally, with persistently high incidence and mortality rates. Recent studies have revealed that NETs dynamically modulate the tumor microenvironment through unique pathological mechanisms, exhibiting complex immunoregulatory characteristics during the progression of lung cancer, and this discovery has increasingly become a focal point in tumor immunology research. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in NETs research related to lung cancer, offering an in-depth analysis of their impact on lung cancer progression, their potential diagnostic value, and the current state of research on targeting NETs for lung cancer prevention and treatment. The aim is to propose novel strategies to enhance therapeutic outcomes and improve the prognosis for lung cancer patients.
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Extracellular Traps/immunology* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Neutrophils/metabolism* ; Animals ; Tumor Microenvironment

"State-target medicine" is a traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） diagnosis and treatment theoretical system proposed by Academician Tong Xiaolin based on the current development of modern medicine. The active stage of gastric ulcer， as a precancerous state of gastric cancer， has a great impact on people's health. Prof. ZHOU Xuewen， a master of TCM， innovatively put forward the theory of "toxicity-heat" etiology for the active stage of gastric ulcer， which plays an important guiding role in clinical diagnosis and treatment. The article took the theoretical system of "state-target medicine" as the framework to explain the rationale， method， formula， and medicine of Prof. ZHOU Xuewen， who applied the Xiaoyong Kuidekang based on the "toxicity-heat" theory to treat the gastric ulcer in the active stage. The Chinese medical name of gastric ulcer， "gastric carbuncle"， was established， and it was believed that gastric ulcer is born due to "toxicity" and is based on "toxicity and heat". In the course of the disease， "toxicity"， "heat"， "deficiency"， and "stasis" coexisted， and its pathogenesis was divided into three phases， namely， toxicity-heat accumulation phase， toxicity-heat affecting the health phase， and weakened body resistance and strengthened toxicity phase. According to the positioning of gastric ulcer as an "internal carbuncle"， Prof. ZHOU Xuewen proposed the treatment of gastric ulcer in the active stage with "carbuncle theory" and introduced the surgical methods of "elimination"， "support"， and "tonifying" into the treatment of gastric ulcer in the active stage. Prof. ZHOU Xuewen took "clearing heat and removing toxins， eliminating carbuncle and generating muscle" as the basic treatment of the disease. For different stages of the disease， Prof. ZHOU Xuewen emphasized the use of the methods of clearing heat and removing toxins， supporting rot and muscle growth， and strengthening the spleen and harmonizing the stomach and created the representative formula for the treatment of gastric ulcer in the active stage with "carbuncle theory"， namely "Xiaoyong Kuidekang"， which could regulate state and targets.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Bushen Huoxue prescription on the cardiac function， inflammation， and quality of life of the patients with chronic heart failure resistant to diuretics. MethodA total of 78 patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomized into observation and control groups （39 cases）. Both groups received standardized treatment for diuretic resistance in accordance with the guidelines. In addition， the observation group received Bushen Huoxue prescription. The cardiac function indicators， total response rate regarding symptom alleviation， exercise endurance， urine volume， body mass， quality of life， and levels of inflammatory cytokines were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. ResultBefore treatment， the two groups of patients showed no significant differences in terms of 24 h urine volume， body mass， 6 minute walk test （6MWT）， Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire （MLHFQ） score， N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） level， left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）， stroke volume （SV）， and serum levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-4 （IL-4）， and tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α）. After treatment， the observation group outperformed the control group in terms of the response rates regarding traditional Chinese medicine symptom scores and New York Heart Association （NYHA） grading of cardiac function （P<0.05）. After treatment， the body mass， MLHFQ score， and IL-6， TNF-α， and NT-proBNP levels decreased in both groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the observation group showed more significant decreases than the control group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Both groups showed increases in 24-h urine volume， 6MWT， LVEF， SV， and IL-4 after treatment （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the observation group showed more significant increases than the control group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe combination of Bushen Huoxue prescription with standardized treatment is effective in ameliorating the clinical symptoms of the patients with chronic heart failure resistant to diuretics. Moreover， it alleviates diuretic resistance and improves the cardiac function without causing obvious adverse reactions.

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical efficacy of Huangjin Shuangshen Jiawei （HJSSJW） granules in treating postoperative anxiety and depression after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） for coronary heart disease and the effects of this medicine on inflammatory cytokines. MethodNinety-four patients diagnosed with anxiety and depression after PCI were randomized into observation and control groups （47 cases） by the double-blind method. On the basis of conventional Western medical treatment， the observation group was treated with HJSSJW granules for 12 weeks， and the control group with the simulant of HJSSJW granules for 12 weeks. The two groups were compared in terms of Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales （HAMA-14， HAMD-24）， Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory （PSQI）， Seattle Angina Score （SAQ）， TCM symptom scores， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） symptom score and response rate， serum levels of hypersensitive-C reactive protein （hs-CPR）， tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α， and interleukin （IL-6）， and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events （MACEs） and adverse reactions. ResultAfter treatment， both groups showed declined scores of HAMA-14， HAMD-24， and PSQI （P<0.05， P<0.01） and the observation group had lower scores of HAMA-14， HAMD-24， and PSQI than the control group （P<0.01）. The scores of SAQ in both groups increased after treatment （P<0.01）， and the observation group had higher score of each dimension than the control group （P<0.05）. The TCM symptom scores decreased in both groups after treatment （P<0.01）， and they were lower in the observation group than in the control group （P<0.05）. The total response rate regarding TCM symptoms in the observation group was higher than that in the control group （χ²=9.225， P<0.01）. After treatment， the levels of hs-CPR， IL-6， and TNF-α became lowered in both groups （P<0.01）， and the observation group had lower levels of hs-CPR， IL-6， and TNF-α than the control group （P<0.05）. The incidence of MACEs in the observation group was lower than that in the control group during the 90 d of the follow-up period （χ²=4.242， P<0.05）. No adverse reactions associated with the use of HJSSJW granules were observed during the trial period. ConclusionHJSSJW granules can alleviate the bad mood， improve sleep， mitigate somatic symptoms， improve the quality of life， reduce inflammatory damage， and improve prognosis， being safe for clinical use in patients with postoperative anxiety and depression after PCI for coronary heart disease.

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in children,analyze the risk factors of delayed diagnosis,and support early diagnosis of tuberculosis in children.Methods This is a retrospective analysis based on the clinical data of tuberculosis patients admitted to the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2015 to February 2023.The clinical characteristics of children were analyzed in terms of age group.According to the definition of diagnosis delay,the patients were assigned to delayed group and non-delayed group.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors for diagnosis delay.Results A total of 82 children with tuberculosis were included(46 cases in delayed diagnosis group and 36 cases in non-delayed diagnosis group).The rate of diagnosis delay was 56.1％.The incidence of acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis was significantly higher in children ≤5 years old than that in children＞5 years old(P＜0.05).Diagnosis delay was associated with significantly higher prevalence of chronic fever,cough＞2 weeks,growth retardation and significantly longer duration of empirical antibiotic use compared to the children without diagnosis delay(P＜0.05).Univariate analysis showed that patient origin,contact history,mixed infection,tuberculosis type,molecular biological assay and severe disease were related to the delay of TB diagnosis(P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patient origin[≥3 clinic visits(OR=7.064,95％CI:1.677-29.754)],mixed infection(OR=3.812,95％CI:1.185-12.260),severe disease(OR=3.697,95％CI:1.081-12.646)]were risk factors for diagnosis delay in children.Molecular biological assay(OR=4.642,95％CI:1.318-16.345)was a protective factor.Conclusions The clinical symptoms of tuberculosis in children are atypical.Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis is common.Multiple clinic visits,mixed infection,and severe disease are the risk factors for diagnosis delay.Tuberculosis should be taken into account for the children with chronic fever,cough and growth retardation who have failed to respond to adequate therapy with third-generation cephalosporin and carbapenems.Molecular biological assay is helpful for early diagnosis of tuberculosis in children with negative sputum smear.

【Objective】 To explore the relationship between the methylation level of CNR1 and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in order to provide a theoretical basis for the etiology of ASD. 【Methods】 A case-control study was conducted, recruiting 30 children with ASD from the Child Development and Behavior Research Center of Harbin Medical University and a rehabilitation facility, and 30 matched typically developed children from June 2017 to December 2018. The methylation levels of CNR1 in peripheral blood were measured by the Agena MassArray^® Mass Spectrometry System. A univariate conditional Logistic regression model was used to analyze the potential association between the methylation level of CNR1 and the risk of ASD with adjustment for age, BMI, body fat percentage and body fat. The correlations between the methylation level of CNR1 and the score of Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) were evaluated by Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis. 【Results】 The methylation levels of the average methylation (t=2.224), CpG_3.4 (Z=2.187), CpG_9.10.11 (t=2.308), and CpG_28.29 (t=2.943) of the CNR1 promoter region in ASD children were significantly higher than controls (P<0.05). The methylation levels of the average methylation (OR=1.117, 95%CI: 1.003 - 1.245), CpG_9.10.11 (OR= 1.072, 95%CI:1.006 - 1.142), and CpG_28.29 (OR=1.078, 95%CI: 1.018 - 1.141) of the CNR1 promoter region were positively correlated with the risk of ASD (P<0.05). The methylation level of CpG_28.29 in ASD children was positively correlated with the scores of social motivation in SRS (r=0.421, P<0.05). 【Conclusions】 The methylation levels of CNR1 in peripheral blood are abnormal in ASD children and might be correlated with the risk of ASD and social function. The underlying mechanism needs to be further explored.

Objective·To study the alterations in vestibular hair cell morphology and function of ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+transporting 2 oblivion(Atp2b2 Oblivion)heterozygous mice at different ages.Methods·Atp2b2 Oblivion heterozygous male mice aged 2 months and 8 months were selected with ten in each kind and C57BL/6J wild-type mice with the same gender,age and number were selected as the control group.Expression patterns of ATP2B2 in vestibular hair cells and numbers of hair cells in the striola zone and the extra striola zone in the two groups of mice at different ages were observed and calculated respectively through immunofluorescence assay.Hair bundle structures were detected by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and mitochondria and ribbon synapse structures were observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Vestibular evoked potential(VsEP),vestibular evoked myogenic potential(VEMP),rotarod rod test,and balance beam test were adopted for the evaluation of vestibular functions.Results·ATP2B2 was mainly expressed in the hair bundle of vestibular hair cells in the two groups of mice.Hair cell numbers in the striola zone and the extra-striola zone did not exhibit any differences between Atp2b2 Oblivion heterozygous mutant mice and wild-type mice of 2-month-old and 8-month-old.No visible structural abnormality in the hair bundle could be seen through SEM.TEM results implied no morphological abnormality in mitochondria or ribbon synapses in the 2-month-old heterozygous mutant mice,while vacuolar degeneration was discovered in the mitochondria under the cuticular plate in the 8-month-old heterozygous mutant mice with the normal ribbon synapses and the normal mitochondria near the innervation site.VsEP and VEMP thresholds of 2-month-old and 8-month-old Atp2b2 Oblivion heterozygous mutant mice were significantly elevated compared with the wild-type mice.Analysis of VsEP waveform manifested prolonged P1 latency and declined P1N1 amplitude in heterozygous mutant mice(P＜0.05).Results of rotarod rod test and balance beam test acquired from 2-month-old Atp2b2 Oblivion heterozygous mutant mice were not significantly different from the wild-type mice,while the ability of the mutant mice to accomplish the tests descended significantly at 8 months of age compared with the wild-type mice(P＜0.05).Conclusion·Atp2b2 Oblivion heterozygous mutant mice showed defective vestibular electrophysiological function at 2 months old,and abnormalities in vestibule-related behaviors can be detected at 8 months old.The vestibular function ofAtp2b2 Oblivion heterozygous mutant mice deteriorate progressively.

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in children,analyze the risk factors of delayed diagnosis,and support early diagnosis of tuberculosis in children.Methods This is a retrospective analysis based on the clinical data of tuberculosis patients admitted to the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2015 to February 2023.The clinical characteristics of children were analyzed in terms of age group.According to the definition of diagnosis delay,the patients were assigned to delayed group and non-delayed group.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors for diagnosis delay.Results A total of 82 children with tuberculosis were included(46 cases in delayed diagnosis group and 36 cases in non-delayed diagnosis group).The rate of diagnosis delay was 56.1％.The incidence of acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis was significantly higher in children ≤5 years old than that in children＞5 years old(P＜0.05).Diagnosis delay was associated with significantly higher prevalence of chronic fever,cough＞2 weeks,growth retardation and significantly longer duration of empirical antibiotic use compared to the children without diagnosis delay(P＜0.05).Univariate analysis showed that patient origin,contact history,mixed infection,tuberculosis type,molecular biological assay and severe disease were related to the delay of TB diagnosis(P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patient origin[≥3 clinic visits(OR=7.064,95％CI:1.677-29.754)],mixed infection(OR=3.812,95％CI:1.185-12.260),severe disease(OR=3.697,95％CI:1.081-12.646)]were risk factors for diagnosis delay in children.Molecular biological assay(OR=4.642,95％CI:1.318-16.345)was a protective factor.Conclusions The clinical symptoms of tuberculosis in children are atypical.Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis is common.Multiple clinic visits,mixed infection,and severe disease are the risk factors for diagnosis delay.Tuberculosis should be taken into account for the children with chronic fever,cough and growth retardation who have failed to respond to adequate therapy with third-generation cephalosporin and carbapenems.Molecular biological assay is helpful for early diagnosis of tuberculosis in children with negative sputum smear.

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in children,analyze the risk factors of delayed diagnosis,and support early diagnosis of tuberculosis in children.Methods This is a retrospective analysis based on the clinical data of tuberculosis patients admitted to the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2015 to February 2023.The clinical characteristics of children were analyzed in terms of age group.According to the definition of diagnosis delay,the patients were assigned to delayed group and non-delayed group.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors for diagnosis delay.Results A total of 82 children with tuberculosis were included(46 cases in delayed diagnosis group and 36 cases in non-delayed diagnosis group).The rate of diagnosis delay was 56.1％.The incidence of acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis was significantly higher in children ≤5 years old than that in children＞5 years old(P＜0.05).Diagnosis delay was associated with significantly higher prevalence of chronic fever,cough＞2 weeks,growth retardation and significantly longer duration of empirical antibiotic use compared to the children without diagnosis delay(P＜0.05).Univariate analysis showed that patient origin,contact history,mixed infection,tuberculosis type,molecular biological assay and severe disease were related to the delay of TB diagnosis(P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patient origin[≥3 clinic visits(OR=7.064,95％CI:1.677-29.754)],mixed infection(OR=3.812,95％CI:1.185-12.260),severe disease(OR=3.697,95％CI:1.081-12.646)]were risk factors for diagnosis delay in children.Molecular biological assay(OR=4.642,95％CI:1.318-16.345)was a protective factor.Conclusions The clinical symptoms of tuberculosis in children are atypical.Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis is common.Multiple clinic visits,mixed infection,and severe disease are the risk factors for diagnosis delay.Tuberculosis should be taken into account for the children with chronic fever,cough and growth retardation who have failed to respond to adequate therapy with third-generation cephalosporin and carbapenems.Molecular biological assay is helpful for early diagnosis of tuberculosis in children with negative sputum smear.